Prep 3: How Does the Immune System Respond to the Flu?

Arrange the events during an inflammatory response.

1. Fluid increases to the area of the injury2. Macrophages destroy bacteria and viruses near the wound site3. Neutrophilis remove dead cells and pathogens and may release cytokines to recruit mor eimmune cells4. clotting factrs close off the wound

The various chemical signals of the immune response, which include small proteins like histamine, are collectively called _____ .

Cytokines

Which of these are ways a new form of the flu can appear? a. Antigenic drift via mutation that changes the viral spikes b. Antigenic shift via recombination of viral characteristics from multiple viruses infecting animal hosts c. Loss of viral spikes and acquisition of a new antigen the immune system does not recognize d. Acquisition of machinery to reproduce itself so that it no longer needs the host cells and can more easily evade the immune system

a. Antigenic drift via mutation that changes the viral spikes b. Antigenic shift via recombination of viral characteristics from multiple viruses infecting animal hosts

Which of these are ways a new form of the flu can appear? a. Antigenic shift via recombination of viral characteristics from multiple viruses infecting animal hosts b. Loss of viral spikes and acquisition of a new antigen the immune system does not recognize c. Acquisition of machinery to reproduce itself so that it no longer needs the host cells and can more easily evade the immune system d. Antigenic drift via mutation that changes the viral spikes

a. Antigenic shift via recombination of viral characteristics from multiple viruses infecting animal hosts d. Antigenic drift via mutation that changes the viral spikes

Select the four categories of innate immune defenses. a. Inflammatory response b. Barriers to entry c. Phagocytes and natural killer cells d. Protective proteins e. Production of memory T and memory B cells

a. Inflammatory response b. Barriers to entry c. Phagocytes and natural killer cells d. Protective proteins

If you were to explain the role of the immune system in protecting the body from pathogens, which of these would you include in your explanation? a. It destroys pathogens. b. It filters the blood. c. It produces antibodies. d. It destroys infected cells.

a. It destroys pathogens. c. It produces antibodies. d. It destroys infected cells.

Which of the following statements are true of acute inflammatory response? a. It is the body's initial reaction to tissue damage. b. It increases blood flow to the site. c. It consists of a simple cellular event. d. It decreases blood flow to the site.

a. It is the body's initial reaction to tissue damage. b. It increases blood flow to the site.

Which of these are common influenza-specific antiviral medications? a. Relenza b. Rapivab c. Tamiflu d. AZT

a. Relenza b. Rapivab c. Tamiflu

What is the name for white blood cells produced in the bone marrow that mature in the thymus to develop receptors for a single form of antigen? a. T lymphocytes b. antibodies c. B lymphocytes d. antihistamines

a. T lymphocytes

What is a cytokine? a. a chemical signal of the immune response b. a phagocytic immune cell c. a molecule that forms a pore in a cell membrane

a. a chemical signal of the immune response

During the inflammatory response, histamine a. allows white blood cells and clotting factor to be delivered quickly because blood flow is increased. b. recruits other cytokines to the site of the injury. c. prevents fluid from entering the site of the wound.

a. allows white blood cells and clotting factor to be delivered quickly because blood flow is increased.

Which of these is a role of complement protein during innate immune response? a. destroying bacterial cells by creating holes in its membrane b. destroying viral cells by breaking down their cell walls c. engulfing and digesting pathogens to display antigens for the specific immune response

a. destroying bacterial cells by creating holes in its membrane

During the inflammatory response, macrophages a. identify and destroy bacteria or viruses in the vicinity of the wound. b. deliver white blood cells to the area of the wound. c. recruit cytokines, which recruit more immune cells.

a. identify and destroy bacteria or viruses in the vicinity of the wound.

