Political science 103 WSU

war on terror counter-terrorism model

+Military response to act on war +Unilateral action, not restricted by multilateral institutions +Preemptive war +Aggressive pursuit of terrorism at home and abroad

Wilson's 14 Points

+Vision for peaceful international society +"Peace without Victors" +Respect for national self-determination +Created League of Nations: Collective security organization +In his speech he argued "a general association of nations must be formed" to preserve the coming peace

relative deprivation theory

If one group is much poorer than others or lack political rights they will initiate conflict

post-modern state

Multilateralism(multiple countries), building regional and global regimes to deal with security challenges presented by the modern and premodern states

polarity

Various ways in which power is distributed within international system.

UN general assembly

+"Parliament of nations" All UN member states are represented +Discusses and make recommendations each year on a wide variety of topics of international interest: migration, trade, human rights... +Each state has one vote +⅔ majority in the General Assembly required for decisions regarding: -International peace and security. Admission of new members. UN budget

middle powers foreign policy

+"Potentially more wise and virtuous" than other states +Seek domestic support for international activism and to enhance the reputation of their states in the international community (Canada, Mexico) +Foreign policy: Power and influence more than physical attributes and military strength +Tend to be states with social democratic political systems and economies based on trade +Prosperity depends on global stability and order +Behavioral measure of middle powers Catalysts: states that provide resources and expertise Facilities: active roles in setting agendas Managers: support institution building and encourage support for organizations and multinational activities

nongovernmental organization (NGO)

+(NGO) An organization usually a grassroots one, with policy goals but not governmental in makeup. NGO is a group of people relating to other regularly in some formal manner and engaging in collective action, provided the activities are nonviolent and not behalf of the government. +They campaign for certain causes, represent the interests of specific professions and include charitable organizations. +NGO's act in pursuit of their interests and values and might be shifting political power away from the state. +Work in finding solution to wars and famine that are present in our societies

nuclear nonproliferation treaty

+1968 +Nonproliferation Regime: collection of norms, treaties, and national policies that seek to hinder the spread of weapons of mass destruction +Created because of the growing concern at the spread of the spread of nuclear weapon in order to slow down/stop the arms race. +Aimed to make the cost of developing nuclear arsenal prohibitive and discouraging the rise of them +In the treaty it: 1. Forbids nuclear states to transfer or assist/encourage non-nuclear states to acquire or manufacture nuclear weapons 2. Non-nuclear states will not accept transfer of, or attempt to manufacture or acquire nuclear weapons 3. Each non-nuclear states party to NPT will accept IAEA safeguards 4. All parties to NPT have right to research, develop, produce, and use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes 5. All parties to NPT (superpowers) should negotiate in good faith to end arms race, geared toward eventual nuclear disarmament under international control

nation

+A community of people who share a common sense of identity, which may be derived from language, culture, or ethnicity; this community may be a minority within a single country or live in more than one country.

post-Colonial Feminism

+A form of feminism, closely associated with women of the so called "third world" that offers a critique of Western feminisms universalizing tendencies and that analyses colonialism, racism, and global capitalism in relation to the status of women. +not enough to demand a change in rights in the Western style democracy

nation-state

+A political community in which the state claims legitimacy on the grounds that it represents all citizens, including those who may identity as a separate community or nation.

great powers foreign policy

+A state that has the political, economic, and military resources to shape the world beyond its borders. Most cases, they have the will to define the rules of international system +Realist worldview: survival is the primary goal. Strategy to survive in a system in which all states are potential threats +Great powers seek to lead in all policy sectors +Main goal is survival +Must respond to "security dilemma" (realist theory)

anarchy

+A system operating in the absence of any central government. It does not apply chaos but in realist theory, the absence of political authority +Realism view: anarchy is unavoidable. International anarchy creates need for self-help state actions. States live in a condition of anarchy +Constructivism view: "Anarchy is what states make of it" +Liberals don't view anarchy as cause of war

nuclear proliferation treaty

+Acquiring a nuclear weapon or the process of constructing a nuclear weapon +8 acknowledged Nuclear Weapon States (conducted test, declared stockpile or deployed weapons) +Countries build the bomb for 1.Prestige 2. Security 3. Bargaining Chip

neorealism

+Also called structural realism +Agrees that international politics is essentially the struggle for power but do not agree that it is a result of human nature +Contribute interstate conflict to lack of an overarching authority above states and the relative distribution of power in the international system +Many structural realist provide a rank of ordering of states to count the number of great powers +Self-help system compels states to maximize their relative power position +Offensive realism: states seek to enhance power resources +Defensive realism: states try to gain absolute power to survive

peace of Westphalia (1648)

