Pre-Comp. Exam Questions

During a language evaluation, a child produces the utterance, "The boy pushed the cars." How many free morphemes are there in this child's utterance?

5.

Following a comprehensive language evaluation, a 2-year-old child has been diagnosed as a "late talker." The characteristic that BEST describes this child is that she does not use at least:

50 different expressive vocabulary words.

If pitch contour for a vowel shows a frequency of 150 hertz (Hz) at the midpoint, the frequency of the fifth harmonic at the same location will be:

750 Hz.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is completing a study to prove that two different treatment approaches provide differing amounts of progress in persons with aphasia. She would like to utilize a strict statistical test in order to prove significance between the amounts of progress. Which of the following would be the BEST method for this SLP to utilize in the data analysis?

Two-tailed test.

A child with speech sound problems has recently been diagnosed with a speech sound disorder, characterized by difficulty producing interdental and alveolar fricatives. Which of the following speech sounds would this child demonstrate difficulty producing?

/ð/ and /s/.

A speech-lanauge pathologist (SLP) in private practice has been referred to work with a new client who recently moved into the area. After reviewing the client's transfer notes, the previous SLP has made comments that the client demonstrates significant difficulty with producing the "late eight sounds." Which of the following speech sounds would this child MOST LIKELY have difficulty producing?

/ʃ/.

A person has a vital capacity of 5 liters and exchanges half a liter of air when typically breathing at rest. The person takes the biggest breath possible and inspires 3 liters of air. What is the expiratory reserve volume?

1.5 liters.

A person has a vital capacity of 5 liters and exchanges half a liter of air when typically breathing at rest. The person takes the biggest breath possible and inspires 3 liters of air. What is this person's expiratory reserve volume?

1.5 liters.

Brad is a typically developing 15-month-old toddler. How many words would Brad MOST LIKELY have in his expressive lexicon?

10 words.

Richard is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) in a preschool setting. Currently, he is working with a child who has specific deficits in morphological developments. Richard wants to establish that morphemes he has targeted in this child's intervention sessions are being used consistently. What level of use is appropriate for establishing acquisition of morphological structures?

90% of use in obligatory contexts.

Richard is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) in a preschool setting. Currently, he is working with a child who has specific deficits in morphological developments. Richard wants to establish that morphemes he has targeted in this child's intervention sessions are bing used consistently. What level of use is appropriate for establishing acquisition of morphological structures?

90% of use in obligatory contexts.

Motor learning may be enhanced by introducing a delay between the time the speaker produces a targeted stimulus and the clinician provides feedback in the form of knowledge performance of knowledge or results. There should be:

A 3- to 5-second delay in all feedback.

American Sign Language (ASL) is a visual-spatial language used by persons who are deaf/Deaf in the United States and has several unique characteristics. Which of the following statements BEST describes ASL?

ASL utilizes its own grammar and syntax.

Obstruent sounds differ from resonant sounds in that obstruent sounds:

Always include an aperiodic sound source.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in an elementary school is planning to enroll a kindergarten student in stuttering therapy after completing a careful diagnostic assessment. She discovers a policy that says children are not enrolled in fluency therapy in this particular school district until third grade. When she queries the rationale for the policy, she is told that "most students will grow out of stuttering and we don't want to waste resources." This is an example of:

Bad leadership.

A patient arrives at an acute care hospital in order to have open hear surgery. After the surgery, the patient verbalizes complaints about a change in vocal quality, and a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is consulted. The SLP who performs the intake evaluation documents that the patient presents with an excessively high-pitched voice. Which of the following is a likely cause of this patient's change in vocal quality?

Damage of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve during the surgery.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been working with a nonverbal teenaged client to program the client's augmentative and alternative communicative (AAC) device with speech output. The SLP determines that the client would benefit from prerecorded phrases and other stimuli to increase communicative effectiveness, as the client shows poor initiation in generating novel utterances. What type of speech output should the SLP implement for this client's AAC device?

Digitized speech.

Slowing speaking rate as a treatment method for individuals with dysarthria is contraindicated when the patient:

Does not exhibit improvements in speech intelligibility when speaking rate is decreased.

A child and her mother are participating in a play evaluation with a speech-language pathologist. At one point in the evaluation, the mother asks her child, "Did Mary eat the cookie?" to which the child responds, "Yes, Mary ate the cookie." With which language structure does this child demonstrate difficulty?

Ellipsis

Neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain that are important in sending neural signals between adjacent neurons. The BEST description of neurotransmitter release is that it:

Excites or inhibits neighboring cells if it binds with a receptor and causes a channel opening.

The speech-language pathologist (SLP) wants to use acoustic measurements of /r/ to document a child's progress in producing the sound. The BEST measurement to make is the amount of movement in:

F3

What are three key language milestones that children meet between 18 and 24 months of age?

Fifty-word vocabulary size, word spurt, combining words.

A 5-year-old client is brought by his parents to the local speech-language pathologist clinic for a full speech and language evaluation. After completion of the evaluation, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) reviews the results and notices that the child produces the words /bo/ (boat), /fɪʃ/ (fish), /kʌ/ (cup), /sʌn/ (sun), and /dɔ/ (dog). Which of the following best describes this child's speech pattern?

Final consonant deletion of stops.

An audiologist has been consulted by the local school system in order to make the classrooms more acoustically appropriate for students who are hard of hearing. Which of the following accommodations could the audiologist recommend to augment the classroom?

Floor carpeting.

Mark is a child who demonstrates significant deficits in nonword repetition. An explanation for this may be that Mark:

Has unstable underlying phonological representations.

A child is referred to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) by an otolaryngologist (ENT) with presenting problem of "distorted speech." Following a comprehensive evaluation, the SLP determines that the child is experiencing significant nasal emission during speech. Based on this information, which of the following problems would this child NOT be experiencing?

Hypernasality.

A patient is in the later stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Which of the following treatment approaches is most appropriate for an individual at this stage of the disease?

Introduction of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube.

Compared to voiced stops, word- initial voiceless stops in English are expected to have a:

Longer VOT.

Compared to voiced stops, word-initial voiceless stops in English are expected to have a:

Longer VOT.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is starting to work with a young child with a speech sound disorder. After reviewing the child's evaluation results, the SLP determines that the child is demonstrating errors in all word positions for the following phonemes: [l, t, g, a, v, w]. The SLP would like to utilize a treatment method that will simultaneously target the child's speech sound errors. Which intervention would the SLP MOST LIKELY implement?

Multiple phonemes approach.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) at a local speech and language clinic has an adolescent client with dyslexia on the SLP's caseload. During an evaluation, the client writes "I went to the zu" after being prompted with the cue "write about something you did over the weekend." This mistake suggests that the client has difficulties primarily in what aspect of literacy?

Orthography.

An audiologist has completed audio logic evaluation on a patient and has diagnosed the patient with a hearing loss localized to the middle ear. Which of the following structures could be experiencing a deficit?

Ossicular chain.

The voice team has been asked to evaluate a 3-month-old client presenting with parent-reported "weak cry." Following a comprehensive evaluation, which of the following findings would NOT be considered a typical laryngeal characteristic for this patient?

Prominent arytenoid processes of the vocal folds.

Barbara is a young child with a severe cognitive deficit. Barbara's speech-language pathologist (SLP) is beginning to formulate a treatment plan for intervention and would like to focus on the MOST functional treatment targets during intervention. What should be targeted during Barbara's intervention sessions?

Recreational vocabulary.

A patient at an acute rehabilitation hospital is working with the speech-language pathologist (SLP) on therapy techniques to improve his/her symptoms of dysphagia, which primarily consist of decreased laryngeal elevation. Which of the following techniques would BEST be suited to this patient?

Shaker head lifts and the Mendelsohn maneuver.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is working with a group of school-aged children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The SLP would like to set appropriate pragmatic goals for the children, while utilizing a social communication group approach. Which of the following pragmatic goals is of GREATEST BENEFIT for use with these children?

Sharing interests with other group members.

Samantha is a 20-month-old toddler who has not met several of her early word-learning milestones. She demonstrates a small vocabulary and does not make two-word combinations. Using this information, which of the following BEST describes Samantha?

She demonstrates an early language delay.

The supralaryngeal vocal tract (SLVT) is a broadly tuned filter. This means that:

Sinusoids will resonate if they are near a resonant frequency.

Nasal consonants have a low-frequency nasal formant because the nasal cavity acts as:

The largest resonating cavity, resulting in a low-frequency F1.

In working with a client with a diagnosis of apraxia of speech, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) acquires the following percentage of correct scores for spontaneous (without cueing) productions for one-, two-, and three-syllable words targeting a specific transition involving the /s/: 98%, 68%, and 15%. Using integral stimulation, the percentage correct for the same stimuli was 100%, 84%, and 42%. Treatment should begin:

With two-syllable words in the presence of integral stimulation while gradually decreasing cueing.

Phonotactic probability, neighborhood density and semantic representation influence what aspect of language use and learning?

Words.

A researcher is conducting a study comparing the performance of dyslexia versus nondyslexic participants during oral reading of written words presented rapidly versus slowly. This is an example of:

Mixed experimental-descriptive research.

With children who stutter, a variety of indirect treatments have been developed. Indirect treatments are those that:

Model easy, slow speech; reduce social and linguistic demands; and help parents to reduce speech pressure.

During a language evaluation, a child produces the utterance "The boy pushed the cars." How many free morphemes are there in this child's utterance?

5.

A child who a speech-language pathologist (SLP) has just begun working with in a private practice clinic spells words semiphonetically. This would be BEST illustrated by which of the following choices:

"I am happy" spelling as "I m hap."

During an intervention session, a child produces the utterance "Mommy go run." The child's speech-language pathologist (SLP) uses an expansion approach to increase the complexity of the child's utterance. Which of the following statements could this SLP use in response to the child?

"Mommy's going to run."

Contraction of the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini will NOT occur during the production of which of the following sounds?

/m/.

A patient who has not been on the speech-language pathologist's (SLP's) caseload while at a long-term acute care setting begins complaining of gastroesophageal reflux-like (GERD-like) symptoms during and after every meal. The physician has asked the SLP to perform an evaluation, which comes back negative. After using instrumental assessment methods, it is discovered that the patient's lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is not functioning properly. Which of the following could potentially cause this patient's symptoms?

A change in medication, including addition of steroids.

Following a motor vehicle accident, an individual is experiencing complete paralysis of the upper and lower extremities. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan reveals damage to the lateral corticospinal tract in the spinal column. The lateral corticospinal tract is:

A descending pathway that conveys motor signal that control movement of the arms and legs.

Following a motor vehicle accident, an individual is experiencing complete paralysis of the upper and lower extremities. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan reveals damage to the lateral corticospinal tract in the spinal column. The lateral corticospinal tract is:

A descending pathway that conveys motor signals that control movement of the arms and legs.

The spectrum of speaker's voice shows that H1 is 15 dB higher than H2 in amplitude. This MOST LIKELY indicates that the speaker has a:

Breathy voice.

Differentiating stuttering-like disfluencies is a clinical observation that:

Helps determine the stage of stuttering in young children.

A patient recently admitted to an acute rehabilitation hospital is presenting with hoarse vocal quality following spinal surgery. After a speech-language pathologist (SLP) consult, the patient reports he believes his vocal quality has changes since the surgery and that it is beginning to affect his self-perception. Following comprehensive voice assessment, the SLP notes that the patient is presenting with mild vocal fold edema, most likely caused by intubation during surgery. Which of the following approaches is the most appropriate for the SLP to take with this patient?

Introduce vocal hygiene principles.

The language zone has been described as a key region of the brain that, when damaged, is likely to result in some degree of aphasia. One characteristic of the language zone is that:

It consists of portions fo the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.

At what age do a variety of word classes and sentence types emerge?

Preschool.

To check jitter and shimmer in a voice, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) should record the speaker:

Producing a vowel with sustained pitch.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been asked to perform an evaluation on a patient with a neurodegenerative communication disorder with very limited verbal output. Following assessment, it is also revealed that the patient is not literate and greatly struggles with any literacy-based material. Which approach to intervention would be BEST for this patient's needs?

The patient can use an AAC device that utilizes symbolic representations of words and phrases.

An audiologist has recently completed a full audiometric evaluation on a patient with complaints of hearing loss with the following pure-tone average of 78 dB hearing loss (HL) in the right ear and 23 dB HL in the left ear. Which of the following statements BEST describes this patient?

The patient demonstrates a severe right hearing loss and a minimal left hearing loss.

A speech-langage pathologist (SLP) in private practice has been assigned to evaluate a new patient, who has recently moved into the area. After reading the patient's intake file, the SLP realizes that he patient has been utilized an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device for communication purposes for the last few years. The description of the patient's AAC device is as follows "a functional computer that utilizes communicative software. The patient is also able to utilize the Internet on their device and has few gamin apps for personal enjoyment." Which statement BEST describes this patient's AAC device?

