Plagues & People Final Exam

Pathogenesis of Smallpox

10-14 day incubation period where it infiltrates the body and attacks the cellular physiology. At the end of this incubation period, there is a virus shower (most contagious stage). This all occurs before the symptoms appear.

Emerging Disease

A disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future.

Diaspora

A large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have since moved to other places in the world.

A Plague

A major event of high mortality- affliction.

A Plague

A social scourge.

The Plague

A specific disease that is caused by Yersinia Pestis and is called The Bubonic Plague/The Black Death

A Plague

A sudden destructive outbreak-calamity.

Respiratory or Saliva Transmission

Aerosol or spit. Example: Pulmonary TB

Skeletons

An iconic symbol of the Black Death which represented how everyone will die and that death is always waiting to get you.

Rats

Artists use images of these to represent the Bubonic Plague.

Symtpoms of TB

At first it resembles the common cold or the flu. But the germ is away and is causing harm. Symptoms include a cough for more than 3 weeks, sweating at night, fever, extreme fatigue, no appetite and weight loss.

Primary Stage

At this stage of syphillis a painless chancre develops and erupts 3-6 weeks after. It sheds continuously.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different masses that can be used to study migration. They allow us to study geographic origins of people and also allow us to determine if a person was part of a Diaspora community.

Vector Transmission

Biting insect. Example: West Nile Virus

Not Examples of Plagues:

Chicken pox and obesity.

Weaponization

Colonizers used smallpox infected blankets to give to the Indigenous peoples as a form of trade and symbol of friendship, but wanted to decimate them to have control over the lands.

Vertical Transmission

Congenital transmission from mother to infant. Could lead to intrauterine death, perinatal death or later manifestations.

Modes of Transmission for Smallpox

Contact transmission and respiratory transmission. Highly contagious.

Calavera: Dia de Los Meurtos

Day of the dead. Cultures embrace death and skeletons because by embracing death you can embrace life. This celebration involves decorating the graves of dead family members.

HIV Care Continuum (Global Approach)

Diagnosis from a blood test, linked to care, engaged in care with 3 or more drugs, prescribed anti-retrovial therapy, achieved viral suppression.

Modes of Transmission for HIV

Direct contact with infected blood (needle sharing), blood transfusions, organ transplants, sexual contact, vertical transmission.

Zoonotic Diseases

Diseases are acquired from animals. Animals engage with the outside world and come into contact with microbes and the microbes are passed onto humans.

The Church

During the time of the plague, this institution was the most influential in determining what would be constructed in the art.

Microparasites

Examples of this includes: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

Court for King Cholera

Filth and piles of waste/garbage filled the streets and so they called London this name.

Fomite-Mechanical Transmission

Fomite enters the body through the face (nose, eyes, mouth) Ex. Shopping Carts

Animals that can suffer from Smallpox

Gerbils, camels and monkeys all suffer from the same pain/ailments as do humans when they have this disease.

Contact Transmission

Giving germs through touching. Example: Ringworm

CD4 Cells

HIV gradually destroys the immune system and kills these cells.

Symptoms of Smallpox

Headache, fever, chills, nausea, backaches, delirium, convulsions, diffuse of rash of flat reddish spots.

Multi-Drug Resistance/Superbug/SuperBacterium

If a microorganism carries several resistance genes.

India

In 2012 there was the discovery of a completely drug resistance strain of TB in this country _______________.

Self-Stigma

Individuals with HIV begin to stigmatize themselves.

Sanitoriums

Individuals with TB were taken out of their homes and moved to these places. It was thought that sunshine, air, sanitation, hygiene and a "consumption diet" would cure the TB.

Dysentery

Infection of the intestine resulting in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood & mucous in the feces.

Social Determinants of Health

Infrastructure, sanitation/hygiene, potable water, sewage, food, air, access to services, shelter and economic balance.

China

It has been conclusively shown that plagues originated in the rodent populations in this country.

Fire

It was believed that this could eliminate the miasmas in the air.

Asia

It was thought that cholera came to other parts of Europe from __________________.

Infrastructure

Natural disasters often lead to the spread of diseases due to the devastating effect on ____________ in cities.

Fecal-Oral Transmission

Not washing hands after using the bathroom and touching the door handle. Example: Cholera

Labelling Theory

Our identities and relationships are shaped by labels. The application of deviant labels to a person leads to changes in self-perception and social opportunities.

Sites of infection for Syphillis

Penis, cervix, vulva, mouth, throat or anus.

Pox Parties

People would invite others over to get the smallpox so that they could build up an immunity to them. This was called variolation.

Indian Goddess Shitala Mata

People would pray to this goddess for her safety and security from smallpox.