+An agreement between the European nations to respect national sovereignty. This institutionalized the rise of nation-states +Seen as the birth of the modern state +Ended 30 year war and limited authority of European Monarchs +Formalized system of "sovereign equality for states"

collective security

+An argument where "each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all and agrees to join in a collective response to aggression". +Main idea behind League of Nations

foreign policy

+Articulation of national interests and the means chosen to secure those interests +Foreign Policy styles are often shaped by a state's political culture, history, and traditions. This describes how a country deals with other states and how they approach decisions. +When styles continue over time they become foreign policy traditions that consists of national beliefs about how the world works.

marxism

+Assert social, political and economic world should be analyzed as a whole +Boundaries need to be transcended + Class and friction between classes + Attempts to challenge the prevailing order by seeking out, analyzing, and where possible, assisting social processes that can potentially lead to transformation of the existing system + Marx predicted capitalism spread around the world and that the proletarians will become aware of the class struggle and alienation + Focused heavily on class system

intransigent state

+Believe that the existing international system is unfair, oppressive, violent, and alienating +Seek to transform the international system +Do not accept the "rules of the game" +Examples: • 1960 and 1970s: Nonaligned Movement (NAM) +Today: North Korea, Iran, Venezuela

decolonization

+Caused the increase for the proliferation of states +Freeing of a land from being dependent on another country +Decolonization in Asia: Communism became a potent ideological force that lead to the Vietnam War. Then the US involved themselves to stop the spread of communism trying to use the containment strategy: Domino Theory +One of the reasons for the UN's new focus on individual rights

international institution

+Complexes of norms, rules, and practices that prescribe behavioral roles, constrain activity and shape expectations +3 types: +Deep constitutional institutions -principle of sovereignty; defines the terms of legitimate statehood, the basis for international politics +Fundamental institutions: -provide basic rules and practices that shapes how states solve cooperation and coordination problems. Institutional norms and structures that States and other actors invoke and employ when they have common ends they want to achieve +Issue-specific institutions or regimes -(examples: Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)) Concrete expression of international law.

democratic peace theory

+Concept of Liberalism Theory +Central idea of liberal international thought. +Makes 2 claims: liberal polities restrain in their relations with other liberal polities (separate peace) and they are imprudent (lack judgement) in relations with authoritarian states +Argued that where democracies inhabit a region, war will end in that region and as democracy spreads throughout the world war will decline. +Democracies do not fight each other +Wealth generation more important than security +Security comes from being wealthy

international law

+Cooperation among 3 or more states where the goal is to formulate binding rules of conduct for all +Assumption is that states will abide by the rules because they consented to them +International law is a Western European idea +Modern international law contains European concepts of "proper" behavior within and btwn societies, a standard that non-European societies might not embrace +Until recently international law was designed to facilitate international order +States are primary subject of international law. Only states could create and enforce international law

international court of justice (ICJ)

+Court decides disputes between countries +Only states can bring cases before the ICJ, individuals have no standing; home state must act for them +15 judges elected by General Assembly and the Security Council +States have voluntary participation in the proceeding but if they choose to participate they have to comply with court's decisions +Only have jurisdiction state against state

economic explanation for islamist terrorism

+Defense against Western economic imperialism +Exploitation of less developed countries +Sense of alienation and lack of opportunity in less developed countries

thucydides

+Distribution of power in the international system influenced a state's behavior +Classical realism began with him and his representation of power politics as a law of human behavior. +Classical realists argued that the drive for power and the will to dominate are the fundamental aspects of human nature +International politics is driven by an endless struggle for power that is rooted in human nature. Justice, law and society either have no place or are circumscribed

liberalism

+Dominant theory of International relations +Main idea that human nature is basically good +States thrive in a world governed by morality and laws +Reason and rationality compels leaders of states to cooperate

modern state

+Economic growth and building up power and authority at home and abroad +China and India +Secure in economy, can start trying to spread own values to others

