Physiology 2 Exam 1
List at least 3 examples of positive coping skills
-Exercise / physical activity -Restorative sleep Healthy nutrition -Positive social interaction -Meditation /Mindfullness practice -Assertive behavior -Realistic problem-solving
In addition to changes in normal physiology, what effects can elevated cortisol have on brain function?
-Thought (forgetfulness) -Mood (irritability, depression) -Behavior (smoking, unhealthy food choices, stress eating)
The enzyme necessary for the conversation and activate of vitamin d is -1 alpha-hydrokylase -peroxidase -anromatase -cholesterol demolase
1 alpha-hydrokylase
Which of the following statements regarding hormone binding to plasma proteins is CORRECT? -A hormone binding to a plasma protein increases in the plasma clearance of the hormone -A hormone binding to a plasma protein increases the half-life of the hormone -In the circulation, steroid hormones do not bind to plasma proteins -The binding of hormones to plasma proteins diminishes their activity and its effectiveness
A hormone binding to a plasma protein increases the half-life of the hormone
As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. -ACTH -Somatostatin -Aldosterone -GnRH
ACTH
Which one of the following statements regarding ACTH is CORRECT? -ACTH is secreted by the posterior pituitary -ACTH secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) -ACTH causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla -ACTH is a steroid hormone
ACTH secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Which of the following hormone targets the nephron of the kidney? -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Oxytocin -Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of the following hormones is transported in the blood stream using a carrier protein? -Insulin -ACTH -Aldosterone -GH
Aldosterone
Identify the hormones produced from this zone of the adrenal cortex: Zona Glomerulosa (Outer Zone)
Aldosterone (Renal function increases BP)
Regarding the hormone aldosterone, which of the following statements is CORRECT? -Aldosterone increases lipolysis and the utilization of triglycerides as fuel -At elevated blood levels, aldosterone suppresses the immune system -Aldosterone is released from zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex -Aldosterone stimulated Na+ reabsorption by the kidney
Aldosterone stimulated Na+ reabsorption by the kidney
Regarding the physiologic actions of aldosterone, which one of the following statements is FALSE? -The primary target tissue for aldosterone is the kidney, where it increases Na+ reabsorption by the kidney -Aldosterone regulates Na+ levels in the blood which in turn regulates extracellular volume -ACTH release increases aldosterone secretion -Aldosterone's highest secretory rates occur just before awakening in the morning
Aldosterone's highest secretory rates occur just before awakening in the morning
What factors regulate Epinephrine and Norepinephrine release for the adrenal gland? -Stress -Trauma -Exercise -All of these factors lead to an increased secretion of Epi/NE from the adrenal gland
All of these factors lead to an increased secretion of Epi/NE from the adrenal gland
A 43-year-old man develops a brain tumor that impinges on the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus. As a result, the secretion of which of the following hormones is affected and then explain WHY -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -Growth hormone e. ProlactinSingle line text.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) WHY: ADH, is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland into the general circulation from the endings of supra-optic neurons in the hypothalamus. ACTH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin are all secreted by the anterior pituitary gland into the portal hypophyseal circulation.
When released during stress, glucocorticoids such as cortisol produce which of the following effects? -An increase in blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels -Decrease in heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure -Stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin =Blocking the release of epinephrine
An increase in blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels
A patient suffering from the effects of a chronic autoimmune disease is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system. What unintended effects might this intervention have on the patient's blood chemistry? -An increase of blood glucose levels -A decrease of blood glucose
An increase of blood glucose levels
Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary release all of the following EXCEPT: -Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Luteinizing hormone (LH) -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -Growth hormone (GH)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Neurons of the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture -Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
In an effort to reduce stress, an individual can learn to develop skills to increase their ability to cope with stressors. With regard to communication styles, which of the following practices has been shown to be most effective as a coping skill? -Aggressive communication: the use of fear, threats, intimidation & hostility -Manipulative communication: using guilt, or emotional appeal to manipulate a discussion. -Passive aggressive communication:individuals appear passive on the surface but are really acting out anger in a subtle, indirect, or behind-the-scenes fashion. -Assertive, direct communication - expressing one's point of view in a way that is clear and direct, while still respecting others.
Assertive, direct communication - expressing one's point of view in a way that is clear and direct, while still respecting others.
Which of the following actions of growth hormones is NOT mediated through IGF's? -Increases uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis -Increased skeletal muscle mass -Increased bone growth -Breakdown of glycogen
Breakdown of glycogen
Which of the following statements about calcitonin is correct? -Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by increasing the amount of calcium excreted in the urine -Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by suppressing osteoblast activity in the bones -Calcitonin amplifies effects of PTH
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by increasing the amount of calcium excreted in the urine
90% to 95% of the cortisol in the plasma is bound to plasma proteins. Identify the plasma protein used to transport cortisol.
Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
What "stress" hormone elevates blood sugar and suppresses inflammation? -Growth hormone -Cortisol -Thyroid hormone -DHT
Cortisol
Regarding the actions of cortisol, which statement is FALSE? -Cortisol is the primary hormone involved in the stress response -Cortisol is elevated following carbohydrate rich meals -Cortisol induces the breakdown of stored glycogen in the body -Prolonged secretion of cortisol interferes with the immune response
Cortisol is elevated following carbohydrate rich meals
Which of the following is NOT a function/effect of epinephrine? -Increased cardiac activity -Decrease in blood pressure -Vasoconstriction -Release of lipids by adipose tissue
Decrease in blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for increased growth hormone secretion? -Decrease in thyroid hormone levels -Exercise -Fasting, chronic protein deprivation -Increased plasma levels of amino acids
Decrease in thyroid hormone levels
The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine in response to: -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -Corticotropic release hormone (CRH) -Direct sympathetic (neural) stimulation -Aldosterone
Direct sympathetic (neural) stimulation
Regarding the thyroid hormone, which of the following statements is incorrect? -Within colloid, interaction of oxidized iodine and thyroglobulin leads to formation of MIT and DIT -During formation of thyroid hormone, oxidized iodine combines with amino acid tryptophan of thyroglobulin -Although t4 is dominant form of thyroid hormone secreted, t3 is the biologically active hormone -Most thyroid hormone in plasma is bound to thyroid binding globulin (TBG)
During formation of thyroid hormone, oxidized iodine combines with amino acid tryptophan of thyroglobulin
Growth hormone (GH) secretion occurs in an intermittent pulsatile fashion. GH secretion shows diurnal (24 hour) varation with peak secretion occurring -During late night exam writing sessions -During restorative (stage 4) sleep -Upon rising in the morning -During REM sleep
During restorative (stage 4) sleep
The stress response was originally investigated as the general adaptation syndrome. The initial stage was called the "alarm phase" which was marked by an increased state of arousal. The hormone responsible for the physiological changes during this stage is: -Angiotensinogen -Testosterone -Insulin -Epinephrine
Epinephrine
Define "Eustress" and its effect on the human performance curve.
Eustress was the good kind of stress because it was associated, presumably, with positive feelings and healthy bodily states. An individual perceives events as challenges, and they are interpreted as exhilarating and associated with expansive, often outstanding performance. By including these type of challenges and activities in an individual's life experience, they often manifest their personal optimal perforce.
Which of the following is a gonadotropic hormone? -Follicle stimulating hormone -Aldosterone -Prolactin -Oxytocin
Follicle stimulating hormone
Ghrelin production is suppressed by the release of what hormone? -GH -ACTH -Cortisol -Melatonin
GH
Which of the following is NOT an effect of growth hormone (GH)? -GH promotes increase in bone length. -GH promotes skeletal muscle growth. -GH promotes amino acid uptake by cells -GH promotes lipid accumulation within adipocytes.
GH promotes lipid accumulation within adipocytes.
Which of the following statements about growth hormone (GH) is CORRECT? -GH causes a decrease in lipolysis -GH release is stimulated by somatostatin -GH stimulates production of IGF-1 by the liver -GH is synthesized in the hypothalamus
GH stimulates production of IGF-1 by the liver
Which of the following statements regarding the hormone ghrelin is FALSE? -Ghrelin is secreted by gastric cells prior to ingestion of a meal -Ghrelin acts to stimulate neurons in the satiety center; thus increases appetite and food intake -Periods of starvation and weight loss strongly stimulates Ghrelin secretion -Ghrelin directly stimulates release of insulin
Ghrelin directly stimulates release of insulin
In children, what do we call the clinical condition wherein excess GH is released?
Gigantism. The epiphyseal plates are open and children experience linear growth in excess of expected. (In adults this leads to acromegaly).