The Great Equivocator

Plagues are called the _____________ but the human experience survives the ravages of disease.

Narrative Form

Plagues are social and take on this form:

Transmission of TB

Primarily through droplet nuclei (sneezing, coughing, singing). Also can be acquired from or transmitted to other animals. Can also be food-borne from cattle (ie. infected meat and milk)

Measures that Changed the Plague

Quarantine, hygiene, clean air, civic and personal health habits and new infrastructure.

Symptoms of HIV

Rapid weight loss, night sweats, chronic diarrhea, headaches and fatigue.

The Speckled Monster

Refers to Smallpox.

Bad Blood

Refers to the Tuskegee Experiment. It was the study of the natural progression of untreated syphillis in rural African American men. They were told that they were receiving free healthcare from the US government but they were never going to be treated. They were riddled with health problems as a result.

The Hot Plague

Refers to the large complex of plagues known to cause diarrhea. They enter into our digestive system through water.

Symptoms of Cholera

Rice water diarrhea (because the colour looked like boiled white rice), Blue death (because of the bluish/grey appearance of the skin), dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, fecal contamination of food and water and uncooked shellfish.

Protozoa

Single celled with a complex life cycle.

Bernt Notke

Skeletons alternative with popes, kings, artisans and commoners arranged by rank and demonstrates that death conquers all, regardless of social class and the plague is the "Great Equalizer"

Stigma

Social qualities based on a particular health problem. Social disqualification based on features of one's identity.

Hot Plague- Malaria

Stagnant water allows mosquitos to lay eggs and causes growth of mosquitoes who spread this plague.

Pathognomonic

Symptoms are readily identifiable and characteristic of a disease.

Men

Syphillis disproportionality affects __________ in Canada. The ratio is 6.4:1.

Examples of Plagues:

Syphillis, HIV/AIDS, The Black Death, Malaria

Baramoter

TB serves as a ______________ of social and economic welfare.

Plague of Justinian

The Bubonic Plague was originally called this because it had infected the Emperor.

Examples of religious rebellions

The Flagellants and the Bianchi

Penicillin

The advent of this drug was a life-saver for patients suffering from both TB and Syphillis.

Pathocenosis

The frequency and distribution of each disease depends on the frequency and distribution of all other diseases in the same population with the 'total disease profile'. Once a pattern of morbidity disappears, another one appears.

Innoculation

The giving of a small portion of the disease to the person. Developed as a result of Smallpox.

Primary Site of Infection for TB

The lungs. It spreads through the lymphatic and blood systems to other sites in the body.

LIMA

The modern yellow and black flag that meant to stop instantly because there was plague on the ship.

Epidemic

The occurrence in a community or region of an illness in excess of normal expectancy. There is a high # of cases.

Herd Immunity

The ones who survive the disease become immune an can interact with others without getting the disease again. If enough of the group becomes immune, you are less likely to get the disease.

Human-Specific

The origins of Smallpox are ______________. The disease may have emerged more than once but the early accounts are indistinguishable from the current accounts.

HEP C

There is a common co infection between HIV and this other disease.

Eschars

These are dark spots that develop on the skin and red splotches that result from Epidemic Typhus

Explanatory Models/Frameworks

These are ideas/schemes for making sense of how and why diseases occur.

Kaposi Sarcoma

These are lesions on/under the skin found among homosexual males and led to the idea of GRID (Gay related immune deficiency)

Microorganisms

These are living creatures (plants or animals) that are visible with the a microscope and are ubiquitous.

Indigenous Microorganisms

These are normal populations of microbes on an organism.

Lupus Vulgaris

These are painful skin lesions on the nose, eyes and lips and are a symptom of TB.

Bacteria

These are single-celled and fast growing.

Viruses

These are smaller than bacteria and cannot usually be seen through a light microscope.

Gummas

These are soft non-cancerous growths that spread throughout the body when an individual has syphillis.

Russia & The U.S.

These are the countries that have the last two remaining vials of smallpox in the world.

Humans

These are the most important source of infection for people.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis.

These are the two most common types of tuberculosis.

Macroparasites

These can be seen with the naked eye. Some live inside the body and others live on the surface.

Vector

These carry/transit the parasites. They can either be animate (alive) or inanimate (fomite).

Women

These people are 1.6 times more likely to get HIV.

Plague Doctors

These people wore garments that covered their whole bodies. They used sticks to touch the infected and wore long beaked hats with herbs inside to eliminate the spread through miasmas.

Arrows

These symbolize the Angel of Death.

Crowded/Cramped & Dirty Streets

These were the features of Medieval cities that allowed for the rapid spread of diseases.

UN Peacekeepers

These were the people who were responsible for spreading Cholera within Haiti as Cholera is NOT endemic to Haiti.