The patient is utilizing a high-tech, nondedicated AAC device.

Jordan is an elementary school student with a language disorder that is demonstrating significant difficulties in the classroom. After talking with his teacher, Jordan reveals that he has a hard time following classroom activities with specific deficits in content vocabulary. Given that Jordan has difficulty with content vocabulary, he would present with difficulty with:

Vocabulary words specific to information in classroom assignments.

A person with hearing loss has complained that listening to conversational partners in noisy restaurants is very difficult. However, they still enjoy going out to eat with family and friends, regardless of this difficulty. Which level of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning (ICF) BEST describes this person's hearing problem?

Activity limitation.

A person places a hand on a hot surface and experiences the sensation of heat. The feeling of heat is conveyed up to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe. In order for this information to be received in this cortical area, it must first travel up the spinal column, via the:

Anterolateral system.

During an intervention session, a child produces the utterance "Mommy go run." The child's speech-language pathologist (SLP) uses an expression approach to increase the complexity of the child's utterance. Which of the following statements could this SLP use in response to the child?

"Mommy's going to run."

A child in an elementary school is currently producing one-word utterances and has demonstrated difficulty producing more advanced utterances. The speech-language pathologist (SLP) who is working with this child has decided to use expectations during play activities as a means of increasing utterance length. If the child produces the utterance "kitty," which of the following is an appropriate response for this SLP to use?

"That is a soft kitty."

Contractions of the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini will NOT occur during the production of which of the following sounds?

/m/.

Susie, a 5-year-old girl, is brought into a speech clinic for a full articulation and phonological evaluation, after being referred by her teacher. The speech-language pathologist (SLP) notices that she does not produce several "age-appropriate" phonemes. Which of the following is a phoneme that this child might have difficulty with producing, based on the given information?

/m/.

In examining a spectrogram of the phrase 'Say sheep' produced by a male speaker, you notice that the lower limit of high-amplitude energy noise for both /s/ and /ʃ/ is near 2500 hertz (Hz). This MOST LIKELY indicates that:

/s/ is being produced too far back in the mouth.

The pitch contour of a vowel shows that the pitch begins at 200 hertz (Hz). If the pitch contour is accurate, the period at the beginning of the vowel will be:

0.005 sec.

The pitch contour of a vowel shows that the pitch begins at 200 hertz (Hz). It the pitch contour is accurate, the period at the beginning fo the vowel will be:

0.005 sec.

Two 150 hertz (Hz) sinusoids with a peak amplitude of 2 are added together. The sinusoids are 180 degrees out of phase. The resulting sound will be a:

150 Hz sinusoid with a peak amplitude of 0.0.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an inpatient rehabilitation hospital is working with a patient who displays the following symptoms: poor ability to explain the meaning of metaphorical language, inability to produce a melody when asked to sing, hemiplegia, tendency to bump into items on the patient's left side when using a wheelchair. These are diagnostic characteristic of:

A right-hemisphere CVA.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is researching if the amount of time spent undergoing a new treatment under study will make an impact on intelligibility in dysarthria speakers. Specifically, the SLP has one group participating for 30 minutes a day, while another group participates for 60 minutes a day. In order to determine the effect of the differing amounts of time on intelligibility, which means of analysis would be MOST BENEFICIAL to this SLP?

A t-test.

A speech scientist has wrongfully interpreted data collected during a recent study and has claimed that the treatment method leads to participant progress when no progress was actually made. Which of the following BEST describes the scientist's situation?

A type I error.

A child has been brought to an early language learning clinic to receive speech and language intervention. The speech-language pathologist (SLP) has set goals to increase the child's understanding of vocabulary utilizing principles of neighborhood density. Which of the following vocabulary words would be easiest for this child to learn?

Cat.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an outpatient speech and language clinic has been contracted by a patient interested in receiving cognitive therapy. The client claims to have been evaluated by another SLP and referred to this SLP for specific treatments for "attention and memory deficits." In this situation, the SLP should first:

Administer his/her own assessment fo the patient's cognitive abilities.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in private practice was recently reported for violating the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Code of Ethics. ASHA has provided a sanction in which the SLP was officially rebuked, which was published to the membership of ASHA. Which sanction was leveled against this SLP?

Censure.

A child is brought to an outpatient clinic for a neuropsychological evaluation. Following the evaluation, the child is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder; specifically with Level 2 severity in social communication. This child MOST LIKELY demonstrates:

Abnormal responses to social overtures.

After taking a patient's measurements, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) has discovered that the patient exhibits increased jitter and shimmer, most likely from bilateral vocal fold nodules. However the patient's glottal pressure and airflow volumes are considered within the typical range. This patient is exhibiting deficits in which aspects of voice assessment?

Acoustic.

A person is experiencing ataxia. Which central nervous system structure is MOST LIKELY impaired?

Cerebellum

After performing both bedside evaluation and instrumental assessment on a patient, consulting speech-language pathologists (SLP) have determined the primary feature of their patient's dysphagia is characterized by a weak swallow. In order to improve the swallow, the SLPs have determined that the best treatment approach is to have the patient engage in swallowing-based exercises using boluses, with a minimum of three different swallowing exercises in each session. Which of the following principles of neuroplasticity is NOT explicitly targeted in the clinician's description?

Age matters.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) that works in a long-term acute care setting has received a physicians request for a swallow evaluation. However, the only information that can be found in this patient's medical record regarding his/her swallowing status is that the patient was on a mechanical soft solid/thin liquid diet upon discharge from the acute care hospital. Which of the following consistencies is appropriate to bring into the bedside wallow evaluation?

All of the above. Pureed solids. Mechanical soft solids. Advanced soft solids.

Zach, a 25-year-old man who stutters, has been in therapy off and on over the years. His therapist has consistently used a fluency shaping approach. In these sessions, Zach is able to make improvement in therapy but has trouble generalizing his fluent speech to his work and social settings. Together they decide to try an approach that uses ore focus on stuttering modification. Which techniques are they likely to emphasize in this new treatment?

All of the above. Relationship focused therapy that addresses feelings and attitudes about communication and speaking. Cancellation, speech modification. Avoidance reduction.

A speaker with cerebral palsy can utter only a few words and phrases understood by unfamiliar listeners. Evaluation of the speech production system indicated severe impairment, with a limited ability to compensate. In order to maximize comprehensibility, the BEST course of therapy should focus on:

Alternative forms of communication such as an alphabet board.

A child has been recently born with a complete cleft of the secondary palate. Given this diagnosis, which structure would most likely NOT be affected?

Alveolar ridge.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an acute care hospital has begun workin with a patient with severe dysarthria, who they believe would benefit from the use of an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. When the SLP approaches the director of rehabilitation, however, the director states that they are uninterested in providing the device for this patient and that the SLP needs to attempt other treatment methods. The SLP could provide evidence from which of the following legislative acts in order to procure the AAC device for this patient?

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).

A patient incurred a hemorrhagic infarct with a resulting diagnosis of apraxia of speech (AOS). The speaker exhibits right-sided hemiplegia, and the left arm has been immobilized in a cast. Verbal communication consists of a few automatic words and phrases. When speech sound errors occurred, they were distorted. Reading and receptive language skills are intact. Adaptive techniques were used to suggest writing skills appear to be intact. The BEST treatment targeting verbal expression should involve:

An articulatory kinematic approach.

The telencephalon is the area of the brain that includes the cerebral hemisphere and receives its bloody supply from a variety of different arteries. The artery that supplies most of the medial surfaces of the telencephalon is the:

Anterior cerebral artery.

The telencephalon is the area of the brain that includes the cerebral hemisphere, and it receives its blood supply from a variety of different arteries. The artery that supplies most of the medial surfaces of the telencephalon is the:

Anterior cerebral artery.

A person with acute onset of aphasia whose first language is Spanish and who knows only a few words of English has been assigned to the caseload of a monolingual English-speaking speech-language pathologist (SLP) in a large urban medical center. The SLP should:

Arrange to have a professional interpreter to be present during the evaluation and use the English-language tests he/she usually uses with the interpreter translating the items.

After receiving surgical correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency, a child is referred to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) to receive speech therapy. Which activity is appropriate for correction of compensatory errors following the child's surgical procedure?

Articulation placement procedures.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been assigned to provide therapy to a child with a documented history of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Which activity would be the most appropriate method of therapy for the SLP to utilize with this particular client?

Articulation therapy.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been working with an 8-year-old client for the last few weeks, in an effort to improve the client's intelligibility. The SLP decides that the child is an appropriate candidate for an integral stimulation approach to treatment. A key component of this methodology is a focus on:

Articulation.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) at a skilled nursing facility currently has no patients on his/her caseload. After evaluating a newly admitted patient, the SLP determines the patient is functioning in the typical range, but on the border of a mild cognitive-linguistic disorder. The SLP is interested in workin with this patient, but is unsure of what recommendations to make. How should the SLP proceed in the case of this patient?

As the patient is functioning in the typical range, the SLP should not recommend services.

A pharmaceutical company has approach a group of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in the school system regarding their new product. "Speak Easy!" pills. The company claims that these pills are a cure for childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and would like the SLPs to represent the products at the upcoming American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Convention. Once of the SLPs is interested, as the SLP would like to earn extra money by representing the product. The SLP should first:

Ask to see the research supporting the pill's effectiveness.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is asked to evaluate a newly admitted patient, who has suffered from a diagnosed left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. Knowing that assessment of auditory comprehension in adults with acquired disorders is an important part of any comprehensive language evaluation, the SLP wants to get a detailed profile of the patient's auditory comprehension abilities. In order to develop results for an assessment of auditory comprehension, the SLP could use which of the following methods?

Asking the person to respond to yes/no questions presented in pairs, such as "Is your name Alice?" followed later by "is your name Amy?"

A child has been brought in to a physician's office for a comprehensive evaluation, with parent suspicions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Following the evaluation, the physician notes that the child demonstrates impairments in social interaction and restricted, repetitive behaviors, but demonstrates no delay in language or cognitive development. Which of the following disorders is this child MOST LIKELY demonstrating?

Asperger's disorder.

Jennifer is a middle-school student who was diagnosed with Fragile-X syndrome at birth and presents with language difficulties typically associated with Fragile-X syndrome. Which of the following treatment areas would be of GREATEST BENEFIT for the SLP to target in working with Jennifer?

Auditory skills and pragmatic skills.

A 6-year-old child is referred to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) by an otolaryngologist (ENT) physician, in order to receive speech therapy. According to the child's mother, the child had normal speech until 2 years ago, when he underwent adenoidectomy. Following this surgery, the child demonstrated severe hypernasality, which has slightly improved over the past year. The SLP performs a full evaluation, which reveals normal articulation and significant hypernasality. What is the FIRST treatment option that should be instituted for this child?

Auditory training to improve awareness of the hypernasality.

Sean is an elderly gentleman with severe flaccid dysarthria and right hemiparesis caused by a large left hemispheric infarction. Prior to sustaining his stroke, Sean was declared legally blind, secondary to macular degeneration. Sean has been experiencing difficulty with verbal expression and has made few gains in treatment. His speech-language pathologist (SLP) has decided to implement an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) approach to treatment in order to increase Sean's communication effectiveness. Which intervention would be of the MOST benefit?

Augmentative device with auditory scanning.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been consulted to perform a comprehensive language evaluation on a young child. Following the evaluation, the SLP determines that the child is functioning at Brown's stage II of morphological development. Which structure would this child MOST LIKELY be producing?

Auxilary be

Amanda is a 4-year-old, typically developing preschool student, who has begun to realize that words can be broken down into sounds and that some words "sound the same." Amanda is demonstrating phonological:

Awareness.

A person is experiencing ataxia. Which central nervous system structure is MOST LIKELY impaired?

Cerebellum.

In a narrowband spectrogram, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) can see that harmonic spacing becomes narrower throughout a vowel. When listening to the vowel, the SLP expects to hear that the vowel:

Begins at a higher pitch and ends at a lower pitch.

In a narrowband spectrogram, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) can see the harmonic spacing becomes narrower throughout a vowel. When listening to the vowel, the SLP expects to hear that the vowel:

Begins at a higher pitch and ends at a lower pitch.

A speech and language researcher is establishing a study to determine the effect of reinforcement on young children's phonological productions. One group of study participants will be given positive reinforcement for correct phonological productions, and the other group will participate in play sessions throughout the study. The researcher believes that the group receiving reinforcement for correct productions will learn the phonological pattern of their home language quicker than will the play session group. Which theory of phonological development BEST line sup with this researcher's views?

Behavioral theory.

During a patient's bedside swallowing evaluation, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) notices that there is copious amounts of lingual residue present in the patient's oral cavity following their swallow. Which of the following parts of the oral phase is the patient MOST LIKELY having difficulty with?

