Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg

Four stages of piaget's theory of cognitive development

sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) Preoperational Period (ages 2-7 years) Concrete Operations Period (ages 7-11) Formal Operations Period (ages 11+)

The mother of a 5-year-old child tells the nurse that the child scolds the floor or a table if she hurts herself on the object. According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, what term or phrase best describes this behavior? 1. Animism 2. Egocentric speech 3. Object permanence 4. Global organization

1. Animism

Middle Adulthood (40s to 60s)

Issue: Generativity vs. Stagnation DoT: In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, or they may feel a lack of purpose

Adolescence (teen years into 20s)

Issue: Identity vs. Role Confusion DoT: Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity or they become confused about who they are

Elementary school (6 years to puberty)

Issue: Industry vs. Inferiority DoT: Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

Infancy (to 1 year)

Issue: Trust vs. Mistrust Description of Task: If needs are dependably met, infants develop sense of basic trust

Young Adulthood (20s to early 40s)

Issue: intimacy vs. Isolation DoT: Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

Stage 3: What are the features of the good boy/ good girl stage?

Judgements are based on what other people would approve or disapprove of

Stage 4: What are the features of the Law and Order stage?

Moral choices reflect obedience to authority and adherence to the Law

What is post conventional morality?

Moral values are influenced by principles such as equality Contained within are stages 5 and 6

What is conventional morality?

Moral values are influenced by society's rules and norms Contained within are stages 3 and 4

What are the features of the Pre-moral stage?

Occurs from 0-5 The child cannot comprehend the concept of rules or morality and subsequently have no sense of morality

______% of college students failed piaget's formal operational tasks. Also, formal operational thought never does appear in some cultures.

40-60

How did children of different ages perceive the game of marbles?

<5: No rules 5-10: Fixed set of rules >10: Played with their own rules and understood that they could be adapted with mutual consent

The mother of an 8-year-old child tells the clinic nurse that she is concerned about the child because the child seems to be more attentive to friends than anything else. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the nurse should make which response? 1. "You need to be concerned." 2. "You need to monitor the child's behavior closely." 3. "At this age, the child is developing his own personality." 4. "You need to provide more praise to the child to stop this behavior."

3. "At this age, the child is developing his own personality."

The nurse in the pediatric unit is admitting a 2½-year-old child. The nurse plans care, knowing that the child is in which stage of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development? 1. Trust versus Mistrust 2. Initiative versus Guilt 3. Industry versus Inferiority 4. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

4. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

The maternity nurse is providing instructions to a new mother regarding the psychosocial development of the newborn infant. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the nurse instructs the mother to take which measure? 1. Allow the newborn infant to signal a need. 2. Anticipate all the needs of the newborn infant. 3. Attend to the newborn infant immediately when crying. 4. Avoid the newborn infant during the first 10 minutes of crying.

1. Allow the newborn infant to signal a need.

Stage 5: What are the features of the Social contract stage?

Decisions involve the consideration of unique circumstances and basic human rights There is recognition that laws are not always fair

Which statement indicates the "law and order orientation" found in level two of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? 1. "If I skip down the hall, will the teacher be mad at me?" 2. "We will spend time talking about the activities for the week." 3. "I don't like it when you yell while I am talking to my friend. Here are some activities to do until I am finished talking." 4. "If you do all of your classwork today without bothering others in the class, you will get an extra 'seed' for your good behavior garden."

1. "If I skip down the hall, will the teacher be mad at me?"

A parent of a 3-year-old tells a clinic nurse that the child is rebelling constantly and having temper tantrums. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, which instructions should the nurse provide to the parent? Select all that apply. 1. Set limits on the child's behavior. 2. Ignore the child when this behavior occurs. 3. Allow the behavior, because this is normal at this age period. 4. Provide a simple explanation of why the behavior is unacceptable. 5. Punish the child every time the child says "no" to change the behavior.

1. Set limits on the child's behavior. 4. Provide a simple explanation of why the behavior is unacceptable.

The nurse educator is preparing to conduct a teaching session for the nursing staff regarding the theories of growth and development and plans to discuss Kohlberg's theory of moral development. What information should the nurse include in the session? Select all that apply. 1. Individuals move through all six stages in a sequential fashion. 2. Moral development progresses in relationship to cognitive development. 3. A person's ability to make moral judgments develops over a period of time. 4. The theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals determine a moral code to guide their behavior. 5. In stage 1 (punishment-obedience orientation), children are expected to reason as mature members of society. 6. In stage 2 (instrumental-relativist orientation), the child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors returned.

2. Moral development progresses in relationship to cognitive development. 3. A person's ability to make moral judgments develops over a period of time. 4. The theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals determine a moral code to guide their behavior. 6. In stage 2 (instrumental-relativist orientation), the child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors returned.

An infant is being seen in the pediatrician's office for a 2-month-old well-child visit. The nurse encourages the mother to allow the infant to suck on a pacifier during a routine immunization. The nurse explains to the mother that the child is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development? 1. Trust development 2. Autonomy development 3. Sensorimotor development 4. Preconceptual development

3. Sensorimotor development

The clinic nurse is preparing to discuss the concepts of Kohlberg's theory of moral development with a parent. What motivates good and bad actions for the child at the preconventional level? 1. Peer pressure 2. Social pressure 3. Parents' behavior 4. Punishment and reward

4. Punishment and reward

What are the features of preconventional morality?

Children keep to rules in order to avoid punishment Contained within are stages 1 and 2 of moral development

Stage 6: What are the features of the universal ethical principles stage?

Decisions are governed by self chosen ethical principles that are seen to be more important than the law

The nursing instructor asks a nursing student to describe the formal operations stage of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory. The correct response by the nursing student is which statement? 1. "The child has the ability to think abstractly." 2. "The child begins to understand the environment." 3. "The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts." 4. "The child learns to think in terms of past, present, and future."

1. "The child has the ability to think abstractly."

Stage 2: What are the features of the Exchange-reward stage?

Reasoning is based on whatever benefits the individual(instrumental gain)

Stage 1: What are the features of the heteronomous morality stage?

Reasoning is based on whether or not an action would be punished

Toddlerhood (1-3 years)

Issue: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt DoT: Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

Preschool (3-6 years)

Issue: Initiative vs. Guilt DoT: Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

Late Adulthood (late 60s and up)

Issue: Integrity vs. Despair DoT: Reflecting on his/her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

What are the features of the moral reasoning stage?

Occurs from 5-6 Children understand the concept of rules but see them as external and fixed Children obey rules mainly because they are there Wrongdoings are evaluated based on consequences rather than intention

What are the features of the moral relativism?

Occurs from age 10 onwards Intensions are more important than consequences and should be used as the basis of behavioural judgement Children understand that others may differ in their moral views Rules can be broken in some circumstances Children no longer believe in immanent justice Reciprocal punishment is believed in