MHC class II a. important in initiating immune response b. identify the body cells as "self" c. found on some immune cells d. found on the surface of every body cell that has a nucleus

a. important in initiating immune response c. found on some immune cells

Which of these would you consider risks associated with changes to the H spikes of influenza virus? a. individual risks from decreased effectiveness of flu vaccines b. global pandemic risks because of the creation of completely new forms of the virus c. population risks from decreased effectiveness of flu vaccines

a. individual risks from decreased effectiveness of flu vaccines c. population risks from decreased effectiveness of flu vaccines

Adaptive immunity has the ability to target a. infected body cells. b. nothing in particular because it's a nonspecific response. c. pathogens moving freely in the blood or body fluids. d. only body cells infected with a virus.

a. infected body cells. c. pathogens moving freely in the blood or body fluids.

General, nonspecific immune defense against pathogens is called a. innate immunity b. adaptive immunity. c. cell-mediated immunity. d. acquired immunity.

a. innate immunity

Differentiate between these two types of immunity by dragging the descriptions of each to the name for that type. adaptive immunity a. is specific b. targets antigens c. is the body's first response d. has four main categories e. is nonspecific f. has two forms based on the location of antigens

a. is specific b. targets antigens f. has two forms based on the location of antigens

Select the two body systems that would work closely to protect the body from a foreign invasion, such as the flu. a. lymphatic system b. skeletal system c. endocrine system d. immune system

a. lymphatic system d. immune system

Destroy pathogens via phagocytosis a. neutrophils b. natural killer cells (NK cells) c. macrophages d. dendritic cells e. B lymphocytes f. T lymphocytes

a. neutrophils c. macrophages d. dendritic cells

An activated B cell that produces large amounts of antibody specific to a detected antigen is called a a. plasma cell. b. B lymphocyte. c. memory B cell.

a. plasma cell.

Choose the organs and tissues of the lymphatic system from this list. a. red bone marrow b. thymus c. nodes and vessels d. macrophages e. spleen

a. red bone marrow b. thymus c. nodes and vessels e. spleen

During the inflammatory response, clotting factors a. seal off damaged capillaries. b. remove cellular debris. c. remove pathogens by phagocytosis.

a. seal off damaged capillaries.

Antigenic drift is a process that occurs when a. there are changes on the surface spikes of the influenza virus because of mutations. b. influenza virus combines with another virus in a human or animal host. c. two forms of influenza infect the same host cell.

a. there are changes on the surface spikes of the influenza virus because of mutations.

What is the role of clotting factors in the inflammatory response? a. to close off the wound b. to dilate the capillaries c. to signal pain in the nerve endings

a. to close off the wound

In the case of severe infection, what is one of the roles of neutrophils in the inflammatory response? a. to release cytokines that recruit more immune cells b. to puncture the membrane of infected body cells c. to identify and destroy bacteria or viruses

a. to release cytokines that recruit more immune cells

T lymphocytes are a. white blood cells produced in the bone marrow that mature in the thymus and later develop single receptors for a single form of antigen. b. non-specific immune cells that recognize an antigen attached to the MHC-I marker on an APC. c. macrophages that display an antigen from a digested pathogen on their surface d. specialized cells that cause programmed cell death in infected body cells.

a. white blood cells produced in the bone marrow that mature in the thymus and later develop single receptors for a single form of antigen.

Adaptive immune responses are activated when a macrophage engulfs and digests a pathogen and then displays a specific _____ on its surface.

antigen

The role of antibody-mediated immunity is to create antibodies that bind a specific _____ .

antigen

Which of these immune cells produces antibodies that can bind antigens? a. helper T cells b. B lymphocytes c. cytotoxic T cells

b. B lymphocytes

What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response? a. It closes off the wound to prevent spread of any potential infection. b. Its release causes the capillaries to leak fluid that slows pathogen movement while also increasing blood flow. c. It signals nearby cells when a local cell has been infected with a virus.

b. Its release causes the capillaries to leak fluid that slows pathogen movement while also increasing blood flow.