Bolus formation.

Language assessment results for a person showed: nonfluent verbal output with significant agrammatism, with a co-occuring apraxia of speech. The individual had relatively preserved auditory comprehension, but difficulty with repetition of even single words. Based on this scenario, the type of aphasia the person would MOST LIKELY be diagnosed with this:

Broca's aphasia.

A patient has overcome a lengthy sickness with resultant voice difficulties. Following a voice evaluation at an acute care hospital, the patient is diagnosed with viral-induced superior laryngeal nerve damage. With which of the following difficulties would this patient MOST LIKELY present?

Changing pitch.

Cranial nerves can include motor functions, sensory functions, or a mix of both. Which of the following cranial nerves (CN) serve both motor and sensory functions?

CN V, CN IX, CN X

Cranial nerves can include motor functions, sensory functions, or a mix of both. Which of the following cranial nerves (CNs) serve both motor and sensory functions:

CN V, CN IX, CN X

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is working in a rural outpatient setting, with no audiologist present. A patient arrives at the center with complaints that the behind-the-ear hearing aid has stopped functioning. The SLP knows that hearing aid troubleshooting is a process that falls under his scope of practice and begins helping the patient. What should be the first step the SLP takes in troubleshooting this hearing aid?

Check the status of the battery.

Pediatricians, preschool teachers and parents often wonder if a child who is showing disfluencies should be evaluated and when. The usual rule of thumb about speech-language pathology assessment for stuttering is "the earlier the better." Evaluation should NOT be delayed if the:

Child is evidencing secondary behaviors of stuttering.

A 34-year-old male has been referred to an outpatient voice center with a presenting problem of excessively high pitch. After complete evaluation, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) is unable to find any structural or physiological deficits in this patient's voice mechanism, and the patient is diagnosed with puberphonia. Which of the following are appropriate treatment method to use with this patient in order to establish a more appropriate voice?

Circumlaryngeal massage and hard glottal attack.

A patient presents to the local voice clinic with complaints of difficulty producing voice, which is made worse during prolonged periods of vocal use. After receiving an initial evaluation by both the otolaryngologist (ENT) and the speech-language pathologist (SLP), the patient is diagnosed with muscle tension dysphonia. specifically with excess tension in the vocal fold adductor muscles. Which of the following treatment approaches is appropriate to utilize with this patient in an effort to alleviate these vocal problems?

Circumlaryngeal message.

Eddie is a 5-year-old child who has been receiving language therapy at his school. Recently, Eddie has greatly enjoyed going to see his speech-language pathologist (SLP) because Eddie is able to bring in all his favorite toys and the SLP will play along with him and ask him questions. What type of language intervention is Eddie MOST LIKELY receiving?

Client-centered intervention.

Eddie is a 5-year-old child who has been receiving language therapy at his school. Recently, Eddie has greatly enjoyed going to see his speech-language pathologist (SLP) because Eddie is able to bring in all his favorite toys, and the SLP will play along with him and ask him questions. What type of language intervention is Eddie MOST LIKELY receiving?

Client-centered intervention.

A graduate student in speech-language pathology is preparing to submit final paperwork to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) before beginning his/her clinical fellowship experience. Which of the following is a requirement that must be met by graduate student clinicians?

Clinical experience during the educational program of at least 400 clock hours.

A child is brought to a speech and language clinic by the child's parents, who provide a chief complaint of "being hard to understand." The speech-language pathologist (SLP) administers a comprehensive speech evaluation and reveals the following errors: /bu/ for /blu/, /gin/ for /grin/, and /sar/ for /star/. Which phonological process does this child demonstrate?

Cluster simplification.

Mary is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) in a public school. She has received a referral from a classroom teacher for evaluation of a 10-year-old boy with a fast rate, history of language and learning problems and a high rate of disfluency that occurs in connected speech. The teacher indicates that the child doesn't seem too bothered by his problem. Mary completes her evaluation, which supports the teacher's assessment. This boy's fluency disorder is MOST LIKELY to be:

Cluttering.

James is a high school student who has been referred to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) for assessment of language and executive functioning skills. During the initial interview, James tells the SLP that he has significant difficulties making friends and has not been able to hold down a job. Following the assessment, the SLP notes that James presents with significant impairments in recognizing safe and unsafe behaviors. Utilizing this information, James MOST LIKELY presents with which of the following difficulties?

Cognitive disability.

Greg is a child who demonstrates deficits in perspective taking during conversation. Specifically, Greg is struggling to infer other's feelings and thoughts, which has negatively impacted his ability to converse with others. In which form of perspective taking is Greg demonstrating deficits?

Cognitive perspective taking.

A speech scientist is performing a research study on a particular treatment program for childhood language disorders and has decided to utilize effect size as a measure of data outcome. What would be the BEST measure for this scientist to use in the study?

Cohen's d

Judy is a young child who was brought into a speech and language center by her parents, who suspect that Judy may have a language disorder. However, when the speech-language pathologist (SLP) escorts Judy into her office, Judy begins playing by herself and will only interact with her mother. When the SLP brings out assessment measures, Judy runs into a corner to continue playing. What is the MOST APPROPRIATE means of assessing this child?

Collecting data through observation of Judy's interaction's with parents.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is providing a social language group for a group of students with pragmatic language difficulties. The SLP wants to utilize means of intervention that provide the most good to all the members and is not willing to accept less progress by any member. Which philosophical approach BEST fits the SLP's approach to practice?

Common good approach.

A child is referred to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) in order to receive speech therapy for problems associated with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). In the referral notes, the SLP notices that this child demonstrates several common speech characteristics associated with VPI. Which of this child's speech characteristics would be most responsive to speech therapy?

Compensatory productions.

A young child with developmental dysarthria exhibits hypernasality and nasal emissions on pressure consonants. Examination of the hard palate failed to note any structural deviations while range of motion for elevation of the soft palate appeared limited. Occlusion of the nose via a nose clip normalized breath group length and improved clarity of speech sound production. What step should the speech-language pathologist (SLP) take next in order to proceed appropriately?

Complete a thorough evaluation of the velopharyngeal system prior to initiating treatment.

A child has been diagnosed with a cognitive disability, with "expected associated language difficulties." Using this information, what should be targeted in this child's intervention sessions?

Complex sentence structure and increasing relative clauses.

Which scenario BEST describes application of the Boston classification system for a person diagnosed with aphasia?

Conduction aphasia was evident because of a pattern of fluent output and comprehension and an impairment in the ability to repeat.

A clinician evaluates a patient with a left cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and determines the the patient exhibits bot aphasia and apraxia of speech (AOS). Which of the following choices is the MOST IMPORTANT consideration when planning treatment for this client?

Considering contributions of both disorders to the communication deficit.

Two researchers are analyzing the data collected from a recently completed research study. The researchers have found that their measurements are in good agreement, thus demonstrating adequate inter observer agreement. This finding is a good estimate of measurement:

Consistency.

Amy is a paraprofessional who has been working with a young child with autism spectrum disorder. Recently, Amy has found that the child's language skills have been lagging behind those of his peers. Amy has contacted the school's speech-language pathologist (SLP) in order to procure expert advice on what she can do to aid the child's linguistic development in the classroom. What role has the SLP taken in an endeavor to help Amy?

Consultant.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is in the process of starting a study on autism and is selecting proper assessment measures. In order to select the most appropriate test, the SLP should be aware of how well specific tests measure the characteristics of autism. Which of the following best describes the need for an accurate description?

Content validity.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is preparing to perform a language assessment on a child who comes from a cultural background with which the SLP is unfamiliar. In order to accurately gauge this child's linguistic skills, the SLP needs to be aware of the potential bias that assessment materials reflect because of the assumption that all cultural populations have the same life experiences. What type of bias is this SLP experiencing with the assessment materials?

Content.

A client arrives at the speech-language pathology clinic at an acute care hospital with complaints of "a change in voice." After comprehensive endoscopic evaluation, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) notes that the deficit is most likely not one of resonance due to problems of velopharyngeal closure, as this client exhibits "the most common pattern of velopharyngeal closure." Which of the following BEST describes this client's pattern of closure?

Coronal pattern with the velum contracting the pharyngeal wall.

Rebecca is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in a rehabilitation hospital. She has recently begun workin with a patient who developed severe spastic dysarthria following a significant motor vehicle accident. Rebecca believes the this patient is a candidate for an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device while in the hospital and wishes to prioritize essential messages for recording on the device. Specifically, Rebecca wishes to record words such as 'hungry,' 'thirsty,' and 'bathroom.' What type of vocabulary does Rebecca wish to record for this patient?

Coverage vocabulary.

There are several parts of a neuron that are important in the transmission of neural signals throughout the body. Which of the following components is MOST IMPORTANT for receiving signals from other neurons?

Dendrite.

There are several parts of a neuron that are important in the transmission of neural signals throughout the body. Which of the following components is most important for receiving signals from other neurons?

Dendrites.

A patient who is experiencing confluent aphasia MOST LIKELY has some degree of cortical damage in Broca's area. This brain region is in which lobe?

Frontal

A patient who is experiencing confluent aphasia MOST LIKELY has some degree of cortical damage in Broca's area. This brain region is in which lobe?

Frontal.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an acute care hospital is interested in starting a research project, but is unsure of what direction to take. A large pharmaceutical company that works with the hospital discusses their new pill that will treat the hypo kinetic dysarthria aspects of Parkinson's disease with the SLP and reveal that it still needs to be tested. The company representatives offer the SLP 10% of total profit if they are able to prove through a controlled study that this pill is more effective than just treatment alone. What course of action should this SLP take?

Deny participation in the research study, as this is a conflict of interest.

A speech and language researcher is performing research to determine the underlying method of child language learning. The researcher has accepted a stance that supports information-processing models of learning. This researcher believes that child language learning is:

Dependent on short- and long-term memory stores.

Michael is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who has been asked to evaluate a child who recently moved from a different part of the country. During the evaluation, the child produces the following utterances: /hæn/ for /hænd/, /dɪs/ for /ðɪs/, and /æks/ for /æsk/. What should be the next step in Michael's assessment of this child?

Determine if the productions are appropriate for the child's dialect.

Michael is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who has been asked to evaluate a cild who recently moved from a different part of the country. During the evaluation, the child produces the following utterances: /hæn/ for /hænd/, /dɪs/ for /ðɪs/, and /æks/ for /æsk/. What should be the next step in Michael's assessment of this child?

Determine if the productions are appropriate for the child's dialect.

The Lidcombe program is an evidence-based approach to stuttering treatment in which parents are trained to deliver fluency-shaping therapy daily and to measure fluency performance. Progress is monitored by the speech-language pathologist (SLP). This is an example of which type of approach to treatment:

Direct treatment.

A speech-langauage pathologist (SLP) has been working with a pediatric patient with a hearing loss. Currently, a patient has difficulty making same versus different judgments of presented phonemes. At which level of the auditory hierarchy of listening is this child demonstrating deficits?

Discrimination.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been asked to evaluate a new patient in an acute care hospital, after which point the SLP will provide treatment for this patient. The SLP currently has a full caseload, but was planning on discharging one of the patients the following day. How should this SLP proceed in order to better manage the caseload?

Discuss discharge with their patient prior to terminating services.

After a speech and language evaluation, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) has diagnosed a 3-year-old client with an articulation disorder, characterized by difficulty producing the phonemes /l/, /t/, and /θ/. However, due to the client's young age, the SLP decides that this is an age-appropriate finding, as the child hasn't learned many sounds that "come before" the problem sounds. Which theory of development is this SLP MOST LIKELY using in their practice?

Distinctive features theory.

Amanda is a child who demonstrates relatively intact language comprehension skills, but significant impairments in language production and syntax. Which disorder does Amanda MOST LIKELY demonstrate?

Down syndrome.

A high school student presents with weaknesses in word recognition and spelling and has deficits in phonological and orthographic processing. The student shows relative strengths in underlying language skills, with typically average or above average abilities in the areas of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and discourse. This pattern of strengths and weaknesses is MOST TYPICALLY associated with a diagnosis of:

Dyslexia.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is evaluating the communication skills of a child with autism spectrum disorder. Following the evaluation, the SLP notes that during communicative exchanges, this child demonstrates immediate and delayed repetition of utterance spoken by others. Which deficit is this child demonstrating?

Echolalia.

A patient has been experiencing essential tremor of the voice, and is roughly 65% intelligible in unfamiliar settings. This patient is highly motivated to participate in speech-language therapy in order to improve communicative effectiveness. Which of the following treatment options are the BEST for an SLP to take with this patient?

Elevating pitch and shortening phrase length.

A young child has been receiving speech-language therapy to remediate her language disorder. After many months of intervention, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) would like to access the progress this child has made during intervention. What is the MOST APPROPRIATE method of assessing this child's progress?