Prostitutes

These women were seen as the reservoir for the syphillis infection. They lure men into sexual traps.

The second

This Bubonic Plague pandemic affected the most people.

S Shaped Pipe

This allows water to stay in the pipe and eliminates the stink from coming back up.

Syphillis

This disease is known as the Great Imitator

Malaria

This disease occurs when mosquitos feed on human blood and pass on the microbes.

Flu of 1918

This disease travelled with war and soldiers returning home from the war.

Yellow Jack Flag

This flag was representative of the letter L and was used to show that there was yellow fever or cholera on the ship. It was known as the "Plague Flag" and meant stop instantly.

HIV 1

This form of HIV is more common worldwide and is more transmissable.

HIV 2

This form of HIV is most common in West Africa, Mozambique and Angola.

Disease Specificity

This framework refers to the idea that germs are a single organism that lead to a single disease.

Skull & Cross Bones

This image represented the idea "Remember to die" and that everyone will eventually die from the plague.

Robert Koch

This individual created the model known as Disease Specificity.

The Fallen Woman

This individual is often targeted as the carrier and spreader of Syphillis.

Resevoir

This is a group/species in which the pathogen multiplies and/or develops. As well, it maintains the infective agent when active transmission is not occurring.

Condyloma Lata

This is a highly contagious, painless, wart-like lesion that develops in warm moist sites (like the genitals). It is a symptom of the secondary stage of Syphillis.

Camp Fever

This is a result of Epidemic Typhus because of the overcrowding and poor hygiene among armies.

Insect

This is an example of a vector.

Pinta

This is another form of syphillis and is called treponema pallidum careteum. It is limited to Latin America and is present on the skin and caused by direct contact.

Bejel

This is another form of syphillis and is called treponema pallidum endemicum. It is found primarily in deserts of Africa and Middle Easy. It spreads through eating and drinking utensils. Lesions in the mouth. Skin gummas develop later.

Yaws

This is another form of syphillis and is called treponema pallidum pertenue. It is found in moist tropics and occurs through contact with open ulcers. It leads to tertiary gummas known as "Sabre Shins". It is not seen in Canada.

Cross of Lorraine

This is erect on the brow of the West Mountain as a symbol of the fight against TB.

Kyphosis

This is evidence on the bone from TB that results in the excessive outward curvature of the spine causing a hunchback.

Scrofula

This is glandular swelling around the ears and throat and are a symptom of TB.

March 24th

This is known as World TB Day.

Secondary Stage

This is known as the bacteremic stage of syphillis and occurs 6 weeks after the chancre heals. At this time there is a widespread rash. Lesions also develop in the mouth, the soles of the feet and the palms.

Bubonic Plague

This is one form of the plague and results in tender/painful lymph nodes called Buboes that develop from the bites of infected fleas.

Septicemic Plague

This is one form of the plague and results in the blackening of the skin on the fingers toes and nose called acral necrosis. It can occur as the first symptom or plague or develop from untreated bubonic plague. It is caused by infected fleas or from handling infected animals.

Pneumonic Plague

This is one form of the plague that occurs from inhaling droplets of the infected person. Or it could develop from untreated bubonic or septicemic plague.

HIV

This is second only to the Black Death as the largest epidemic in history.

Cholera (rates)

This is the #1 most significant plague outbreak of the 21st centuryl

Syphillis

This is the Secret Plague

Treponema Pallidum Pallidum

This is the agent of infection for Syphillis. It is a spirochaete and shaped like undulating rods.

Yersinia Pestis

This is the bacteria that causes the Bubonic Plague. It is rod-shaped and comes in three forms.

The Danse Macabre

This is the dance of death. It involves skeletons making fun of human beings and demonstrates that death is always around.

Rash

This is the distinctive feature of Smallpox.

TB

This is the leading cause of death worldwide and is only second to HIV/AIDS as a single cause of death.

Haiti

This is the most current site of cholera tragedy.

Pneumonic Plague

This is the most serious form of plague and is the only form of plague that is spread from person to person.

Tertiary Stage

This is the stage of syphillis where gummas devlop 3-10 years after primary infection.

Latent Stage

This is the stage where the symptoms of syphillis go away but they always come back later.

Variola

This is the virus for Smallpox. It is a brick-shaped orthopox with no animal resevoir.

Epidemic Typhus

This is transmitted by the human body louse. It excretes onto the skin into bite wounds and infects the individual. There is no animal reservoir for this disease

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

This is well adapted to the human lung. It is small and slow-growing. It is rod shaped and grows in tight parallel strands. It has a waxy covering and produces small amounts of toxins buried deep in the tissue.

