Practice Exam
For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to slow-wave sleep and back again) last?
90 min
T/F alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment
False
REM sleep is associated with ____.
PGO waves in the brain
When do the secretions of melatonin begin?
a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last
about a day
If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.
continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm
If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they:
continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm
Male sexual behavior depends heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance?
dopamine
A Zeitgeber is a
environmental cue that resets a biological clock
Mammals have circadian rhythms ____.
for a variety of activities, including sleep
Eugino has a large number of PGO waves. He is likely ____.
in NREM sleep
During sleep, what happens in the brain?
increased firing by GABA neurons
Research found that during REM sleep, activity ____.
increased in both pons and limbic system
Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by ____.
interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary
During REM sleep, the EEG shows
irregular, low-voltage fast waves
Based on research it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be
just over 24 hours
What is the principle zeitgeber for land animals?
light
While Arlette is sleeping, her locus coeruleus is _____.
mostly inactive
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ____.
neurons are becoming more synchronized
The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.
only one of several systems involved in arousal
The SCN is located just above the
optic chiasm
One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____.
pontomesencephalon
The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____.
respond directly to light but respond very slowly
A small brand of the optic nerve known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN
retinohypthalamic
A decrease in the amount of sleep most likely to affect the performance of migratory bird during ____.
seasons other than migration
With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____
slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?
stage 2
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.
stages 3 and 4
Which claim is most consistent with the evolutionary perspective of sleep?
the function of sleep is similar to hibernation
If a female rat is exposed to highly stressful experiences late in pregnancy, what happens to the sexual development of her offspring?
the genetic males become responsive to male partners
A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is ____.
to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases ____.
too little cortisol
The PER and TIM proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night?
when the proteins reach a high level they turn off the genes that produce them
If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?
The more total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep
Who would probably develop as an intersex?
a genetic female exposed to more testosterone than normal during early development
An electroencephalograph displays ____.
a net average of all the neurons' potentials