Select the two forms of major-histocompatibility complex found in the human body. a. MHC type a, or MHCa b. MHC class II, or MHC-II c. MHC type b, or MHCb d. MHC class I, or MHC-I

b. MHC class II, or MHC-II d. MHC class I, or MHC-I

Which of the following is present on the surface of every nucleated body cell to identify "self"? a. MHC-class II markers b. MHC-class I markers c. Both types of MHC markers, but with different attached carbohydrate chains

b. MHC-class I markers

Which best defines perforins? a. Perforin molecules mark foreign cells for destruction by macrophages. b. Perforin molecules insert into and puncture infected body cells. c. Perforin inserts into the plasma membrane of the invading microbe. d. Perforin destroys everything in the vicinity, including natural killer cells.

b. Perforin molecules insert into and puncture infected body cells.

Which of these lists three common influenza-specific antiviral medications? a. Flonase, Tamiflu, and HAART b. Relenza, Rapivab, and Tamiflu c. Interferon, Norvir, and Flonase

b. Relenza, Rapivab, and Tamiflu

How does the immune system system distinguish "self" from "non-self" as it targets and destroys cells in the body? a. The immune system does not perform the recognition role- the lymphatic system quarantines pathogens and then recruits immune cells. b. The immune system recognizes the glycoproteins on the surface of its own cells as "self." c. Immune cells recognize body cells because they send out chemical messengers, like hormones, that indicate "self."

b. The immune system recognizes the glycoproteins on the surface of its own cells as "self."

Which body system is closely involved with the immune system in the protection of the body from pathogens like viruses and bacteria? a. The excretory system b. The lymphatic system c. The endocrine system d. The respiratory system

b. The lymphatic system

How do antibodies help to eliminate antigens? a. They directly kill a pathogen by breaking their membranes. b. They promote interaction of natural killer cells with the antigen. c. They are capable of enzymatic activities that can destroy the antigen.

b. They promote interaction of natural killer cells with the antigen.

Which type of immunity is capable of remembering a past immune response? a. innate immunity b. adaptive immunity c. acquired immunodeficiency

b. adaptive immunity

Antiviral medicines often target the ability of the virus to a. locate appropriate host cells within a host organism. b. attach to its host, release its genetic material, or exit the host cell. c. integrate into the host cell DNA and take over its cellular machinery.

b. attach to its host, release its genetic material, or exit the host cell.

Select the examples of innate immune defenses. a. apoptosis of infected target cells caused by T lymphocytes b. bacteria on the surface of the skin inhibit bacterial growth c. the removal of dead cells and pathogens via neutrophils during the inflammatory response d. hydrochloric acid in the stomach destroys bacteria and other pathogens e. the identification and destruction of pathogens via macrophages

b. bacteria on the surface of the skin inhibit bacterial growth c. the removal of dead cells and pathogens via neutrophils during the inflammatory response d. hydrochloric acid in the stomach destroys bacteria and other pathogens e. the identification and destruction of pathogens via macrophages

Which of the cytokines typically associated with immune responses increases capillary permeability and causes fluid to be released into the area of a wound? a. interleukin b. histamine c. interferon

b. histamine

MHC class I a. important in initiating immune response b. identify the body cells as "self" c. found on some immune cells d. found on the surface of every body cell that has a nucleus

b. identify the body cells as "self" d. found on the surface of every body cell that has a nucleus

The system in the body that is adapted to identify foreign invaders, like bacteria or viruses, and target them for destruction is the ______ system. a. lymphatic b. immune c. endocrine d. integumentary

b. immune

The antiviral medications used to fight influenza are able to specifically target the virus by a. inhibiting protease from turning viral polypeptides into functional proteins. b. inhibiting neuraminidase, the enzyme that allows influenza to exit its host cell. c. blocking biosynthesis of the viral particles in the host cell.

b. inhibiting neuraminidase, the enzyme that allows influenza to exit its host cell.