Elicit untrained exemplars during conversation.

A young child has been receiving speech-language therapy to remediate her language disorder. After many months of intervention, the speech-language pathologist would like to assess the progress this child has made during intervention. What is the MOST APPROPRIATE method for assessing this child's progress?

Elicit untrained exemplars during conversation.

Martin is a child who has demonstrated mastery of simple sentence structure, but who continues to present with difficulties in complex syntax. As such, it has been determined that Martin is an appropriate candidate for speech-language pathology services. Which of the following is the BEST choice of treatment target for Martin?

Embedded sentences.

Cameron is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who is working with a young child recently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cameron believes that this child would benefit from the use of a Floortime approach to intervention. In order to BEST implement this treatment approach, Cameron should:

Engage in a semistructured play activity that interests the child.

Cameron is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who is working with a young child recently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cameron believes that this child would benefit from the use of a Floortime approach to intervention. In order to best implement this treatment approach, Cameron should:

Engage in a semistructured play activity that interests the child.

A speech-lanauge pathologist (SLP) in private practice has been asked to perform a speech and language evaluation on a new client. After completing the evaluation, the SLP notices the following speech sound errors: /səpun/ for /spun/, /dzu/ for /zu/, and /tsɪt/ for /sɪt/. Which of the following BEST describes this child's speech sound errors?

Epenthesis and affrication.

A 5-year-old child with a diagnosis of moderate childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has been participating in speech therapy for the past month, with the speech-language pathologist (SLP) utilizing a motor-based approach to treatment. The SLP has determined that the child is not making satisfactory progress within the treatment session. The BEST course of action by the therapist is to:

Evaluate if motor-learning principles have been applied appropriately and adjusted as needed.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has recently been employed in a skilled nursing facility. The SLP knows that he is ethically responsible to provide services to patients, but is unsure of the specific roles he must fill. Which of the following is NOT a role of this SLP?

Evaluation and determination of eligibility for special education and related services.

A young child is brought into a speech and language clinic by his parents, with primary complaints of "little language use." Upon initial evaluation, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) determines that the child communicates appropriately through use of gestures for requests for actions and objects, but uses little verbal language. What would be of the GREATEST BENEFIT in the next step in this child's treatment?

Expand the child's repertoire to include vocalizations with gestures.

A young child is brought into a speech and language clinic by his parents, with primary complaints of "little language use." Upon initial evaluation, the speech-language pathologist determines that the child communicates appropriately through use of gestures for requests for actions and objects, but uses little verbal language. What would be of the GREATEST BENEFIT in the next step in this child's treatment?

Expend the child's repertoire to include vocalizations with gestures.

Micah is a 4-year-old child who is beginning preschool. He stutters on about 8% of words and his language is mildly delayed. His pediatrician advised against early referral for assessment by the speech-language pathologist (SLP) because she is concerned that labeling the problem will make it worse. The mother is concerned about Micah's stuttering problem and calls the school-based SLP for advice. Which of the following points is LEAST LIKELY to be helpful in discussion with Micah's mother?

Explain that the pediatrician is in error.

Andy is an infant being evaluated by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) during an early intervention home visit. The SLP notes that Andy demonstrates vocal play, raspberries, trills, and marginal babbling during the evaluation. Using this information, which stage of linguistic development does Andy fall within?

Exploration/expansion stage.

A patient with a cochlear implant (CI) arrives at an audiology clinic with complaints of his/her cochlear implant malfunctioning. After promoting troubleshooting of the CI, the audiologist has decided that the malfunctioning component is the part of the CI that converts he sounds into a digital signal. Which part of this patient's cochlear implant is malfunctioning?

External sound processor.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is interested in staring a research study to determine the effect of a particular treatment approach in alleviating symptoms of voice disorders. However, while the SLP believes that this treatment will be beneficial to persons with voice disorders of varying etiology, he only has access to persons with voice disorders caused by muscle tension dysphonia. If the SLP proceeds with this research study, he needs to be aware of the potential threat to which of the following principles?

External validity.

A child is being seen by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an early intervention setting. The child is demonstrating deficits in foundational skills for social use of language, and these have been chosen as intervention targets. For which skills would this child MOST LIKELY have deficits?

Eye contact, joint attention, and taking turns.

John is a speech-language pathologist working with a patient in an outpatient augmentative communication center. John has been implementing an unaided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device for the patient to use in order to facilitate communication with family and friends. Which means of AAC would John MOST LIKELY utilize for the communicative purposes of this patient?

Eye gaze.

A person experiences weakness on the right side of the face resulting in right facial droop. Initial evaluation suggests cranial nerve damage. If verified, which cranial nerve is MOST LIKELY damaged?

Facial.

In evaluating an adult who stutters, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) uses a conversational speech sample and an individual survey about communication. She decides not to record the season so as not to make the cline more nervous. What's wrong with this approach?

Failure to record the sample makes reliability assessment and further analysis impossible.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is administering an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) evaluation to a patient with chronic, severe spastic dysarthria. In order to determine the most appropriate means of communication, the SLP engages in an assessment style that compares the skills of the patient with various AAC systems. Following the assessment, much has been learned about the patient's capacities, and the SLP is able to recommend multiple AAC devices that the patient may be able to utilize. What type of assessment did this SLP engage in?

Feature matching.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) at a skilled nursing facility has been told that the facility is receiving a new patient this afternoon. The patient's paperwork has not yet been fully transferred. Only the results from a recent modified barium swallow (MBS) has been received, and the following is reported: "severe weakness throughout all phases of swallowing, which required a feeding tube be placed." However, by the time the SLP sees the patient, the reported weakness seems to have improved greatly. Which of the following disorders do you suspect is this patient's primary diagnosis?

Guillain-Barré.

Following a complete otolaryngologist (ENT) and speech-language pathology (SLP) evaluation after complaints of hyper nasal speech, a child is diagnosed with a complete cleft of the primary palate. Which of the following structures would most likely NOT be affected by this type of cleft?

Hard palate.

Charles is a 3-year-old boy who has shown disfluencies in his speech since he began talking in sentences at about 2 years of age. Over time, his disfluencies have increased and now occur on about 12 % of his words. He never comments about his stuttering moments and seems to be unaware when they occur. He has no other speech and language problems, is socially engaged and interactive, and has greater motor skills. Charles' dad reports that he stuttered as a child, but grew out of it. Which of the following statements is MOST ACCURATE?

He appears to be at the borderline stage of stuttering and is at risk because he is a male with a family history.

A patient has just been admitted to an acute care hospital after having a right middle cerebral artery (MCA) cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The initial symptoms appear to be left-sided pharyngeal weakness and reduced vocal fold closure. The SLP is consulted to perform an evaluation on the patient, and in order to maximize the limited time spent with the patient, which of the following compensatory maneuvers should be used during the modified barium swallow (MBS), based on the patient's symptoms?

Head rotation toward the left.

Mr. Jones is a 56-year-old man who experienced a stroke and is not recovering in the rehabilitation unit at the hospital. He appears to have almost recovered from other stroke symptoms and has no aphasia. At first he was speaking more slowly than expected, but now he appears to have developed more disfluencies that occur during speech and reading. Which of the following is MOST ACCURATE?

His stuttering is probably neurogenic in origin.

A patient presents to an acute care hospital, and imaging has revealed a hemorrhage localized to the left occipital lobe. Which deficit would MOST LIKELY result?

Homonymous hemianopia.

A patient arrives at the local voice center, and completes the patient intake form. There is a history of vocal fold surgeries and routine surgeon visits every couple of months for the past few years. The patient presents with frequent throat-clearing and inhalators stridor. Without having an opportunity to use laryngoscopes evaluation, the speech-language pathologist reasons the this patient is MOST LIKELY experiencing which of the following disorders?

Human papilloma virus.

A patient is admitted to an acute care hospital after having a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Imaging shows that the stroke affected function of the pharyngeal nerve. Which of the following voice problems would this patient MOST LIKELY experience?

Hypernasal vocal quality.

During a comprehensive speech evaluation, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) asks the child being evaluated to prolong the vowel /i/. The SLP asks the child to repeat the same vowel, but while pinching his/her nose closed. Upon completing this action, the SLP notices a change in the sound of the vowel. What type of resonance does this child MOST LIKELY demonstrate?

Hypernasality.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is scheduled to perform an evaluation on a child with a chief complaint of "nasality." After performing the evaluation, the SLP finds that the child demonstrates insufficient resonance on nasal consonants. what type of resonance does this child demonstrate?

Hyponasality.

A physician has been consulted by a couple who is hoping to have children. However, the couple has also expressed interest in learning about risk factors for children with autism spectrum disorder. Which is a risk factor associated with having a child with autism spectrum disorder?

If a father is over 40 years old.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been working on narrative structure with a middle school student on the SLPs caseload. Recently, the child wrote a story about her weekend, which reads "My family was going to a friend's birthday party. We were late to the birthday party." Using this information, the SLP would like to assign a narrative episode level to this child's story. Which of the following narrative levels BEST describes the child's story.

Incomplete episode.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) at a skilled nursing facility has been asked by a nurse to perform a swallowing evaluation on an elderly patient with whom they have been working. The SLP knows that there are multiple, typical changes to the swallow as one ages, but which of the following would still be considered an ABNORMAL result from the examination?

Increased presence of aspiration.

Inspiration during quiet breathing involves contraction of the diaphragm which:

Increases the volume of the thoracic activity and causes pressure in the lungs to decrease.

Inspiration during quiet breathing involves contraction of the diaphragm that:

Increases the volume to thoracic cavity and causes pressure in the lungs to decrease.

While performing a modified barium swallow (MBS) study, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) discovers that the patient is experiencing premature spillage into the pharyngeal cavity, where the bolus sits for many seconds before being swallowed. Which part of the swallow is this patient having difficulty with?

Initiation of the swallow.

After performing a comprehensive speech evaluation on a pediatric client, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) has determined that the child demonstrates difficulty producing the /l/ phoneme, consistent with a phonetic error. Which method of intervention would be an appropriate selection for the SLP to utilize with this child?

Integral stimulation approach.

A patient in a hospital is being seen by multiple professionals, with each professional providing independent assessment and intervention. After each professional has completed initial assessment, each collaborates about the patient's treatment plan and shares information regarding the patient's status for each discipline. Which service delivery model is being utilized in the care of this patient?

Interdisciplinary

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is developing a new assessment for acquired apraxia of speech. The SLP wishes to demonstrate the reliability of the assessment measure, as to better quantify the deficits in persons with apraxia. Which of the following should the SLP determine to prove the reliability of the assessment measure?

Internal consistency, stability and equivalence of the measurement.

A speech and language researcher has completed treatment tasks selected for a study and is preparing to administer a posttest to the study participants. However, this posttest is the same used as the pretest the study participants previously completed. As the study participants have already seen this test, the researcher needs to be aware of the potential threat to which of the following principles?

Internal validity.

Jessica is a patient who was recently admitted to an acute rehabilitation hospital. Her physician has requested a referral for speech-language pathology, for reasons of "communication difficulties." After the speech-language pathologist performs an evaluation, he determines that while Jessica is a candidate for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), she will likely require only temporary use of AAC. Which of the following conditions is Jessica MOST LIKELY experiencing?

Intubation-induced vocal fold edema.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is working on conversation-level goals with a young child. However, the child continues to have significant difficulties with this form of communication. The SLP suspects that this child may have deficits in underlying skills needed for conversation, such as:

Joint attention, following line of regard and joint action routines.

Katie is a 4-year-old girl. Her parents are concerned about her speech because she increasingly is hesitant to respond in preschool. She has shown disfluencies for the past year or so, although they never seemed to interfere with communication. Now, though, she seems to be holding her breath and closing her eyes when she has a moment of stuttering. Some of these blocks last more than 10 seconds. Her older sisters have begun to tease Katie. Which of the following statements is MOST ACCURATE?

Katie's secondary behaviors indicate that she is trying to control her stuttering.

To facilities performance in the speech of a 4-year-old with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), the clinician instructs the child to produce a word produced incorrectly a second time. Before the clinician had the child repeat the word again, specific feedback was provided regarding how to produce the movement more successfully. What type of feedback was provided?

Knowledge of performance.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been working with a patient, in order to implement an aided means of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device for communicative purposes. Which means of AAC would be of GREATEST BENEFIT for use with this patient?

Labeled symbols.

A 24-month-old male child has been brought into an outpatient speech and language clinician for a comprehensive evaluation. According to the parents, the child has recently begun demonstrating "strange" behaviors, and the parents believe the child may have autism spectrum disorder. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY a warning sign these parents witnessed?

Lack of pointing to share interest.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is asked to consult on a child in a first-grade classroom who is having difficulty with reading. When you arrive to perform the consult, the SLP discovers that the child comes from an unfamiliar cultural background. In order to better understand the case, what factors would MOST LIKELY influence learning to read?