Identify the hormones produced from this zone of the adrenal cortex: Zona Fasciculata (Middle Zone)
Glucocorticoids ex. Cortisol ("stress hormone")
This diurnal variation in plasma level results from the secretion of which of the following hormones? =Cortisol =Growth hormone =Aldosterone =Androgens
Growth hormone
Which of the following statements about growth hormones is FALSE? -Growth hormone enhances the uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis in cells -Over the life span, the most significant surge of growth hormone occurs during puberty -In a daily 24 hour cycle the largest secretory burst of growth hormone occurs within 1 hour of falling asleep -Growth hormone acts directly on skeletal muscle tissue to induce anabolic changes in the tissue
Growth hormone acts directly on skeletal muscle tissue to induce anabolic changes in the tissue
Growth hormones does NOT act directly to induce anabolic effects in bone and muscle. Which of the following best describes the anabolic mechanism for growth hormone? -Growth hormone decreases bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts. -Growth hormone increases amino acid absorption from the digestive tract. -Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release a growth factor called IGF-1 -Growth hormone stimulates androgen secretion from the adrenal cortex.
Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release a growth factor called IGF-1
Regarding PTH, which of the following statements is FALSE? -PTH acts on the bone, kidney, and intestine -PTH is synthesized by chief cells of the parathyroid glands -PTH increases activity of osteoclast -Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland regulate the secretion of PTH
Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland regulate the secretion of PTH
The release of hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland are controlled by the -Hypothalamus -Posterior Pituitary -Adrenal gland -Medulla oblongata of the brain stem
Hypothalamus
Which one of the following statements regarding IGF-1 is INCORRECT? -IGF-1 stimulates osteoblast and chondrocyte activity to increase bone growth -IGF-1 is produced primarily by the kidney -IGF-1 plays a major role in muscle growth -IGF-1 increases breakdown and release of triglyceride
IGF-1 is produced primarily by the kidney
What is the major known anabolic effect of IGF-I on changes in bone length?
IGF-I is that it increases the synthesis of cartilage (chondrogenesis) in the epiphyseal plates of long bones, thereby increasing bone length.
During periods of chronic stress, individuals may experience negative changes in the central nervous system functions. Which of the following is an example of compromised CNSfunctions during chronic stress? -Poor wound healing obesity -Heart rhythm, irregularities -Impaired memory and sleep disturbances
Impaired memory and sleep disturbances
Which one of the following statements regarding adrenal androgens is CORRECT? -In females, adrenal androgens are responsible for the development of pubic and axillary hair and for libido -Adrenal androgen production are highly dependent on a feedback loop involving gonadotropin release hormone -Adrenal androgen are synthesized within the adrenal medulla -In males, adrenal androgens play a significant role in sexual maturity and sperm production
In females, adrenal androgens are responsible for the development of pubic and axillary hair and for libido
Which of the following would NOT be expected in the presence of high plasma levels of growth hormone? -Increase in muscle mass -Increased fat deposition -Increased plasma [IGF-I]
Increased fat deposition
All of the following stimuli increase GH secretion EXCEPT: -Fasting or chronic protein deprivation -Strenuous exercise -Increased secretion of somatostatin
Increased secretion of somatostatin
Which of the following is considered a catabolic action of cortisol? -Inhibition of the inflammatory response -Decrease insulin sensitivity -Increased gluconeogenesis -Increased glycogenolysis
Inhibition of the inflammatory response
What chemical element in the diet is required for normal thyroid function?
Iodine
Which of the following is true regarding hormone binding to plasma proteins? -It decreases hormonal activity -It increases the half-life of the hormone
It increases the half-life of the hormone
Which of the following statements is incorrect? -Higher levels of melatonin are produced in winter -Several studies have demonstrated that treatment with bright environmental light can decrease production of melatonin -The retina of the eye and the optic nerve play a role in the production and release of melatonin -Melatonin production increase with age
Melatonin production increase with age
Neurons of the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -Somatostatin -Oxytocin
Oxytocin
What effect does PTH have in the body? -PTH increases plasma Ca 2+ concentration -PTH decreases plasma Ca 2+ concentration -PTH increases rate of ATP formation
PTH increases plasma Ca 2+ concentration
What is the most significant and rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
Peroxidase
One of the most healthy and effective behaviors for dealing with increased stress levels is -Social isolation -A case of beer -Binging ice cream -Physical movement and exercise
Physical movement and exercise
The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior portion. One significant difference between the two is: -posterior portion is neural tissue while anterior portion is glandular tissue -anterior portion releases ADH while posterior does not
Posterior portion is neural tissue while anterior portion is glandular tissue
Regarding the synthesis of the adrenal cortical hormones, the common rate limiting step for these hormones involves the side-chain cleavage of cholesterol to form -Adrenocorticotropic hormone -Androgens -Norepinephrine -Pregnenolone
Pregnenolone
Describe the rate-limiting step of steroid hormone synthesis. What common precursor molecule is used to form steroid hormones? Describe the rate limiting step in the formation of adrenocortical hormones and the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction.