Which of the cytokines commonly involved in immune responses is a glycoprotein that helps to regulate the general immune response? a. histamine b. interleukin c. interferon

b. interleukin

Cell-mediated adaptive immunity targets primarily ______ antigens, while antibody-mediated immunity targets ______ antigens. a. extracellular, intracellular b. intracellular, extracellular

b. intracellular, extracellular

The cells that identify and destroy pathogens during an inflammatory response are called a. natural killer cells. b. macrophages. c. B cells. d. histamines.

b. macrophages.

Which of these cells is part of innate immune defenses? a. B lymphocytes b. natural killer cells c. memory cells d. T lymphocytes

b. natural killer cells

Destroy body cells infected with bacteria or viruses a. neutrophils b. natural killer cells (NK cells) c. macrophages d. dendritic cells e. B lymphocytes f. T lymphocytes

b. natural killer cells (NK cells)

Which of the following immune cells function to destroy pathogens using a process called phagocytosis? a. natural killer cells b. neutrophils c. B lymphocytes d. macrophages e. T lymphocytes f. dendritic cells

b. neutrophils d. macrophages f. dendritic cells

Phagocytes, like macrophages, are examples of a. an adaptive line of defense called cell-mediated immunity . b. one of the categories of innate immune defenses. c. an adaptive line of defense called antibody-mediated immunity.

b. one of the categories of innate immune defenses.

Plasma cells _____. a. secrete anticlotting factors b. produce antibodies c. attack and kill virus infected cells d. differentiate into B cells e. stimulate helper T cells

b. produce antibodies

How do antiviral medicines target viruses? a. they destroy host cells b. they target the viral life cycle c. they bolster the immune system of the host

b. they target the viral life cycle

In the case of severe infection, what is one of the roles of neutrophils in the inflammatory response? a. to puncture the membrane of infected body cells b. to release cytokines that recruit more immune cells c. to identify and destroy bacteria or viruses

b. to release cytokines that recruit more immune cells

Antiviral medicines commonly target which parts of the viral life cycle? a. penetration b. uncoating c. maturation d. attachment e. release f. biosynthesis

b. uncoating d. attachment e. release

The two forms of major-histocompatibility complexes found in the human body are MHC-I markers, which can be found on every nucleated _____ cell, and MHC-II markers, which can be found on specific _____ cells.

body immune

Which of these best explains the role of the immune system in protecting the body from pathogens? a. It filters and cleans the blood and produces immune cells. b. It excretes wastes from the blood and lymph. c. It destroys pathogens and infected cells, produces antibodies, and targets infected cells.

c. It destroys pathogens and infected cells, produces antibodies, and targets infected cells.

Which of the following is present on the surface of some immune cells and plays a role in activation of the immune response? a. Both types of MHC markers, but with different attached carbohydrate chains b. MHC class I markers c. MHC class II markers

c. MHC class II markers

What role does the immune system play in the human body? a. Removes white blood cells from the body b. Produces antigens to mark some cells for destruction c. Protects the body from infectious invasion

c. Protects the body from infectious invasion

Which of these describes developments in fighting the influenza virus? a. They are slow and yet to make their way to human trials because the virus changes too quickly. b. Scientists have found ways around the ability of the virus to evolve quickly but they have yet to make these treatments safe and affordable. c. Scientists are looking at ways to get around the rapid evolution of the virus by targeting proteins that are slower to change.

c. Scientists are looking at ways to get around the rapid evolution of the virus by targeting proteins that are slower to change.

How do antibodies help to eliminate antigens? a. They use phagocytosis to digest it. b. They bore holes in the antigen with a protein called perforin. c. They crowd around an antigen to inactivate it.

c. They crowd around an antigen to inactivate it.