Language and literacy experiences in the home.

Speech and language researchers are attempting to determine the causes of language disorders in young children. They believe that specific biological feature differences in children are the root cause of language disorders. Which of the following would be the MOST APPROPRIATE hypothesis for these researchers?

Language disorders are caused by brain asymmetry in children.

When planning treatment for individuals with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), a clinician needs to be cognizant of deficits beyond speech sound production. Other frequently occurring deficit areas include:

Language, metalinguistic/phonemic awareness, and syllable shapes.

A patient comes in for a consult a the local voice clinic with a primary complaint of rough vocal quality. Upon patient interview, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) notes that the patient complains of persistent bad breath and a globs sensation. Additionally, the patient reports that his has been occurring for the past month and has progressively worsened. While a medical diagnosis would need to confirm the findings, which of the following causes is MOST LIKELY?

Laryngeal cancer.

A 1-month-old infant is brought to a speech and language clinic, with parent complaints of an "unnatural cry and loud sounds when the child is breathing." This problem has been present since birth and has remained stable since that time. Which of the following disorders is this child MOST LIKELY experiencing?

Laryngomalacia.

A child is referred to an otolaryngologist (ENT) and speech-language pathology (SLP) clinic at an acute care hospital after experiencing multiple episodes of nasal regurgitation in addition to significantly hyper nasal speech. Upon full evaluation, it is found that the chid has difficulty with elevation and retraction of the velum. Given these problems, this child is MOST LIKELY experiencing deficits in which of the following muscles?

Levator veli palatini.

During a modified barium swallow (MBS) study, the patient demonstrates penetration to the level of the vocal folds, but does not spontaneously clear the material. In order to give the patient a grade that will be widely understood by other speech-language pathologists (SLPs), the SLP who completed the MBS uses the penetration-aspiration scale. Which of the following would be the appropriate scoring?

Level 5.

Mary is a 47-year-old with progressive amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Her disease has progressed significantly enough to affect verbal communication; however, she maintains limited us of fingers on her left hand. Her speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been updating Mary's augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device so it utilizes alternate access to aid in Mary's communication. Mary's device now highlights each item in the first row of a selection set, followed by the second row, etc., until Mary makes a selection. What type of access has the SLP begun utilizing with Mary's device?

Linear scanning.

In order to accurately measure voice onset time (VOT) in a series of stop consonants, the speech-lanauge pathologist (SLP) should work from:

Longer VOT.

In order to accurately measure voice onset time (VOT) in a series of stop consonants, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) should work from:

Longer VOT.

The pitch contour for a vowel shows several abrupt changes that the speech-language pathologist (SLP) suspects may be inaccurate. The best way to objectively document accuracy or inaccuracy of the pitch contour is to:

Look at a norrowband spectrogram to see if the harmonic contours show abrupt changes.

Tongue position is related to F1 frequency in that, when the tongue is:

Low in the mouth, F1 is high.

A patient has recently sustained lower motor neuron damage to his/her trigeminal nerve (CN V) and is experiencing difficulty with mastication. Which of the following muscles could be experiencing deficits secondary to the nerve damage?

Masseter.

A speech scientist has begun a research study, utilizing a between-subjects treatment design. In order to reduce the effect of an extraneous variable, which of the following procedures would the scientist implement?

Match research participants across treatment groups.

Sydney is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in a local public school. She has been asked to evaluate a child to better understand her current level of linguistic functioning. Sydney decides to use a curriculum-based assessment to evaluate this child's linguistic competency. Which of the following statements BEST describes the design of this type of assessment?

Measures linguistic skill in order to select targets to improved daily living.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been training a patient and his family in the use of a newly implemented augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. The SLP is targeting a strategy that allows the patient to supply the content elements of his messages, after which the family members confirm these elements. The patient and family then expand on the message. Which strategy is the SLP utilizing with this family's approach to intervention?

Message co-construction.

A group of speech scientists is attempting to determine the treatment efficacy for a previously developed method of intervention for spastic dysarthria. In order to determine an accurate measure of treatment efficacy, which of the following measures should this group of scientists utilize?

Meta-analysis and systematic review.

The speech-language pathologist (SLP) is examining a spectrogram and waveform for the initial sounds in a child's production of the word 'spaghetti.' The waveform begins with a silence followed by a transient noise. In the spectrogram, the transient noise is followed by formants, then by high-amplitude, high-frequency continuant noise. When listening to the word, the SLP expects to hear that the child:

Metathesized /s/ and /p/.

Mike is a 7-year-old who has demonstrated prolongations and repetitions during speech, as well as evident tension prior to these occurrences. Several of his classmates have noticed his speech difficulties and have begun teasing him. Due to the tension he feels in anticipation and his speech differences and the anxiety he feels toward his classmates' teasing, Mike has begun to fear speaking in public, and avoids doing so at all opportunities. Which of the following statements is the MOST APPROPRIATE description of this child?

Mike is at the intermediate stuttering stage and would benefit from assessment to determine the effect of stuttering on his class work.

After performing a comprehensive speech evaluation on a pediatric client, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) has determined that although the child produces the /s/ phoneme, he demonstrates the phonological process of final consonant deletion for this phoneme, consistent with a phonemic error. Which method of intervention would be an appropriate selection for the SLP to utilize with this child?

Minimal contrast approach.

After performing a comprehensive speech evaluation on a pediatric client, a speech-langue pathologist (SLP) has determined that although the child produces the /s/ phoneme, he demonstrates the phonological process of final consonant deletion for this phoneme, consistent with a phonemic error. Which method of intervention would be an appropriate selection for the SLP to utilize with this child?

Minimal contrast approach.

Following a speech evaluation, a speech-lagnauge pathologist (SLP) has determined that the child he is working with demonstrates significant amounts of homonymy in his speech. For example, the child produces the word /bo/ for both /bot/ and /bo/. However, the child does produce the /t/ phoneme in other word positions. Which intervention approach would be the GREATEST BENEFIT for the SLP to utilize in working with this particular child?

Minimal pair approach.

Following a speech evaluation, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) has determined that the child he is working with demonstrates significant amounts of homonymy in his speech. For example, the child produces the word /bo/ for both /bot/ and /bo/. However, the child does produce the /t/ phoneme in other word positions. Which intervention approach would be of the GREATEST BENEFIT for the SLP to utilize in working with this particular child?

Minimal pairs approach.

Alex is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who has been working with a young child with a language disorder. Alex has recently begun utilizing clinician-directed approaches during intervention sessions with this child as a means of reducing the distracting stimuli. Which of the following methods of intervention is Alex MOST LIKELY utilizing in this child's intervention sessions?

Modeling.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is working with a patient and observes signs at a bedside examination of potential penetration or aspiration. In order to accurately diagnose the presence of penetration or aspiration, which of the following instrumental assessment measures should be consulted?

Modified barium swallow/video fluoroscopic swallow study (MBS/VFSS).

Zach's parent speaks to him with exaggerated speech, short utterances and heightened inflections. They are showing:

Motherese.

Mrs. Lyons is a 55-year-old teacher in a large urban school district. She was recently forced to transfer to a different school because of reorganization. The new school has a history of conflict with parents and students, takes an extra hour of commute time for Mrs. Lyons, and she is sad about leaving her friends at the former school. While teaching, Mrs. Lyons notes that she is starting to stutter and she is frustrated and angry. When students laugh, she notes that it gets worse. When she comes for an evaluation, she responds immediately to cues provided by the speech-language pathologist (SLP) and her speech is fluent. Which of the following is MOST ACCURATE?

Mrs. Jones probably is exhibiting psychogenic stuttering.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is designing a study to research the effectiveness of a new treatment approach for aphasia, utilizing a time-services treatment design. He wants to be sure that the outcomes are valid, thus he wants to strengthen his treatment design as much as possible. Which of the following could this researcher include to maximize the strength of his study?

Multiple alternating treatments and baseline segments.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is starting to work with a young child with a speech sound disorder. After reviewing the child's evaluation results, the SLP determines that the child is demonstrating errors in all word positions for the following phonemes: [l, t, g, ŋ, v, w]. The SLP would like to utilize a treatment method that will simultaneously target the child's speech sound error. Which intervention would this SLP MOST LIKELY implement?

Multiple phoneme approach.

An audiologist is preparing to perform audio logic evaluation on a patient who recently arrived at the clinic. The patient presents with chief complaints of severe "ringing in the ears," problems hearing in orly one ear, dizziness and a feeling of "fullness in the ear." Which disorder is this patient likely experiencing?

Ménière's disease.

A speech and language researcher is interested in compiling a data bank regarding objective measures of the acoustic characteristics of cleft palate speech. Which fo the following instrumental procedures would be most helpful to this researcher?

Nasometry.

A parent arrives at a local speech and language clinic with his young son, with complaints of "difficulty speaking." A speech-language pathologist (SLP) provides a comprehensive speech evaluation and determines that the child is exhibiting the phonological processes of affrication, epenthesis, and reduplication. The SLP decides to target only the child's reduplication, as she believes the child has not reached an age where he should suppress affrication and epenthesis. Which theory of phonological development best matches this SLP's approach to treatment?

Natural phonology.

Evaluation of a right-handed individual who had a left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke that affected only the anterior portion of the left MCA territory will demonstrate:

Nonfluent aphasia with relative preservation of auditory comprehension and a right hemiparesis.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has finished analyzing the data collected during his research study and has found that the p value is 0.04. Due to this level of statistical significance, the SLP may decide to reject which of the following?

Null hypothesis.

What are the KEY attributes of a therapy session to be considered when treating a child with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)?

Number of sessions per week and amount of practice (i.e., number of productions) per session.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in private practice has been working with a child for the past 6 months in order to correct the child's speech distortions. However, the child has made no progress over the course of treatment, and the SLP prepares a referral to otolaryngology (ENT) intervention. With which of the following distortions does this child MOST LIKELY present?

Obligatory distortion.

The center of gravity for a sibilant fricative is expected to be:

Off-center in the spectrum.

Linda is an elderly woman who has recently sustained a large right middle cerebral artery infarction, resulting in a significant neglect and severe flaccid dysarthria. Linda's speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been implementing use of an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device to improve Linda's communicative effectiveness. The SLP has determined a list of high-frequency words for Linda to use in conversation and is determine the most appropriate placement of symbols on Linda's device. Which statement describes the MOST APPROPRIATE placement for Linda's symbols?

On the right, so as to be more readily accessible.

Mary is a junior high student who has been working with a speech-language pathologist (SLP) in therapy for the past 6 months. Mary's therapy has focused on fluency-shaping activities primarily. Which of the following techniques was probably used during these sessions?

Operant conditioning to reinforce months of fluency.

A 12-year-old student demonstrates fluent reading at the text level and shows average spelling for regular and irregular words; nevertheless, his reading comprehension is quite poor. This pattern of literacy behaviors is associated with deficits in which areas?

Oral vocabulary and sentence processing.

When forming the vowel /u/ in 'boot,' which muscle MOST LIKELY contracts?

Orbicularis oris.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has begun a research study, utilizing a within-subject experimental design. However, the research participants has demonstrated significant fatigue from beginning to the end of the study. Any potential change in data due to this fatigue is known as a:

Order effect.

A patient arrives at an audiology clinic with complaints of difficulty hearing. The audiologist wishes to use a means of audio logic evaluation that allows as systematic visual inspection of the outer ear, surrounding tissue, external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane, in order to rule out problems with this portion of the hearing mechanism. Which means of evaluation should this audiologist utilize?

Otoscopy.

Following a car accident, a patient that is being treated by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) exhibits weakness in the orbiculares iris and buccinator muscles. Which of the following problems would be the MOST LIKELY presentation of this patient's dysphagia?

Oral incontinence with anterior and lateral residue.

A patient who exhibits reduced lip closure, reduced tongue grooving and reduced tongue-to-palate contact is MOST LIKELY experiencing a dysphagia in which phase of the swallow?

Oral phase.

A male child is brought to a speech and language clinic by his parents, who have told the speech-language pathologist (SLP) that the child refers to all round items as 'ball.' This production includes describing words such as 'moon,' 'circle,' and 'orange.' Which of the following best describes this child's productions?

Overgeneralization errors.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in the public school system has been working with a child with autism spectrum disorder. The child demonstrates severe deficits in social communication, and for this reason the SLP has decided to implement a peer mediation approach to intervention. Which of the following is an appropriate way for this SLP to implement this style of intervention?

Pair the child with an age-matched peer in order to model appropriate social communication.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been working with a child who demonstrates difficulty producing /k/ in the initial and final word positions. However, the child does correctly produce the following words: /ki/, /kæt/, /bæk/, and /baɪk/. The SLP decides to utilize a treatment method that capitalizes on these correct productions to aid in faulty productions. Which of these interventions is MOST LIKELY the method chosen by this SLP?