Regarding the formation of steroid hormones: The common precursor molecule for steroid hormones is CHOLESTEROL. First step in the formation of adrenocortical hormones involves the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This step is catalyzed by CHOLESTEROL DESMOLASE.
Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is INCORRECT? -Steroid hormones are produced by reproductive glands -Steroid hormones are lipids/ cholesterol based molecules -Steroid hormones bind to receptors within the cell -Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla
Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines in response to -Elevated cortisol levels -Increase in plasma levels of CRH -ACTH -Sympathetic neural input
Sympathetic neural input
During a chronic stress response, several physiological processes are inhibited. Which of the following would be inhibited during during a period of chronic stress? -Breakdown of liver glycogen -Synthesis of reproductive hormones -Elevation of blood pressure -Release of free fatty acids released from adipose
Synthesis of reproductive hormones
Regarding thyroid normal function, which of the following is correct? -Thyroid hormone has no effect on CNS -T4 is the more physiologically active form of the thyroid hormone -TSH secretion is regulated by levels of thyroid hormone in the blood
TSH secretion is regulated by levels of thyroid hormone in the blood
Regarding normal thyroid function, which of the following is correct? -T4 is formed from T3 by the addition of iodine to tyrosine. -T4 is the physiologically active hormone. -Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted from the posterior pituitary. -TSH secretion is regulated by the levels of thyroid hormone in the blood.
TSH secretion is regulated by the levels of thyroid hormone in the blood.
A patient is being diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism. What would be consistent for the patient? High ____ levels and low _____ levels
TSH, T4
.A 37-year-old woman presents with exophthalmos and an enlarged thyroid gland. She is diagnosed with Graves Disease. The patient's levels of free T3 and T4 levels in her blood are elevated. What other would be associated with hyperthyroidism? -Decreased metabolic rate -Weight gain -Tachycardia -Decreased sweating
Tachycardia
Thyroid hormones enter the circulation in two forms, T3 and T4, Which hormone has the greater physiologic importance at the cellular level? -Triiodothyronine ( T3 ) -Tetraiodothyronine ( T4 ; thyroxine)
Tetraiodothyronine ( T4 ; thyroxine)
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland. Explain.
The posterior pituitary is a collection of nerve axons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary is composed of neural tissue, as opposed to epithelial tissue which comprises the other endocrine glands.
Which one of the following statements regarding protein/peptide hormones is CORRECT? -Following their release, protein/peptide hormones take days to produce an effect in the body -Protein/peptide hormones are derived from cholesterol. -The receptors for protein/peptide hormones are located on the target cell membrane. -Protein/peptide hormones stimulate transcription and translation within their target cell.
The receptors for protein/peptide hormones are located on the target cell membrane.
Which one of the following is a characteristic of protein/peptide hormones? -They take days to produce an effect in the body -They are derived from cholesterol -Their receptors are located on the cell membrane -They increase transcription and translation In the target cell
Their receptors are located on the cell membrane
Each thyroid follicle is surrounded by a single layer of epithelial cells (thyrocytes). The thyroid follicle is filled with a proteinaceous material called colloid. What is the major protein component of colloid?
Thyroglobulin
What protein is the precursor to thyroid hormone?
Thyroglobulin
Under the influence of growth hormone, which of the following metabloc substrates is preferentially metabolized in the body? -Triglycerides -Proteins -Glycogen -Glucose
Triglycerides
Identify the hormones produced from this zone of the adrenal cortex: Zona Reticularis
androgens (e.g.dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione)
On a daily basis, growth hormone is released in a pulsatile fashion. In a given 24 hour period, the greatest release of growth hormone occurs -In the morning, one hour before rising. -Within 1 hour of falling asleep. -midday (around noon). -during REM sleep
Within 1 hour of falling asleep
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, -the hormone - receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm -the cell membrane depolarizes -a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm -the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
When a peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, -The hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. -The cell membrane becomes depolarized -There is a dramatic increase in protein synthesis -a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
When a peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell...