Which of these best describes the role of cell-mediated immunity? a. a nonspecific mechanism of defense which is present at birth b. a mechanism of defense in which plasma cells secrete antibodies that bind to specific antigens c. a specific mechanism of defense in which T cells destroy antigen-bearing cells

c. a specific mechanism of defense in which T cells destroy antigen-bearing cells

Which type of immunity is capable of identifying infected body cells as well as pathogens in the blood because it responds to the presence of specific antigens? a. autoimmunity b. innate immunity c. adaptive immunity

c. adaptive immunity

Select the description of the two treatment options being developed against the influenza virus. a. a multi-dose flu vaccine similar to those administered for HPV and hepatitis b. a broad spectrum antibiotic that treats symptoms after exposure c. antiviral medicines that target various stages of the life cycle of the virus d. a universal flu vaccine that targets core proteins instead of viral spikes

c. antiviral medicines that target various stages of the life cycle of the virus d. a universal flu vaccine that targets core proteins instead of viral spikes

During the adaptive immune response, cytotoxic T cells a. produce memory cells. b. inhibit the progression of the immune response. c. attack and kill other cells. d. produce antibodies.

c. attack and kill other cells.

Which molecule plays the role of a molecular tag during innate immune defense, identifying pathogens for destruction by the immune system? a. histamine b. interleukin c. complement proteins d. cytokines

c. complement proteins

Granzymes are molecules associated with which of the following immune cells? a. memory B cells b. plasma B cells c. cytotoxic T cells d. memory T cells

c. cytotoxic T cells

Adaptive immune responses are activated when a. a complement protein cascade sends a second messenger to the site of T lymphocyte maturation (the thymus). b. tissue is injured or a bone is broken. c. helper T cells recognize the combination of a major-histocompatibility complex and an antigen on the surface of a macrophage.

c. helper T cells recognize the combination of a major-histocompatibility complex and an antigen on the surface of a macrophage.

Because the immune system recognizes influenza's H spikes as antigens, changes in the viral structure create risk at the a. global level. b. individual level. c. individual and population level.

c. individual and population level.

Common antiviral medications like Tamiflu, Rapivab, and Relenza specifically target influenza by a. inhibiting the uncoating of the virus, which would usually release its genetic information into the host cell. b. preventing the virus from attaching to host cells. c. inhibiting the enzyme that usually allows new viruses to exit the host cell.

c. inhibiting the enzyme that usually allows new viruses to exit the host cell.

Differentiate between these two types of immunity by dragging the descriptions of each to the name for that type. innate immunity a. is specific b. targets antigens c. is the body's first response d. has four main categories e. is nonspecific f. has two forms based on the location of antigens

c. is the body's first response d. has four main categories e. is nonspecific

Helper T cells are a. lymphocytes involved in antibody-mediated immunity that recognize both classes of MHC marker. b. lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity that recognize antigen + MHC I markers. c. lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity that recognize antigen + MHC II markers.

c. lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity that recognize antigen + MHC II markers.

Which of these is an example of innate immune defense? a. the production of plasma cells and antibodies b. the transformation of a macrophage into an antigen-presenting cell c. natural killer cells that destroy body cells infected with pathogens

c. natural killer cells that destroy body cells infected with pathogens

Complement proteins are a. small proteins involved in a local response to a pathogen. b. chemical signals that cause fluid to leak from the capillaries near injured tissues. c. protective proteins that can tag pathogens so the immune system recognizes they need to be destroyed.

c. protective proteins that can tag pathogens so the immune system recognizes they need to be destroyed.

Perforin is a(n) a. antiviral protein that inhibits viral replication inside the host cells. b. protein that, once secreted into the extracellular fluid, contributes to the inflammatory response. c. protein that, once inserted into the target cell's membrane. forms channels through the membrane. d. antibacterial protein that destroys bacterial cell walls.

c. protein that, once inserted into the target cell's membrane. forms channels through the membrane.

Cytotoxic T cells a. bind to target cells to inhibit replication of invading cells. b. engulf target cells and produce defensins and oxidizing agents that destroy them. c. recognize targets by their antigens, bind to and directly destroy them. d. secrete antibodies used to destroy target cells.

c. recognize targets by their antigens, bind to and directly destroy them.