Pair-stimuli approach.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been working with a child who demonstrates difficulty producing /k/ in the initial and final word positions. However, the child does correctly produce the following words: /ki/, /kætr/, /bæk/, and baɪk/. The SLP decides to utilize a treatment method that capitalizes on these correct productions to aid in faulty productions. Which of these interventions is MOST LIKELY the method chosen by this SLP?

Paired-stimuli approach.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) at an acute rehabilitation hospital is scheduled to evaluate a newly admitted patient with a diagnosis of flaccid dysarthria. Following a comprehensive speech evaluation, the SLP notes that the patient demonstrates signifiant hypernasality secondary to poor velum mobility and makes recommendations for prosthodontist consult. Which of the following prosthetic devices would be MOST APPROPRIATE for use with this patient?

Palatal lift.

A speech and language researcher is designed a research study to determine the effects of time spent in intervention, dosage of intervention and type of feedback on the amount of progress made in children with phonological disorders. Which of the following methods should this research utilize in the study?

Parametric experiment.

Paul is a successful architect who has stuttered throughout life. His disfluencies are notable in complicated social situations, but most people say that they rarely notice it. Paul reports significant struggle in many communication situations and says he is tired of using avoidance as his main tool to deal with stuttering. He finds himself refusing to answer the phone when others are present and feeling the need to substitute words all the time. Which of the following descriptions is MOST accurate?

Paul is a covert stutterer.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is attempting to perform an evaluation on a new pediatric client and would like to perform analysis to compare the client's correct consonant productions to the entire speech sample. Which means of assessment would be the MOST APPROPRIATE choice for this SLP to make?

Percent consonants correct.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an outpatient clinic had a child referred to them by an otolaryngologist (ENT). In the client's notes, the physician states that the client demonstrates problems that are not able to be corrected medically or surgically and that speech therapy is indicated for this child. Given this information which deficit is this child MOST LIKELY demonstrating?

Pharyngeal fricative.

On a speech-language pathologist's (SLP's) caseload, there is a client who is typically developing second grader. However, the client shows specific impairments in both word recognition and spelling. In which component abilities would you expect this client to MOST LIKELY show deficits?

Phonological and orthographic processing.

A neonate was diagnosed with cleft palate, micrognathia, and airway obstruction. Given these characteristics which of the following disorders is this infant MOST LIKELY experiencing?

Pierre Robin sequence.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is tutoring a teenager who is writing report for her science class. The student's difficulties with setting her goals and organizing an approach to her writing are consistent with deficits in which component area of writing?

Planning.

An infant is brought into the emergency room, and the parents report that their child is continually vomiting after every meal and has not stopped crying for the past few days. After a full consult by speech-language pathologists (SLPs), nutritionists, and gastrointestinal (GI) specialists, it is decided that the infant is suffering from pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD). Because infants are to yet mature enough to participate in treatment efforts on their own, which of the following is a treatment approach the SLP could share with the parents that is targeted at reducing the symptoms of pediatric GERD?

Positioning the infant upright, to reduce the regurgitation of food.

When producing the voiceless fricative /f/, the muscle that MOST LIKELY contracts is the

Posterior cricoarytenoid.

When producing the voiceless fricative /f/, the muscle that MOST LIKELY contracts is the:

Posterior cricoarytenoid.

A school-aged, pediatric patient with cerebral palsy has been brought to an outpatient augmentative communication clinic by their parents, in order to participate in a comprehensive augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) evaluation. According to the child's parents, the patient has been workin with a Go Pro AAC system at school, but now that the school is on summer vacation, the school has mandated that the device be returned. The parents are now hoping to receive a device for use at home, in order to promote their child's communication. Which barrier to communication is this patient experiencing?

Practice barrier.

Which approach has been found to have small to moderate effects on enhancing students' text level reading fluency?

Practice with repeated reading.

Allison is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in an elementary school, with a caseload comprising predominantly children with autism spectrum disorder. How should Allison structure her intervention sessions to maximize gains made by these children?

She should provide intervention that promotes active engagement.

Charlie is a 3-year-old boy who is having trouble communicating with others. At school he has a habit of interrupting and seems rude. His mother says his speech is clear, but he has trouble getting to the point of his message, making his intentions hard to understand. Which of the following BEST describes the language area in which he is having the most problem?

Pragmatics.

An elderly man arrives at an audiology clinic with complaints of hearing loss. After complete evaluation, the audiologist diagnoses the patient with a symmetric mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Which of the following conditions is affecting this patient?

Presbycusis.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an acute rehabilitation setting has received a new patient on his/her case load. While reviewing notes from the patient's previous therapists, the SLP notices that this patient demonstrates anomia in discourse, impaired auditory comprehension, and impaired semantic memory, but has strengths in visuospatial skills, working memory, and problem solving. The SLP decides that this patient may be experiencing which disorder?

Primary progressive aphasia -- fluent variety.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in an outpatient speech and language clinic has been asked to evaluate a new client who was referred with a langue disorder. However, when the SLP reads the client's intake forms, he notices that the child comes from a culturally divers background. The SLP has never worked with someone from this cultural background and would like to take an alternative route in assessment. Which is the BEST method of assessment for this SLP to utilize?

Processing-dependent assessment.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been working with a patient who has flaccid dysarthria. After many weeks of therapy, the SLP decided to refer the patient for a palatial lift fitting. Adequate fitting of a palatal lift should result in which of the following outcomes for this patient?

Production of perceptually distinct nasal consonants.

Megan is a young child who demonstrates behaviors consistent wit the triad of deficits seen in autism spectrum disorder. Specifically, Megan demonstrates severely restrictive behaviors. Which of the following is a behavior MOST LIKELY demonstrated by this child?

Prolonged sustained attention on a stuffed toy tiger, to the point fo blocking out all communicative attempts from her parents.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has recently started working in an early intervention (EI) setting. The SLP has no prior experience in this setting and is curious about their specific role as an EI SLP. Which role does this SLP serve in their new setting?

Providing an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP).

The Life Participation Approach to Aphasia (LPAA) can BEST be exemplified by which of the following scenarios?

Providing audiobooks at the local library, to aid PWA who have reading deficits.

A speech-langauge pathologist (SLP) has been working with a severely dysarthria patient in an acute rehabilitation setting, targeting improved functional communication. The patient was non literate at baseline and has conveyed that literacy is not a focal area of communication. The SLP decides to utilize topic supplementation to aid in the comprehension of communicative partners. Which approach best matches this SLP's choice for intervention?

Providing the patient with a list of pictures to utilize in conversation.

An audiologist has recently completed an audio logic evaluation on a patient. During the evaluation, the audiologist utilized instrumentation that allowed determination of the severity of the patient's hearing loss as well as the type of hearing loss the patient is experiencing. Which means of evaluation did this audiologist utilize in working with this patient?

Pure-tone audiometry.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) workin in a preschool setting has been working with several children with autism spectrum disorder. This SLP believes the children would individually benefit from a social stories approach to intervention. The SLP develops individual stories for each child and is proceeding to implement the stories during intervention sessions. What is the next step that should be take by this SLP?

Read the stories repetitively during intervention sessions, to establish a social response.

A fourth-grade child on a speech-language pathologists (SLP's) caseload at a local public school has difficulty with phonological/orthographic associations, automaticity and fluency and underlying language abilities. Which impairment would the child MOST LIKELY demonstrate?

Reading comprehension.

A typically developing fourth-grade girl reads grade-level single words accurately and promptly. Her spelling is appropriate for her grade level. When she reads aloud a passage from her English language arts textbook, her reading, while accurate, is extremely slow and halting. When the speech-language pathologist (SLP) asks this client questions that assess her understanding of what she has read, she formulates her responses clearly and accurately. The client's text-level reading difficulty suggests problems with:

Reading fluency.

If a patient has denervation of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which deficit would MOST LIKELY result?

Reduced capacity for mastication.

A clinician notices the speaker fails to take a breath to replenish his air supply, talking into his reserve volume. The speaker exhibits loudness decay when this occurs and breath group lengths are a little longer than age- and gender-matched controls. Therapy should focus on:

Reducing maladaptive respiratory behaviors.

An infant is being raised in a home with English-speaking parents, one of whom also speaks German. The parents have decided that they would like to expose their child to both the English and German language while the child grows up. Which of the following BEST describes this scenario?

Simultaneous bilingualism.

Allison is a speech-laguage pathologist (SLP) who has worked in the school system for the last 30 years. Recently, her friend's mother had a stroke, resulting in significant dysphagia. Allison's friend asks her if she could provide services, as Allison is the only SLP she knows. Allison has not given treatment to a patient with dysphagia since graduate school and has not attended any continuing education classes on the topic. What should Allison do in this situation?

Refer her friend to a professional with more experience in the treatment of dysphagia.

Andy is a speech-language pathologist who has recently branched out into providing telepractice services to in-state clients who are unable to be treated at his private practice center. Joseph is a friend of Andy's who lives in another state in which Andy does not have licensure and has just heard about Andy's new service delivery. Joseph asks Andy to treat his mother, who has Wernicke's aphasia, as Joseph would like his mother to receive more treatment than she is currently. How should Andy proceed in the treatment of Joseph's mother?

Refer the friend to another SLP who has licensure in the state in which Joseph lives.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in an acute rehabilitation hospital is asked to work with a patient with severe flaccid dysarthria. When the SLP arrives at the patient's room, the patient expresses that the change in communication has significantly affected his/her self-image and that he/she is depressed. The SLP delivers treatment to the patient, which does not lead to improvements in the patient's state of mind. What should the SLP do in order to ensure the BEST treatment of this patient?

Refer the patient for psychological consult to assess the patient's state of mind.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) at the local speech and language clinic has been assigned a patient presenting as completely aphonic. After comprehensive evaluation, the SLP finds nothing structurally or physiologically wrong with the patient's laryngeal mechanism; however, the patient continues to present with difficulties during speech-related activities. Which of the following is an appropriate approach for the SLP to take in treating this patient?

Refer the patient to a psychiatrist, in order to establish a potential diagnosis of psychogenic dysphonia.

Caitlin is a typically developing 2-year-old girl. Which of the following semantic structures would she MOST LIKELY demonstrate?

Relational terms and interrogative terms.

Shannon and Stephanie are two speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work in an outpatient speech and language clinic and are very close friends. Recently, Stephanie overheard Shannon discussing a client with another client's wife and is very distressed by what has happened. However, she is unsure how to handle the situation with her friend. What is the BEST way for Stephanie to handle the situation with Shannon?

Report Shannon to the Board of Ethics.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an acute rehabilitation hospital has several patients on his/her caseload and has begun to feel highly overwhelmed by the amount of work that needs to be complete. However, the SLP is unsure of how to proceed in a way that reduces stress appropriately. Which of the following steps could the SLP take in order to better manage his/her caseload?

Request a fellow speech-language pathologist become lead clinician for some patients.

Jake is a typically developing 13-mont-old toddler, and is demonstrating several common forms of communicative intention for his age group. Which type of communicative intention would Jake MOST LIKELY NOT demonstrate?

Requesting permission.

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are required to gain knowledge of the nature of communication disorders, differences and swallowing disorders in the "big 9" areas of practice. Which of the following is not one of the big 9?

Research and research methods.

A person with aphasia and acquired alexia was assessed for reading abilities and found to display a pattern consistent with letter-by-letter (LBL) reading. LBL readers:

Respond to the treatment method called multiple oral rereading.

Adam is a child rolled in a local preschool who has a language disorder. Adam's speech-langue pathologist (SLP) has been targeting appropriate use of present progressive tense. During their sessions together, Adam has maintained 100% accuracy for trained targets, but has recently produced an appropriate form for an untrained target. Which form of generalization is Adam demonstrating with this type of production?

Response generalization.

A patient who had a stroke was referred for a language and cognitive evaluation. The referral specifically mentioned that the man had trouble with "Theory of Mind" tasks, indicating he had difficulty understanding what another person's beliefs or thoughts might be. In which adult diagnostic groups would deficits of Theory of Mind be categorized?

Right-hemisphere strokes.

A fifth grader makes the following spelling errors: spliting/splitting, pated/patted, glancing/glancing. These errors indicate difficulties with what type of spelling words?

Rule based.

A parent has brought a young child to an outpatient augmentative communication clinic for a full assessment. After reading the client's intake forms, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) believes the child is a candidate for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and is preparing tools for the assessment. Which approach to assessment should this SLP use?

Select standardized assessment measures and vary response mode to see how the child best responds.

A young child has recently been diagnosed with a language disorder, with particular deficits in the content and use of language. Which of the following areas of language BEST define this child's language disorder?

Semantics and pragmatics.

A patient has received comprehensive audiologic evaluation after complaints of hearing loss and was diagnosed with a vestibular schwannoma. What type of hearing loss, if any, would this patient be experiencing?