a second messenger soon appears in the cytoplasm
In the body, the source of leptin is -adipose tissue -the liver -pineal gland
adipose tissue
Each of the following hormones is a protein hormone, EXCEPT: -epinephrine -norepinephrine -thyroid hormone -aldosterone
aldosterone
The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus controls the production and release of which of the following hormones? -antidiuretic hormone -oxytocin -growth hormone -adrenocorticotropic hormone
antidiuretic hormone
Adrenal androgens.... -are synthesized by the adrenal medulla -are physiologically insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty in males -are highly dependent on a feedback loop involving LH -are only present in males
are physiologically insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty in males
Which of the following findings would likely be reported in a patient with a dietary deficiency in iodine intake? -cold intolerance -tachycardia -weightloss -increased sweating
cold intolerance
Peptide hormones are.... -composed of amino acids -produced by the adrenal cortex -only derived from the amino acid tyrosine -formed from cholesterol
composed of amino acids
As described by Selye, the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by -decreased resistance to disease and infection -increased ability to produce glucose from glycogen -improvement in mood -normalization of the sleep cycle
decreased resistance to disease and infection
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. -producing only a minor changes in body metabolism -causing a reduction in the number of blood -vessel adrenergic receptors, therefore decreasing blood pressure -acting to decrease basal metabolic rate -entering target cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
entering target cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
Acid-base abnormalities alter the ionized Ca 2+ concentration by changing the fraction of Ca 2+ bound to plasma alburnin. Which of the following statements is correct? -free ionized Ca 2+ concentration is increased in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis -free blood calcium levels increases in alkalernia -In academia, more calcium ions bound to albumin
free ionized Ca 2+ concentration is increased in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,... -adenylyl cyclase is activated -G proteins are phosphorylated -gene transcription is initiated -cyclic nucleotides are formed
gene transcription is initiated
Regulatory factors formed in the hypothalamus that control secretions of anterior pituitary are released into the -general systemic blood circulation -hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels -paraventricular nuclei -cerebral spinal fluid
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels
At the cellular level, thyroid hormone increases mitochondrial activity in its target cells. This produces physiological effects at the systemic level. Which of the following is consistent with elevated thyroid hormone levels? -increase HR -decrease respiration rate -decrease in core body temp -weight gain
increase HR
As part of the stress response, increased levels of cortisol would -lower blood pressure -increase blood flow to the gastrointestinal system -increase availability of lipids in the blood -have a sedative effect on the nervous system
increase availability of lipids in the blood
Name the actions of thyroid hormone on metabolism.
increase basal metabolic rate (BMR), increase O2 consumption, increase heat production
Name the actions of thyroid hormone on cardiac function.
increase β-adrenergic receptors. increase cardiac output (HR × SV). increase systolic blood pressure only
GH has a number of short-term, "anti-insulin" effects on multiple tissues, including all of the following EXCEPT: -increased lipolysis in adipocytes -increased glycogen storage -decreased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle -increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
increased glycogen storage
The hormones of the posterior pituitary enter the blood stream via the -inferior hypophyseal artery -hypophyseal portal vessels -superior hypophyseal artery -vaso vasorum
inferior hypophyseal artery
Most of the anabolic actions of growth hormone are an indirect result of increased production of:
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (active form of Vit D) increases -urinary phosphate excretion -release of calcium from bone -urinary calcium excretion -intestinal absorption of calcium
intestinal absorption of calcium
PTH.... -increases in response to elevation of the extracellular calcium concentration -is secreted from the parafollicular cells found in the thyroid gland -is secreted from the chief cells of the parathyroid glands -inhibits osteoclast absorption
is secreted from the chief cells of the parathyroid glands
Anorexhiggenic neurons of the hypothalamus are produced by -melatonin -lepitn -ghrelin -dopamine
lepitn
Which if the following statements regarding melatonin is FALSE? -pineal gland produces melatonin -melatonin maintains circadian rhythm -melatonin influences production and release of the reproductive hormone -melatonin secretion is low during periods of darkness
melatonin secretion is low during periods of darkness
In an adult, thyroid hormone primarily regulates -metabolism -growth -senescence -reproductive function
metabolism
Over the course of a lifetime, secretion of growth hormone is greatest during: -puberty -childhood -senescence -at birth
puberty
Endocrine glands... -are a type of nerve cell -release their secretions onto an epithelial surface -release their secretions directly into body fluids -are modified connective-tissue cells
release their secretions directly into body fluids.
The hypothalamus controls secretion of the anterior pituitary via -direct neural stimulation. -indirect osmotic control. -secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. -altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, EXCEPT -the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver -the level of fatty acids in the blood -fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells -the rate of glycogen formation by the liver
the rate of glycogen formation by the liver
If a hormone level becomes dramatically deficient in the body, the # of target cell receptors may increase. This is known as: -positive feedback -up regulation -paracrine response -receptor recognition
up regulation
Which of the following increases and maintains bone mass? -lots of bed rest -calcium free diet -weight bearing exercises
weight bearing exercises