Great Pox

This is what Syphillis was called when compared to Smallpox.

Pandemic

This is when a disease is present throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world. It covers a large area and refers to the geography and scale.

Community Stigma

This is where individuals with HIV are forced to leave their homes and change their daily activities.

Employment Stigma

This is where individuals with HIV are not hired for jobs or are fired from their jobs.

Puritanical Movements

This is where the Church told the people to be monogamous and not to have sex with lots of people to control the spread of syphillis.

Endemic

This is where the disease becomes entrenched in a region, country or continent.

Drug Resistance

This is where the microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic.

Healthcare Stigma

This is where workers don't want to treat individuals infected with HIV.

Bio-Communicability Theory

This links bio-politics (regulating health) to the construction of info and language. Structures of power can create knowledge which is then passed on to the pubic. Then people select aspects of existing knowledge to integrate into their understanding of social phenomena. It is uni-directional.

Thomas Crapper

This man created one of the most advanced water closets.

John Snow

This man discovered that the water supply was near the sewage and so the bacteria was spreading into the drinking water.

Edward Jenner

This man studied smallpox. He found that the milk maids didn't get the cowpox disease. It was discovered that because the puss from the cowpox got into their bodies (through cuts) they became immune to the disease.

Momento Mori

This means "Remember Death" and is the latin medieval designation of the theory and practice of reflection on mortality. It tells people to consider the vanity of earthly life and of the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits.

H1N1 Avian Flu

This moved from birds to humans and was an extensively studied disease. There was no immunity to it and it spread because of war and the transporting of troops. Individuals would develop black spots on their cheeks.

Government Stigma

This occurs when laws/policies reinforce the stigma surround HIV.

Polio

This paralyzes and kills children. Humans are the only known carriers of the virus,

Rene Laennec

This person discovered that all tubercular phenomena are a single disease. He also developed auscultation which is the method of listening to the sounds of the body.

Robert Gallo

This person said that HIV causes AIDS.

Ali Maow Maalin

This person was the last to become infected by Smallpox. Unfortunately though, he died from malaria.

La Boheme

This play represented the romantic image of TB.

Fracastoro

This poet created the term "Spyhilus" which then became the name for Syphillis.

Antiretrovial Therapy

This protects the immune system by blocking HIV at different stages in the HIV life cycle.

Pestilence

This refers to a disease outbreak with a high death rate and is a fancy term for the word plague.

The Great Stink

This refers to the time when the waste from chamberpots was dumped into the River Thames and the waste was heated by the sun and people died in it from the contamination.

Yellow Fever

This spreads through mosquitos and causes jaundice. It was thought that the African slaves caused it when they were bought over to the Americas. It is impacted by deforestation, urbanization, population movement and climate change. There is no specific treatment for it.

Parasitic

This type of relationship means that one benefits at the other's expense.

Commensal

This type of relationship means that one benefits without damaging the other.

Symbiotic

This type of relationship means that the microorganism and the host benefit.

Water Closet

This was created to resolve the issue in the Thames River. It flushed the waste away.

The Black Death

This was said to have wiped out 1/3 of Europe's population.

The Bill of Mortality

This was the first form of health data and allowed people to predict the plague.

Sick Society

This was the idea that TB was a disease of life conditions that permit the contagion to flourish.

Romantic Image

This was the idea that TB was an aphrodisiac and was desirable. It was an ideal of feminine beauty and to be tubercular in appearance was desirable and fashionable among the elite.

King's Evil

This was the idea that a touch from royalty could heal the skin diseases and the scrofula that resulted from TB.

Broad Street Pump

This was the public health feature that led to the spread and mapping of cholera.

Miasma Theory

This was the thought that illness travels through the air and makes people sick by inhaling it.

Ancient DNA

This was used to study The Black Death because there was a lack of ancient texts or literature.

Consumption

This was what TB was referred to in the past.

Byzantine Empire

This was where the first recorded Bubonic Plague ravaged in the 6th century.

Alimentary Tract Transmission

Through digestion. Example: E. coli

Sexual Tranmission

Through sex. Example: HIV/AIDS, herpes

Horizontal Transmission

Through sexual intercourse.

Blood Transmission

Through the blood. Examples: Hep C, ebola

Pollution

Throwing waste out the window caused cities to pollute themselves and increased the presence of cholera.

The White Plague

Tuberculosis

Cholera (description)

Water borne illness. Vibrio cholerae. Expelling fluids from the body at a rapid rate.

Diasporic Community

Widely dispersed community as a result of a natural disaster, politics and disease.

Ontario

Within Canada, HIV is highest in this province.

Fungi

Yeasts and moulds

Women

____________ are more stigmatized regarding syphillis and won't seek treatment as a result.