Sensorineural hearing loss.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in a high school is working with an adolescent student who has been struggling with generating detailed essay-length material. One of several research-based methods for enhancing quantity and quality of text produced by struggling writers that this SLP could employ with this student is:

Sentence combining practice.

Matthew is a 12-month-old boy whose pediatrician has referred him for assessment by the speech-language pathologist (SLP). The physician's referral message indicates that he is delayed in communication for his age. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY behavior expected in children around 12 months?

Single words or pointing.

An elderly patient with primary progressive aphasia and his wife have been working with a speech-language pathologist in order to implement an appropriate augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system to facilitate the patient's communication. However, the patient's wife does not understand AAC and has not been able to adequately perform partner-assisted scanning, despite large amounts of training. What type of barrier is this patient facing?

Skill barrier.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is working with a patient with myasthenia gravis (MG) for the patient's presenting dysphagia. Knowing the symptoms of myasthenia gravis, what would be the MOST LIKELY effective method of intervention?

Smaller meals eaten more frequently throughout the day.

A patient is in the emergency department of a hospital following a massive motorcycle accident. After receiving a computerized tomography (CT) scan, the patient is revealed to have sustained diffuse, bilateral hemispheric damage. Later results from a speech and language evaluation show that the patient has a strained-strangled vocal quality, hypernasality during speech activities and a slow, effortful rate of speech. Based on this information, the patient would MOST LIEKLY be diagnosed with which motor speech disorder?

Spastic dysarthria.

A clinician in private practice is looking to purchase speech and language evaluations. She is interested in tests that will correctly rule out children who do not have speech and language disorders. This clinician should look up information in the evaluation manuals regarding test:

Specificity.

An audiologist is evaluating a child who is hard of hearing by obtaining a speech recognition threshold (SRT). What type of speech stimuli should be used to elicit this test?

Spondees.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is called on to evaluate a new student in a ninth-grade English Language Arts class. The SLP notices that the student reads a single article quickly and accurately and reports knowledge gained directly from reading the article to classmates. The cluster of behaviors observed in this student is most closely associated with which of Chall's reading stages?

Stage 3: Reading for learning the new.

A student reads seven research articles regarding recycling challenges and methods. He summarizes and critiques the articles and then, based on his synthesis, proposes a novel strategy to solve urban recycling efforts. This cluster of behaviors is MOST CLOSELY associated with which of Chall's reading stages?

Stage 5: Construction and reconstruction.

A speech and language researcher has completed final analysis on a data set and has discovered a highly homogenous distribution of participant scores. Due to this homogeneity, the researcher is also likely to find a small:

Standard deviation.

Which muscle contributes to hyolaryngeal depression?

Sternohyoid.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been working with a patient to improve the hypernasality of their speech. The child has been diagnosed with a cleft palate, but also demonstrates a Pierre Robin sequence, mid-face hypoplasia and a mild sensorineural hearing loss. Given these specific characteristics, this child MOST LIKELY demonstrates which disorder?

Stickler syndrome.

A 10-year-old girl with adequate vocabulary skills for her age reads one and two-syllable words accurately and with some fluency at the sentence level; however, she struggles with reading words of three or more syllable words. The MOST developmentally appropriate focus for improving her reading would be to teach:

Structural analysis.

Jonathon is a typically developing 4-year-old preschooler. Which of the following structures would MOST LIKELY be in his language repertoire?

Suggesting intention, emerging mastery of copula 'to be,' identifies the first sound in a word.

Anthony has recently been admitted to a skilled nursing facility, following a large left middle cerebral artery infarction. He was previously diagnosed with severe Broca's aphasia and verbal apraxia, and his verbal expression is characterized by content words, paraphasia, and overly stereotyped utterances. However, Anthony has relatively preserved cognitive skills, including memory and attention. The speech-language pathologist assigned to work with Anthony believes he would benefit from augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention. Which of the following approaches would Anthony MOST LIKELY benefit from?

Supplemental verbal expression with a picture board.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been providing speech therapy to a child with a speech sound disorder. As this child demonstrates errors on multiple phonemes, the SLP has selected the cycles remediation approach for intervention with this child. What could the SLP do to utilize this treatment approach?

Target a different phoneme each treatment session.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been providing speech therapy to a child with a speech sound disorder. As this child demonstrates errors on multiple phonemes, the SLP has selected the cycles remediation approach for intervention with this child. What could the SLP do to utilize this treatment approach?

Target different phoneme each treatment session.

The presence of development dysarthria has the potential to interfere with speech intelligibility as a result of impairment of motor skills. Therapy should focus on reduction of or compensation for the impairment. In addition to targeting motor development of the speech production system, what is the MOST IMPORTANT element to improve communication of the child with dysarthria?

Targeting both receptive and expressive language skills.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in a home health service has been working with an individual who has right hemisphere brain damage and is exhibiting a significant left neglect. Which of the following is an appropriate treatment approach for the SLP to take with this client?

Targeting the client's attention by using a brightly colored border on the edge of pen and paper tasks.

A patient with a diagnosis of flaccid dysarthria exhibits mild hypernasality. It was noted during vocalization of the velopharyngeal system that the patient was able to achieve closure of the velopharyngeal port, but not consistently. The therapy of GREATEST BENEFIT in this case would be to:

Teach the patient to speak with increased effort.

Which teaching strategies are MOST consistent with a so-called top-down approach to reading instruction?

Teaching children how to use context to infer the pronunciation of words that they cannot decode.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an outpatient aphasia clinic has decided to use constraint-induced language therapy (CILT) in a group session format. Why would this choice of treatment method, in theory, lead to improvements in a PWA's (person with aphasia's) language?

The PWA is not allowed to use nonverbal means of communication, such as drawing, gestures, or augmentative communication device, when performing language tasks, thus forcing the person to use spoken language output.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been asked to evaluate a patient recently admitted to the SLP's acute care hospital. When the SLP arrives to perform the evaluation, the SLP discovers through informal conversation that the patient is of a sexual orientation different from their own, and is uncomfortable working with the patient. What step should the SLP take in the treatment of this patient?

The SLP must provide treatment to this patient.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is working in a school setting and has any students that come from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. The SLP knows that there are many issues associated with CLD populations, including which of the following issues?

The SLP must respect the home culture and asset acculturation in the school.

Following a very successful intervention session, in which Annie produced 95% of targeted utterances correctly, her speech-language pathologist (SLP) implements a subsequent motivation event. Which therapy component BEST describes this situation?

The SLP presents Annie with a sticker for appropriate productions.

Following a very successful intervention session, in which Annie produces 95% of targeted utterances correctly, her speech-language pathologist (SLP) implements a subsequent motivational event. Which therapy component BEST describes this situation?

The SLP presents Annie with a sticker for appropriate productions.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an outpatient clinic has recently been given a new patient to his/her caseload. The patient's medical records reveal that the patient is experiencing aphasia with limb apraxia. Which treatment scenario would be MOST helpful for this patient?

The SLP will work on nonverbal communication using Amerind.

Ruth is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who is preparing to administer an assessment to a child suspected of having autism spectrum disorder in order to determine eligibility for intervention. Which of the following is an important consideration Ruth must factor in to her assessment of this child?

The avoidance of criterion-referenced measurements in the assessment of autism spectrum disorders.

A physician is evaluating a young child suspected of having autism spectrum disorder and has determined that the child demonstrates signs of hyperlexia. Which of the following BEST describes the condition of this child?

The child demonstrates a fascination with letters and numbers.

A child is brought into a physician's (MDs) office for a comprehensive evaluation, with parental suspicions of autism spectrum disorder. Following the evaluation, the child is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, with level 1 severity in repetitive behavior. Which of the following BEST describes the behaviors exhibited by this child?

The child demonstrates difficulty switching between tasks.

A speech language pathologist (SLP) is working with a young child and suspects the child is unable to tell correct from incorrect productions of errors sounds. The SLP administers Locke's SPPT procedure to the child, and his suspicions are confirmed. Which of the following statements best describes this client?

The child demonstrates poor perception.

A 3-year-old child is brought to a speech and language clinic and is suspected of having a language disorder. Upon initial interview, the child's parents reveal that the child first learned to speak English, and they have now begun to teach the child Spanish. Following the evaluation, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) determines that the child demonstrates age-appropriate linguistic skill with English, but presents with significant difficulty with Spanish. Which of the following BEST describes this child?

The child does not present with a language disorder.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is considering dismissing a child from therapy services, as the SLP believes the child has made the maximum amount of progress possible. What is the MOST IMPORTANT factor to consider when dismissing a child from language therapy from a SLP perspective?

The child is able to meet all communication demands for activities of daily living.

Following a comprehensive speech sound evaluation, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is beginning to select specific sound error patterns to target in intervention with a pediatric client aged 3;4 years. The SLP understands that there are multiple factors to consider when choosing treatment targets. Which of the following selections is appropriate to utilize when selecting treatment targets for this client?

The child is not stimulable for a specific speech sound that is in error, so this speech sound should be targeted as it would likely not improve independently.

Following a comprehensive speech sound evaluation, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is beginning to select specific sound error patterns to target in intervention with a pediatric client ages 3;4 years. The SLP understands that there are multiple factors to consider when choosing treatment targets. Which of the following selections is appropriate to utilize when selecting treatment targets for this client?

The child is not stimulable for a specific speech sound that is in error, so this speech sound should be targeted as it would likely not improve independently.

A child is brought into a speech and language clinic for a language evaluation. After performing the evaluation, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) reveals the following utterances: "look doggy," "more cookie," "no bed," and "mommy good." Which of the following statements BEST describes this child's speech sample?

The child is producing telegraphic speech.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) report for a 4-year-old with a history of disfluencies stated that the child exhibited simple phrase repetitions and occasional grammatical interjections of one interaction. Occasionally, the child is observed to prolong speech sounds at the beginning of an utterance for up to 3 seconds and also to occasionally show sense lip posturing on certain sounds. Which of the following statements is the MOST ACCURATE regarding the behavior?

The child is showing core and secondary stuttering behaviors.

A young child with a language disorder has recently been struggling with Tier 1 coursework for language arts. After consulting with the student's teacher, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) who works with this child has suggested the student may be a candidate for Tier 2 instruction. Which of the following is the MOST APPROPRIATE form of instruction for this child?

The child receives in-class support for the SLP.

A young child is brought to an outpatient clinic by the parents, with a chief complaint of "strange behaviors." After a thorough evaluation, the child is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, with significant impairments in syntactical aspects of language. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY a deficit exhibited by this child?

The child speaks telegraphically.

Erica is a young child who demonstrates pragmatic difficulties. Specifically, Erica has difficulties with presupposition skills, which her speech-language pathologist (SLP) has been targeting in order to improve Erica's conversational abilities. Which of the following would be the MOST APPROPRIATE goal for Erica's intervention?

The child will modify communicative attempts based on the needs of her communication partner.

Erica is a young child who demonstrates pragmatic difficulties. Specifically, Erica has difficulties with presupposition skills, which her speech-language pathologist has been targeting in order to improve Erica's conversational abilities. Which of the following would be the MOST APPROPRIATE goal for Erica's intervention?

The child will modify communicative attempts based on the needs of their communication partner.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is working with a young child who has demonstrated significant difficulty with narrative generation. The SLP has decided that an initial target for this child is to produce recounts. Which of the following would be the MOST BENEFICIAL goal for this child?

The child will produce narratives about shared experiences when prompted.

Jamie is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) working with a child who has autism spectrum disorder. Jamie believes that this child would benefit from implementation of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) to enhance their communicative effectiveness. Which of the following goals is BEST for use with this child>

The child will use images to obtain desired items.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is working with a patient with severe global aphasia, for whom they are utilizing an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device to promote communicative effectiveness. The SLP believes that this patient would benefit from an organization strategy that utilizes individual pictures to capture both environmental and interactional aspects of the communicative context. What type of organizational strategy should the SLP implement with this patient?

Visual scene display.

Secondary stuttering behaviors provide clinical significance in evaluation of the stuttering in children. Which of the following statements is MOST ACCURATE with regard to the significance of secondary behaviors?

They indicate that the PWS is using escape and avoidance behaviors to deal with their stuttering.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) at an acute rehabilitation hospital has just received a patient with flaccid dysarthria on his/her caseload. After the first session, the SLP decides that the patient may benefit from abdominal trussing. Which of the following rationales for adopting this method for this particular patient would be appropriate for the SLP to use?

To counter expiratory weakness and assist in creation of expiratory force for the generation of subglottal pressure during expiration.

Pragmatic treatment approaches for aphasia often adhere to the principles of Promoting Aphasics' Communicative Effectiveness (PACE). Which of the following is a good example of the PACE principles?

Topics of conversation should be selected by the person with aphasia and should be personally relevant.