"new" wars

+Emergence of "new" wars since the 1980s where the conflict is characterized by the disintegration of the state +State loses control of various sectors of economy and areas of national territory +Largely economically driven +Wars of identity between different ethnic communities or nations and wars that are caused by the collapse of states or the fragmentation of multiethnic states. Most of these new wars are internal or civil wars

ethnic conflict

+Example (Sunni and Shia) +Ethnic groups exist because identification of in-group/out-group dynamics has primary origins (DNA) +Social construction argument: ethnic groups are socially created by defining in-group/out-group individuals by variables contingent on the social setting rather than inherently possessed. +Ethnic conflict rose and peaked in 90's then decreased -Emerged since the end of the Cold War +Causes: primordial hatred theory: Relative deprivation theory: Cooperation theory Territoriality theory

nuclear deterrence

+Explicit, credible threats to use nuclear weapons in retaliation to deter an adversary from attacking with nuclear weapons +the idea that states will be deterred from using weapons bc of concerns of relation. +Ability to stop someone from doing something they would otherwise do

association of southeast asian nations

+Geopolitical and economic organization of several SE Asian countries. +Initially formed as a display of solidarity against communism, redefined its aims and broadened to include the acceleration of economic growth and promote regional peace. +Economic pressures and self-interest was pushing countries away the ASEAN was their response/solution

political explanation for islamist terrorism

+Geopolitical issues and religious is justification +Group goals are political not religious

religious explanation for islamist terrorism

+Global jihad +Doctrine of Qur'an and Hadith support their cause +Eternal ramifications and rewards. Fulfilling the will of the prophet Muhammad and ultimately the will of God.

regional organizations

+Growth of regionalism is a sign of both globalization and the attempts to regulate its effects +Examples: EU, NAFTA, ASEAN

classical realism

+Humans are driven by self-interest, rotted in human nature. +Human nature makes for an endless struggle for power +States act in own self-interest in pursuit of power +States are the only actors in IR and exist in condition of anarchy +"Self-help" concept is big +Power is the key to ensuring security. Hegemony is the ultimate security.

the UN

+Improved League of Nations +Currently 193 member states +Member states agreed to accept the obligations of the United Nations Charter -To maintain international peace and security -To develop friendly relations among nations -To cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights -To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations 6 main organs: The General Assembly, the Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

zero-sum

+In terms of war when each state's gain and losses are exactly balanced by the gains and losses of the other state

liberal feminism

+Key units of society are individuals, individuals that are biologically determined as either man or woman, possess specific right and are equal +the state is gendered so rights have been practiced solely on mens rights and expectations +dominant international theories ignore the help of women and when they do acknowledge them, they are less important to states men

Immanuel Kant

+Leading liberal of the enlightenment +Peace is secured by the abolishment of standing armies, the proliferation of democratic states and the respect for state sovereignty +Described international relations as "the lawless state of savagery" and their hatred of this savagery led him and Bentham to make plans for "perpetual peace". Still core ideas of liberalism that reason could create freedom and justice in IR. +To achieve perpetual peace the transformation of individual consciousness, republican constitutionalism needed to transform and states to abolish war +Claimed liberal states are peaceful in IR with other liberal states then it changed to "seperate peace"

sovereignty

+Legal notion that all states are the ultimate authority over their territory and no other actor in the international system has the right to interfere in another state's internal affairs +The UN "is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members"

maastricht treaty

+Maastricht Treaty converts EEC into European Union +Agreement to create Euro in 10 years +Creates common foreign policy and strengths control over domestic policy +The Lisbon Treaty amends the Maastricht treaty

class struggle

+Main concept of Marxism: Conflict between the Proletariat and the Bourgeoisie + Class: "Social relations between the producers and the conditions under which they exchange their activities and share in the total act of production" + Personal income does not determine class; class defined by your position in the hierarchy of production

suicide terrorism

+More destructive +Convincing signal of continued attacks +Highly effective in destroying momentum of peace processes +Generate fear by disregarding taboos on the use of force

MAD

+Mutual Assured Destruction (60's-70's) +Cold War and concept if the 2 superpowers launched nuclear weapons it would result in mutual assured destruction

Munich agreement (1938)

+Negotiated after a conference held in Munich between Germany and the UK and other major powers of Europe. It appeased Hitler and Nazi Germany to annex (add) Czechoslovakia that was primarily inhabited by ethnic Germany. +Giving Hitler the land we allowed him to prepare for war on Poland

small state foreign policy

+Often act in concert with other states to have an impact +Select a niche and develop policy expertise +Limited global role, focus on their geographic region, interests of their citizens +Limited resources means focus economic issues +Active role in regional and international organizations

international organization

+Organization like the UN : physical creations with staffs, buildings, operations

european commision

+Part of policymaking in the EU +Proposes legislation +One commissioner from each member state, but bound to represent EU as a whole +Bureaucracy to implement legislation

hegemony

+Power and control exercised by a leading state over other states +A state has the capacity and the will to shape and govern the international system +Has been used to criticize superpowers +The US and the Soviet Union were vying for global hegemony during the Cold War +For realist the ideal position is to be the global hegemon of international system, but some realist believe that global hegemony is impossible and the world will always have competition between powers

