Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide combined with ________ to make two molecules of ________.
Enzymes RuBP
Chemeosmosis
Making of ATP
Equation for splitting a water molecule
2H2O ------ 4H+ 4e+ O2
Balanced equation for photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 ---- C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is a biochemical pathway
A biochemical pathway is a series of chemical reactions linked in this way
________ or energy for a cell is synthesized during the light reactions in a process called _________.
ATP Chemiosmosis
The _____ and _____ pigments are grouped into clusters in the thylakoid membrane.
ATP NADPH
Stored in ____ and ____ to make _______ compounds
ATP NADPH Organic
Chlorophyll b is an example of an ________ pigment in plants
Accessory
The light reactions start when _______ pigments absorb ______
Accessory Light
Chlorophyll b is also known as
Accessory pigments
What organisms can carry on photosynthesis?
Autotrophs
What organisms release stored energy from organic compounds through cellular respiration?
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
What would happen if the electrons lost from photosystem II weren't replaced?
Both electron transport chains would stop
Plants that can fix carbon through the Calvin cycle are called what type of plants
C4
Name 2 alternate carbon fixing pathways used by plants in hot climates
C4 and CAM
Carbon atoms from _____ are fixed into organic compounds in the Calvin cycle in a process called carbon _______.
CO2 Fixation
The _______ cycle is the second set of photosynthetic reactions that uses energy
Calvin
Name another accessory pigment and tell what color it includes
Care toils Yellow, orange, and brown
Only ________ is directly in capturing light energy
Chlorophyll a
Absorbed light is passed to a pair of ________ pigment molecules in photosystem ___.
Chlorophyll a II
Name the most important chloroplast pigment and tell the two most important types of this pigment.
Chlorophylls, and chlorophylls a and b
What are the light reactions of plants and in what organelle do they occur?
Chloroplasts, thylakoids, grana, and stroma.
What are pigments
Compounds that can absorb light
Name three C4 pathways
Corn Sugar cane Crab grass
Photosystem
Each cluster of pigment molecules and the proteins that the pigment molecules are imbedded in
All organisms require _______ to carry out their life functions.
Energy
These electrons lose ______ as they are passed through a series of molecules called the _________ chain
Energy Electron transport
PGA is converted into _____, ADP, _______, and phosphate.
G3P NADP+
Carbohydrates made from PGAL in the Calvin cycle include the monosaccharides ______ and ______, the disaccharide _______ and polysaccharides such as ______, _______, and _________.
Glucose Fructose Sucrose Cellulose Starch Glycerin
Thylakoid sacs in chloroplasts are known as _______
Grana
What three things can happen to light that strikes an object?
Its component colors can be reflected, transmitted, or absorbed
Chlorophyll is most abundant in the ________ leaves of a plant, while accessory pigments appear more in the _________ and fruits
Leaves Flowers
Photosystem I chlorophyll molecules also absorb ______ and its electrons eventually combine with _________ to form NADPH
Light Protons
3 environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
Light intensity CO2 concentration Temperature
CAM plants open and close when
Open at night Close during day
During photosynthesis, the energy from the sun is stored within _______ compounds, mainly the sugar __________.
Organic Carbohydrates
What important gas is released when water is split?
Oxygen
Light reactions occur in
Photosystem I and II
Name the two types of photosystems
Photosystem I and II
C4 pathway
Plants that close their stomata during the hottest part of the day thus fixing carbon into four carbon compounds
What are the chemicals called that pick up these freed electrons and where are they located?
Primary electron acceptor located in the thylakoid membrane.
Name the 7 colors that make up the visible spectrum
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
Is red light reflected or absorbed
Reflected
What are stomata and where can they be located
Small pores Usually located on the undersurface of leaves
In what part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma
What gel like solution surrounds the thylakoids inside the chloroplasts?
Stroma
_________ is the ultimate energy for all life on earth.
Sunlight
What is the visible spectrum?
The resulting array of colors
When light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll a molecules, what happens to its electrons?
They become excited
Flattened sacs in chloroplasts are known as _________ and are _________ to each other.
Thylakoids Connected
Once these electrons become "excited", they have enough energy to do what?
To leave the chlorophyll a molecules
When would plant cells need to close or partially close their stomata
To reduce water loss
Name several autotrophic organisms
Tree, caterpillars, and birds
What gas is used by autotrophs and what gas is produced?
Used: O2 Produced: CO2
_______ provides the replacement electrons for photosystem II when water is ___________.
Water Broken down