A speech and language scientist has focused her research efforts into proving that there are environmental causes for autism spectrum disorders. Which of the following would this scientist MOST LIKELY accept as a cause of autism spectrum disorder?

Toxins.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) at an acute rehabilitation hospital has completed an evaluation on a recently admitted patient who had sustained a stroke a week earlier. According to the SLP's findings, this patient is exhibiting symptoms associated with deep dyslexia. This patient would display which of the following symptoms?

Verbal production of semantically related words in oral reading (e.g., reading aloud the word 'vehicle' as "car") and inability to read nonword.

A patient arrives at the hospital, with complaints of sudden onset of voice loss. During the intake interview, the patient utilizes writing to convey to the speech-language pathologist (SLP) that she was cheering at her son's high school football game when suddenly she was not able to phonate above a whisper. Which diagnosis is the MOST LIKELY presenting problem?

Vocal fold hemorrhage.

In evaluating a preschool child who stutters, it is important to observe the child interacting with the parent. The PRIMARY reason for this is:

The most valid sample of communication and speech may be observed in the child's typical interaction with the parent.

The organizational framework of the treatment session can both positively and negatively influence success of therapy. A UNIQUE consideration when organizing treatment for children is:

The need for greater amounts of cumulative practice.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in neural signals involved in motor movement. Lack of dopamine in the substantial migration has been associated with disease processes such as Parkinson's disease. What BEST describes the role of dopamine on basal ganglia circuits?

The net result fo dopamine release to direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia is a facilitation of movement.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in neural signals involved in motor movement. Lack of dopamine in the substance migration has been associated with disease processes such as Parkinson's disease. What BEST describes the role of dopamine on basal ganglia circuits?

The net result of dopamine release to direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia is a facilitation of movement.

A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has recently been administered an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) assessment. Following the assessment, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) has made recommendations for devices that the patient might be able to use. The patient reviewed the selections and has chosen an AAC device that she believes best fits her skills and needs. What contributing factor is MOST IMPORTANT for this patient's AAC intervention?

The patient will have frequent need for feature matching as the disorder progresses.

A person was given the diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) about 3 months ago. What is most likely to be true about this person?

The person had a history of progressive impairment of language, with no evidence of global dementia or sign of an acute stroke on neuroimaging.

A person in the community with hearing loss refers to herself as being culturally deaf and uses American Sign Language (ASL) as the primary means of communication. Which of the following statements BEST describes this person?

The person is capital 'D' Deaf.

What would the speech-language pathologist (SLP) expect to observe if comparing amplitude spectra for a sinusoid and a periodic complex sound?

The sinusoid has only one line, whereas the complex periodic sound has more than one line.

What would the speech-language pathologist (SLP) expect to observe if comparing amplitude spectra for a sinusoid and a periodic complex sound?

The sinusoid has only one line, while the complex periodic sound has more than one line.

The spinal column is organized with respect to motor/sensory function, as well as upper and lower extremities. Cell bodies of lower motor neurons that control movement of legs are generally found in:

The ventral form of the spinal column.

The spinal column is organized with respect to motor/sensory function, as well as upper and lower extremities. Cell bodies of lower motor neurons that control movements of the legs are generally found in:

The ventral horn of the spinal column.

A clinician workin with the speaker wants to adopt the use of a pacing board to slow rate and improve speech intelligibility. The clinician is concerned about adversely influencing the naturalness of the speaker's speech. Pacing boards can reduce naturalness of speech because:

Their use leads to placement of pauses in linguistically inappropriate locations.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is working in a preschool class, targeting increasing the children's language skills. After the SLP reads a story to the class, she asks a student to describe the main character's feelings throughout the story. The student responds with "they were happy, because it was a good story," indicating her own personal feelings regarding the story. This child demonstrates difficulty with:

Theory of Mind.

Stephanie is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who is working with a child with autism spectrum disorder. This child demonstrates significant difficulty in understanding perception and beliefs from others' perspectives, which has negatively impacted her social relationships. Which method of intervention is MOST APPROPRIATE for Stephanie to utilize in this child's intervention session?

Theory of Mind.

A patient has just completed a bedside swallow evaluation and has been placed on a basic soft solid/nectar thick liquid diet for an oropharyngeal dysphagia. No significant weakness was found during the bedside evaluation. Knowing this information, which of the following treatment approaches is appropriate to treat this patient's dysphagia?

Therapeutic trials of advanced soft solids and thin liquids.

A patient has arrived at an acute rehabilitation hospital having been made "non per os" (NPO) at the acute care setting. Following the patient's bedside examination, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) decides to continue keeping the patient NPO. Which of the following is the MOST APPROPRIATE treatment approach for the SLP to engage in?

Therapeutic trials of ice chips.

A speech scientist is analyzing data collected from a recently completed study. In order to properly analyze the data, she utilized nonparametric statistical procedures. Which of the following scenarios BEST describes the scientist's data?

There is not a normal distribution of the data.

The frequency of a periodic sound is increased by 100 hertz (Hz). What effect would this change in frequency have on the wavelength of he sound?

There would be a decrease in wavelength.

The frequency of a periodic sound is increased by 100 hertz. What effect would this change in frequency have on the wavelength of the sound?

There would be a decrease in wavelength.

A research team is currently investigating genetic theories to establish the cause of autism. The researchers have focused their research on children with autism spectrum disorder, who have faculty chromosome 11. Which of the following may be a hypothesis generated by these researchers?

These children show lack of communication between neurons, causing their autism spectrum disorder.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in an acute care hospital has been preparing a patient to undergo a total laryngectomy following diagnosis of malignant laryngeal cancer. After being educated regarding the various forms of laryngeal communication, the patient decides that he/she would like to utilize a form of communication that allows the most natural vocal quality that also resorts spoken communication as quickly as possible. Which of the following treatment options would be the BEST to introduce to this patient, keeping in mind the patient's particular communicative wishes?

Tracheoesophageal speech.

Language assessment results for a person showed fluent verbal output with paraphasia and neologisms, as well as significant anomia. The individual also had great difficulty with comprehension. The person was able to repeat single words and sentences without error. Based on this scenario, the person would MOST LIKELY be diagnosed with:

Transcortical sensory aphasia.

A child has been referred to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) for a comprehensive language evaluation, with reports of "global language problems." Following evaluation, the SLP determines that the child is demonstrating word-finding difficulties, comprehension deficits, and disorganized language, in addition to deficits in attention and executive functioning. Which of the following disorders does the child MOST LIKELY demonstrate?

Traumatic brain injury.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) in private is receiving a new client in the clinic for treatment of a speech sound disorder. Upon reading the child's intake forms, the SLP notes that the child has previously been diagnosed with pronounced micrognathia, glossoptosis, and hearing loss. Given these specific characteristics, this child MOST LIKELY demonstrates which disorder?

Treacher Collins syndrome.

A speech and language researcher has demonstrated the benefits of a newly developed treatment method through well-controlled studies that show internal validity, statistical significance and practical significance. This researcher's method demonstrates which of the following principles?

Treatment efficacy.

Two grade-school children are referred to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) for a comprehensive diagnostic assessment of their literacy abilities. A basic literacy assessment should consider the children's:

Underlying spoken language skills, reading/writing sills, and cultural context.

Two-grade-school children are referred to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) for a comprehensive diagnostic assessment of their literacy abilities. A basic literacy assessment should consider the children's:

Underlying spoken language skills, reading/writing skills, and cultural context.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is providing language intervention for an adolescent student with autism spectrum disorder, and is targeting improved semantic language use. Which of the following is an appropriate treatment goal for the SLP to use in treatment with this student?

Understanding sarcastic comments made by conversation partners.

A young child is brought into a local voice clinic by the child's parents for a full voice assessment battery. After completing and reviewing all test measures, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) and otolaryngologist (ENT) have decided that the child is presenting with early-stage, bilateral vocal fold nodules, most likely due to phonotrumatic behaviors (i.e., yelling for siblings, making funny voices, etc.). Which of the following approaches to treatment would be appropriate for this particular client?

Use of confidential voice.

Gus is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) workin in an early childhood education setting. Recently, he has begun working with a child who has a significant language disorder. For this child, Gus has chosen to utilize induction teaching to facilitate the child's learning of language. Which of the following statements BEST describes this approach to intervention?

Using a more explicit and systematic set of teaching steps.

Gus is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in an early childhood education setting. Recently, he has begun working with a child who has a significant language disorder. For this child, Gus has chosen to utilize induction teaching to facilitate the child's learning of language. Which of the following statements BEST describes the approach to intervention?

Using a more explicit and systematic set of teaching steps.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in a skilled nursing facility (SNF) has been assigned to design a treatment plan for a long-term resident. The patient was diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia 5 years earlier and is considered to be in the mid-range of the disorder. She has one daughter who is concerned about her, but who lives far across the country. The patient has been increasingly agitated and difficult for clinical staff to interact with. The intervention of GREATEST BENEFIT would be:

Using a simulated presence therapy technique, in which taped messages are played to the individual with dementia in times of agitation.

The principal of a local elementary school has come to an outpatient voice center in order to ask the speech-language pathologists (SLP's) to give a presentation to the high school teachers regarding vocal health. According to the principal's reports, a large number of teachers complain of difficulty voicing and require frequent sick days to recover. Which of the following options is NOT appropriate to use as a method to prevent voice disorders for this population of teachers?

Using a sing-song voice to get students' attention.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in a hospital setting has implemented a breakfast group for individuals with cognitive-communication deficits. For a specific group meeting, the SLP has decided to implement a method of intervention that is a good fit for 12 out of 15 members. The other three members will benefit fro this method of intervention, but not as much as the others. The SLP has decided that since most of the group members will maximally benefit from this method it is an appropriate choice. Which philosophical approach best matches this SLP's approach to treatment?

Utilitarian Approach.

A child is brought into an outpatient speech and language clinic by her parents, with chief complaint of "trouble speaking." After administration of a comprehensive speech sound evaluation, the speech-language pathologist (SLP) reveals the following speech sound errors: /rɪn/ for /rɪŋ/, /tæt/ for /kæt/ and /frɔd/ for /frɔg/. This child demonstrates difficulty producing sounds with which place of articulation?

Velars.

After undergoing open heart surgery, a patient emerges from anesthesia to find that the patient is presenting with significant hypo phonic, breathy voice. After a few days in recovery, the patient's vocal quality has not improved, and a referral for otolaryngology and speech-language pathology consult is made. Based on the information given, what condition will most likely be discovered upon endoscopy?

Vocal fold paralysis.

A patient has undergone phonosurgery to remove lesions associated with polypoid degeneration. After a period of vocal rest, the patient returns to the hospital's voice center to begin treatment with the speech-language pathologist (SLP). Which of the following options is an appropriate first step in this patient's treatment?

Vocal hygiene information, in order to reduce smoking.

A patient arrives at an acute rehabilitation hospital, following a hip replacement surgery. The physician has asked the speech-language pathologist (SLP) to perform a full evaluation of the patient, with suspicions of cognitive changes postsurgery. After performing the evaluation, the SLP documented a hoarse/rough vocal quality, which the patient reported was not there prior to the surgery. The SLP determines that the patient has not received adequate hydration and is consuming too much coffee during hospitalization. Which intervention should be utilized?

Vocal hygiene information.

If a speaker has difficulty controlling vocal fold vibration it is MOST LIKELY manifested by:

Voicing throughout the silence for /p/.

During the transmission of an action potential, after a neuron has fired, there is an absolute refractory period. This is a delay during which a neuron is unable to transmit further action potentials. This delay must expire before that neuron can fire again because:

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are periodically inactivated after opening.

During the transmission of an action potential, after a neuron has fired there is an absolute refractory period. This is a delay during which a neuron is unable to transmit further action potential. This delay must expire before that neuron can fire again because:

Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) changes are periodically inactivated after opening.

A child is brought into a local speech and language clinic for treatment of a speech sound disorder. When the speech-language pathologist (SLP) interviews the child's parents, they reveal that their child has severely hypernasal speech. On which of the following types of speech sound would this child's hyper nasality by the most audible?

Vowels.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) working in an elementary school has been asked to perform a comprehensive language evaluation of a new student. The SLP determines the most appropriate assessment for the child and begins administration. However, the SLP utilizes a more dynamic approach to assessment in order to better understand the child's language skills. This change to assessment MOST LIKELY determined how well the child performed:

With modeling techniques.

A 7-year-old student on a speech-language pathologist's (SLP's) caseload at an elementary school shows strength in rhyme awareness, phoneme blending and phoneme manipulation. Based on these strengths, the SLP would would suspect that this student would have strengths in:

Word attack skills.

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) is addressing the agrammatism of a person with aphasia in the treatment plan. A treatment goal to address this aspect of the disorder would be:

Working on correct noun-verb agreement.