UN security council

+Primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security +Now made up of 15 states (P-5 included) +Explores ways to settle disputes peacefully +In event of war the Security Council tries to secure a ceasefire +Makes recommendations to General Assembly on the appointment of a new security-general and new members of the UN

Kantian Triangle

+Related to liberalism theory +Very influential and argued that 3 key factors create peace within the international system 1. Democratic government 2. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)/cooperations 3. Trade

african union

+Replaced the OAU in 2002 +Consists of 55 African states Intervenes in civil unrest +Seeks to alter Africa's global status as object of resource-driven conflict

NATO

+Result of Cold War's end +Organization established by treaty in 1949 of 12 (later 16) countries from Western Europe and North America. +The most important aspect of the NATO alliance was the US commitment to the defense of Western Europe +Attack on one would mean an attack on all +NATO became limited to activities in Europe, but changed after 9-11 +Helped to promote a more stable Europe in the post-Cold War era +Big new role as an anti terrorist force and as a protector of civilians in failing/fragile states. (9-11 catalyst for this)

league of nations

+Result of Wilson's fourteen points created after WWII +Supposed to keep peace and stop/discourage wars +For it to have been successful it needed to have military power to deter aggression and use power to enforce its will. +League as peacekeeper was failing +Collapse of League of Nations dealt a near fatal blow to liberal idealism +Multiple failures: -Japanese invasion of Manchuria (1931) -Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) -Allies thought the Munich Agreement (1938) would appease Hitler by allowing Germany to annex Crechoslovakia +UN ultimately replaced it

Carl Von Clausewitz

+Saw war as a means to an end. War is not a random violence but rational political decision and to compel one's opponent to fulfill one's will +According to him: 1. The decision to wage war "ought" to be rational in the sense that it ought to be based upon the estimated costs and gains of the war 2. War "ought" to be instrumental in the sense it ought to be waged to achieve some goal, never for its own sake; and also in the sense that strategy and tactics ought to be directed towards just one end, namely victory 3. Finally war "ought" to be national, in the sense that its objective should be to advance the interest of a nation state and the entire effort of the nation ought to be mobilized in the service of the military objective

gender

+Social construction of the difference between men and women Gender is determined by a mix of social and cultural norms, as well as one's sense of identity

sticks and carrots

+Sticks: Military Tools +Realist perspective: States must secure their interest by military power. Include threat of force, military aid and assistance. Weapons can deter enemies. + Liberal perspective: recognizes utility of force and threats of force + Economic sticks include product and economic boycotts, trade embargoes, sanctions and punitive tariffs + Carrots: Foreign Assistance + At least 5 kinds of economic assistance Project aid for a specific item, Project aid, Technical assistance, Humanitarian or disaster assistance, Military or security aid to allies or partners in programs +2 kinds of development assistance +Bilateral: Directly to another country +Multilateral: Indirectly to global institutions

political science

+Study of how humans and their creations (states, societies, groups) behave politically +Political science is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives. It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies, processes, and behavior, as well as classes, gov, diplomacy, law, strategy and war

international politics/relations

+Study of interaction between countries and its many actors (corporations, terrorist groups, individuals) when they cross boundries +Realism, liberalism, feminism, constructivism are all lenses to understand international relations and politics

failed state

+Susceptible to "new wars" +A state that fails to provide basic services and provide for their citizens +Can't protect boarder, provide law and order system, or keep a functioning marketplace +Have little foreign policies except with those states who provide them with aid

law enforcement counter-terrorism model

+Terrorism as a crime +Rule of law (domestic and international) +Multilateralism +Multiple tools: Criminal justice, diplomacy, public relations, development aid, and so on

power

+The capacity to do things, and to affect others to get the outcome one wants. +Relational and Relative + Military and industrial capability, natural resources, population +Often calculations of power resources are used to suggest intent

the EU

+The lead of to the EU consisted of European Coal and Steel community (ECSC) and the Treaty of Rome creates European Economic Community (EEC). +Maastricht Treaty converts EEC into European Union +Currently 28 member states +Policymaking in the EU consists of European Commision, European Council, European Parliament, and European Council of Justice +Very few restrictions on trade and goods, still some restrictions on trade of services +19/28 share common currency (The Euro) +High level of political integration on economic issues, civil/human rights +Less integration on foreign policy, especially with other developed countries

detente

+The lessening of tension between the US and USSR +Motivation for the USSR: relations with China were deteriorating and sought recognition of unity with US +Motivation for US: Sought limits to potential military conflict and arms race; exploited Soviet-China rift +However, it didn't end US- Soviet conflict since each continued to pursue own political goals +Soviet and the US period lasted from late 1960's to late 1970s and was characterized by negotiations and nuclear arms control agreement.

