Plasma Membrane

Turgid

A cell with a cell wall that has a reasonable amount of pressure but is healthy.

cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods. Steroid common in cell membranes, also in many hormones.A molecule found within the cell membrane that enhances it's fluidity. Maintains Stability

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking, process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment, A type of endocytosis in which the cell "gulps" droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles. involves the transport of solutes or fluids, uses energy, go against the gradient,

isotonic

Having the same solute concentration as another solution. Equal,

LDL

Low density lipoprotein; bad cholesterol,

glycoproteins

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.

WIth the concentration gradient

Molecules go from high to low concentrations

Against the concentration gradient

Molecules go from low to high concentrations with the use of energy(active transport) ATP energy

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels, passive transport of materials across the membrane using transport proteins, Uses transport proteins to move other ions and large molecules across the plasma membrane,

Flaccid

Of a plant cell in an isotonic solution such that the plasma membrane is not pressed tightly against the cell wall, and therefore, is neither swollen (turgid) nor plasmolyzed.

active transport

The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy. Requires ATP, Molecules moving from low concentration to high,

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time, High to low concentration, the intermingling of substances by the natural movement of their particles. rapid over short distance but slow over big distance, cells need a larger suface area to volume ratio to survive.

Anchored Protein

These are covalently bonded to fatty acids or bound to glycolipids. lipid anchor associates with only one of leaflets example: GPI linked, proteins located on the surface of the cell membrane that are covalently attached to lipids embedded within the cell membrane. These proteins insert and assume a place in the bilayer structure of the membrane alongside the similar fatty acid tails.

plasma membrane

Thin coat of lipids (phospholipids) that surrounds and encloses a cell; phospholipid bilayer

crenation

This happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe. Shrinking of an animal cell because it is in a hypertonic solution

carbohydrate chains

Tiny Flag Identifiers for the cell. ID tag. Communicate to the cell whats outside. Bind to proteins or lipids to create glycoproteins and glycolipids, Are Attached To The Membrane Surface. These Help Cells Identify And Recognize Each Other

Hypotonic

Total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is less than that of another solution or less than that of a cell. cell lysis

Phagocytosis

a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it. The process of phagocytosis often happens when the cell is trying to destroy something, like a virus or an infected cell, and is often used by immune system cells. active transport(ATP), physical contact with solids,

membrane proteins

a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with, the membrane of a cell or an organelle.

Receptor Protein

a protein that binds specific signal molecules, which causes the cell to respond, A protein that binds with a signal molecule and causes a change to occur in the cell

Tethered Protein

a protein that is not embedded inside a membrane but is suspended away from it,Tethered function" assays bring a protein to a reporter RNA through a designed RNA-protein interaction. The function of the tethered protein-whether that be stability, translation, localization, or transport, or otherwise-is then assessed.

glycoprotein

any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain. Also called glycopeptide.

Integral monotopic proteins

are permanently attached to the membrane from only one side.

cell lysis

burst of cell after a hypotonic solution, A cell bursts due to water intake.

Transporter Protein

carriers, permeases, solute binds to transport protein, a membrane protein- moves small molecules by changing their conformation

gap junction

cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells, allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells, A passageway between two adjacent cells; formed by transmembrane proteins called connexons

plasmolysis

contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell. This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution

Maintains Homeostasis

controls what goes in and out of the cell to maintain the cell

channel proteins

form small openings for molecules to diffuse through, have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel

hydrophilic

having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.Having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding; hygroscopic.

HDL

high-density lipoprotein (Good Cholesterol)

carrier proteins

integral membrane proteins; that is, they exist within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion (i.e., passive transport) or active transport.

binary fission

kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes like Amoeba and Paramecium. In binary fission, the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves , producing two new cells.

glycolipid

lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond. Their role is to maintain stability of the membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition. The carbohydrates are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes.

Transport proteins

membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane, Help molecules and ions move across the plasma membrane, movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient. This is usually to accumulate high concentrations of molecules that a cell needs, such as glucose or amino acids. carrier proteins simply transport a single solute "downhill," whereas others can act as pumps to transport a solute "uphill" against its electrochemical gradient, using energy provided by ATP hydrolysis, by a downhill flow of another solute (such as Na+ or H+), or by light to drive the requisite series of conformational changes in an orderly manner, charge molecules from ATP to transport

Transport Proteins

membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane, allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane, form channels that allow selected polar molecules and ions to pass across a membrane,

Receptor Mediated endocytosis

moves specific molecules into the cell, binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation. The uptake of specific molecules based on a cell's receptor proteins. absorbs things and uses energy. membrane engulfs selected molecules combined with receptor proteins

Fluid Mosaic Model

of the structure of cell membranes. The model proposes that integral membrane proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, Some of these proteins extend all the way through the bilayer, and some only partially across it. These membrane proteins act as transport proteins and receptors proteins.Their model also proposed that the membrane behaves like a fluid, rather than a solid. The proteins and lipids of the membrane move around the membrane, much like buoys in water. Such movement causes a constant change in the "mosaic pattern" of the plasma membrane.

Integral membrane proteins

permanently embedded within the plasma membrane, channeling or transporting molecules across the membrane. Other integral proteins act as cell receptors.integral membrane proteins are responsible for cell adhesion (sticking of a cell to another cell or surface). On the outside of cell membranes and attached to some of the proteins are carbohydrate chains that act as labels that identify the cell type.

Peripheral membrane proteins

proteins that are only temporarily associated with the membrane. They can be easily removed, which allows them to be involved in cell signaling. Peripheral proteins can also be attached to integral membrane proteins, or they can stick into a small portion of the lipid bilayer by themselves. Peripheral membrane proteins are often associated with ion channels and transmembrane receptors. Most peripheral membrane proteins are hydrophilic.

cell membrane chemical receptors

provide information about the presence of specific chemicals and chemical gradients, cells receive and react to hormones/drugs/medicine (ligands

Transmembrane proteins

span the entire plasma membrane. Transmembrane proteins are found in all types of biological membranes.

hydrophobic

tending to repel or fail to mix with water.

polar heads

the PO₄⁻³ base of the phospholipids is polar and hydrophilic

nonpolar tails

the fatty acid of the phospholipids is nonpolar and hydrophobic

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy.

concentration gradient

the process of particles moving through a solution from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a membrane.

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell, the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Hypertonic

total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is greater than that of another solution, or greater than the concentration in a cell. crenation

Aquaporin

water channel protein in a cell, a type of channel protein through which water can move by osmosis across a plasma membrane, Membrane transport protein responsible for facilitated diffusion of water