Cell-mediated immunity serves which immune function? a. nonspecific protection from all foreign invaders b. targeted destruction of pathogens freely moving in the blood or interstitial fluids c. targeted destruction of cells in the body that are infected with a pathogen and display an antigen specific to that pathogen

c. targeted destruction of cells in the body that are infected with a pathogen and display an antigen specific to that pathogen

Which of these is an example of an innate immune defense? a. the activation of T cells to target antigens within cells. b. B lymphocytes targeting antigens in the blood an interstitial fluids. c. the body's initial inflammatory response to injury

c. the body's initial inflammatory response to injury

Antigenic shift is a process that occurs when a. minor changes occur in the surface H and N spikes. b. influenza invades a novel host, such as a fish or reptile. c. two different forms of the influenza virus infect the same host cell, which reproduces elements of both virus to create a new form.

c. two different forms of the influenza virus infect the same host cell, which reproduces elements of both virus to create a new form.

Which of these are usually targeted by the immune system? a. Cancer cells b. White blood cells c. Cytotoxic T cells d. Bacteria and viruses

d. Bacteria and viruses

Perforins are secreted by ______ cells and function by ______. a. T cytotoxic, preventing viral replication b. T helper, preventing viral replication c. T helper, making a hole in the membrane of targeted cells d. T cytotoxic, making a hole in the membrane of the target cell

d. T cytotoxic, making a hole in the membrane of the target cell

B lymphocytes produce __ that can bind specific __. a. pathogens; antigens b. antigens; antibodies c. pathogens; antibodies d. antibodies; antigens

d. antibodies; antigens

Which of these helps the immune system to distinguish the body's own cells from foreign cells, like pathogens? a. histamines b. phospholipids c. hormones d. glycoproteins

d. glycoproteins

What is the function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response? a. aid in blood clotting, causing pressure to build and create inflammation b. release histamine, causing fluid leakage from capillaries c. produce antibodies, which bind to antigens d. remove dead cells, wound debris, and pathogens via phagocytosis

d. remove dead cells, wound debris, and pathogens via phagocytosis

Antigenic _____ is a mechanism of influenza evolution that causes changes to the spikes on the viral surface.

drift

Produce antibodies that target specific antigens a. neutrophils b. natural killer cells (NK cells) c. macrophages d. dendritic cells e. B lymphocytes f. T lymphocytes

e. B lymphocytes

Antiviral drugs a. eliminate susceptible host cells. b. inhibit viral recognition of host cells. c. eliminate viable viruses from the body. d. stimulate the body to produce antibodies against viruses. e. keep the virus from multiplying inside host cells by interfering with the viral life cycle.

e. keep the virus from multiplying inside host cells by interfering with the viral life cycle.

Target cells that have been infected by a specific pathogen a. neutrophils b. natural killer cells (NK cells) c. macrophages d. dendritic cells e. B lymphocytes f. T lymphocytes

f. T lymphocytes

Molecules called _____ enter a target cell via holes produced by perforin, inducing programmed cell death.

granzymes

The type of T cell that activates cytotoxic T cells during cell-mediated immune responses is called a _____ T cell.

helper

During the inflammatory response, a chemical signal called _____ increases capillary permeability and causes fluid to be released in the area of a wound.

histamine

Because it includes the body's external barriers and cellular and chemical mechanisms that add general protection against pathogens, _____ immunity is also referred to as nonspecific immunity.

innate

The immune system works closely with the _____ system to protect the body from pathogens.

lymphatic

Antigenic _____ is a mechanism by which the flu virus may evolve in such a way that slows the ability of the immune system to react, threatening widespread outbreak.

shift

A new form of the flu could appear via antigenic _____ in animal hosts like pigs and birds, or via _____ antigenic caused when mutations alter the viral spikes.

shift drift