national interest

+The material and ideational goals of a nation-state +Factors that shape national interest: individuals, especially political leaders or elites, interest groups, geographic position, tradition, norms, and values that are part of a country's political culture and international events +Realist perspective: +National interest are unchanged over time. +Classic realist: States are unitary, rational, coherent actors +"Rational" means selecting a policy path that maximises benefits for the state and minimizes risks +Primary national interest is national security +Liberal perspective: +Force is not the only foreign policy tool for leaders +Maintaining rule of law in the international system is important +States should create international institutions and regimes that promote global governance +Constructivist perspective: +Interest are defined by norms and understanding of what's good and appropriate +Marxist perspective: +Foreign policy is controlled by the economic elites who control power +National interest are determined by the wealthy and wealthy +The goal of development assistance programs is to make poor countries dependent on the donor state +Keep developing regions of the world in the position of providing cheap labor, resources and a welcome place for foreign investors

terrisom

+The term has become politicized +Before the past half-century terrorism was state violence against citizens. Over past half-century terrorism has been described violence by small, mostly non state actors, attempting to achieve political change +Use of threat of violence to achieve a political goal -Usually an attempt to coerce a targeted government into changing policy +Relies more on future cost than on present damage (The money that will go into recovery and the less people in work place) +9/11 altered modern terrorism +<Terrorism groups in 19th century relied on railroad and telegraph and the impact rarely went beyond state border. Goal was internal change +Expansion of air travel and news coverage lead to transnational terrorism +In 80's 3 developments emerged concerning terrorism: Fewer but deadlier indiscriminate attacks, increasing sophistication of attacks and more suicide attacks>

materialist conception of history

+The view developed by Marx, according to which material, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical change. +economic development is the motor of history

feminisim

+Theory analyze how gender both affects world politics and is an effect of world politics +Different concepts are gendered. Gender is determined by social and contextual variables +Political project to end inequality and oppression. +Focus on the areas where women are excluded from the analysis of major international issues.

constructivism

+Theory that the actions, words and ideas of people make/ "socially construct" society and then society shapes our actions and creates rules +These rules tell us who the key players are and what identity should be given to each player +Rules and practice become in patterns which become institutions. (Cold War and Global Economy) +Anarchy is what states make of it. International system does not need to result in conflict and arms races and such +Socially constructed realities define international system

permanent 5 (P5)

+US, Britain, France, Russia, and China +Veto power, emerged that abstention by a permanent member is not regarded as a veto +If one permanent member dissent( differ from majority) resolution can't pass +Veto resulted from the view that if the great powers weren't given a privileged position, the UN wouldn't work

security dilemma

+Uncertainty and lack of trust among states +Part of realist view on security +Created when a state takes steps to increase its own security and by doing so decreases the security of its neighbors +A repeating pattern of one state deciding to increase military capabilities at least in part bc another state has done so +Driven by fear of other states

european council

+Vote yes/no on legislation, controls foreign policy, budget -Members are heads of state or government ministers for the issue at hand -Vote shares based on population, majority voting (usually)

european parliament

+Votes yes/no on legislation, some ability to make amendments -Directly elected by citizens, seats proportional to population

massive retaliation

+When states commit itself to retaliate in a much greater force in the event of an attack +Before MAD

marxist/Socialist Feminism

+Women are oppressed through capitalism and the history of economic/private property systems. +Overthrowing capitalism is the way to achieve equality, this causes women inequality +this introduces a second material that causes womens unequal treatment

second strike

+ability to retaliate against a nuclear strike regardless of size, and inflict an unacceptable cost on the enem

human nature

+idea in liberalism that human nature is basically good and people are perfectible. +Classic realism: human nature makes for an endless struggle for power

intergovernmental organization (IGO)

+international organization which involves multiple countries

territoriality theory

Ethnic/religious groups will fight if they have contending claims to a territory with symbolic importance

cooperation theory

Ethnicity itself doesn't cause conflict, ethnic groups are just unusually good at solving mobilization problems

primordial hatred theory

Groups have a fundamental conflict over members, territory; long history of conflict makes peace impossible

european court of justice

Strikes down national laws that conflict with EU laws