Principles of Biology

Distinguish between the three domains of life.

1)Archaea are Unicellular prokaryotes and archaea can be found in enviorments that are too hostile for other life forms. 2)Bacteria are unicellular and they are found anywhere on the planet earth and some bacteria cause diseases but many are beneficial 3)Eukaryotes are membrane bound nucleus, and domain eukaryotes are catzgorized by four kingdoms (protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)

1. Identify the basic characteristics of life.

1)Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth. 2)Earth possesses a great variety of diverse life forms 3)All living things have certain characteristics in common.

Describe how living things are classified.

1)Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities. 2)Systematics is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms.

Which of the following statements best describes ATP?

ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups.

Which is true about the energy of activation?

Adding the correct enzyme can lower the energy of activation.

After eating some yogurt from a container you store it overnight in the refrigerator. A day later you return and find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquefied products. You correctly guess that enzymes from your saliva, via the spoon, have continued digesting the yogurt in your absence. What will happen over time?

As long as the enzyme is not denatured by environmental conditions, the reaction will continue until all of the substrate is used up.

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

C6H12O6 (glucose) is an organic molecule because it contains both carbon and hydrogen.

How does caffeine influence metabolic pathways?

Caffeine increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates.

Which of the following statements best describes the effects of caffeine on the body?

Caffeine is considered a psychoactive drug because it changes brain function.

The flow of energy II Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.

Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity?

Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be changed from one form to another.

Which of the following statements is true regarding energy drinks?

Energy drinks claim to increase energy levels, mental awareness, and reduce muscle fatigue.

Which of the following statements is true concerning how energy drinks work?

Energy drinks contain vitamins which are known to interact with cellular respiration pathways, helping provide energy.

Describe homeostasis and the negative and positive feedback loop.

Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback loops within the organism. In contrast, positive feedback loops push the organism further out of homeostasis, but may be necessary for life to occur. Homeostasis is controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems in mammals.

List the different types of bonds that occur between elements.

Ionic Bonding-electrons are exchanged between molecules Covalent Bonding-electrons are shared by two molecules Hydrogen Bonding-the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and another molecule

Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.

Distinguish between the levels of biological organization in their proper order.

Organisms Organs system Organs Tissues Cells Molecules Atoms

Which of the following statements is true regarding alternate fuels for energy production within the body?

Proteins and lipids generate less ATP energy than glucose but can enter into different cellular respiration pathways.

Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?

Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.

Define how protons, neutrons, and electrons relate to atomic structure.

Protons and Neutrons make up the nucleus Electrons orbit the nucleus. # Electrons = # Protons Number of neutrons can vary (isotopes)

Which of the following statements best describe the way molecules move across a plasma membrane?

Small, uncharged molecules pass through the plasma membrane easily.

Which of the following statements is true?

The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate.

Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules. However, while starch is easily digested by humans, cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has bonds occurring below the sugar rings, while the bonds in cellulose alternate above the ring and below the next ring. How can you explain humans' inability to digest cellulose?

The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.

Describe how variations in an atomic nucleus account for its physical properties.

The number of protons inside the nucleus decides how many electrons will move around the atom. The groups of the periodic table denote how many electrons will be on the valence shell.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

How are lipids different from other categories of biological molecules?

They will not combine with water.

Which of the following statements is true about vitamins?

Vitamins are molecules that assist enzymes in chemical reactions or assist in energy-related pathways.

List the properties of water.

Water has a high heat capacity Water has a high heat of vaporization Water is a solvent Water molecules are cohesive and adhesive Water has a high surface tension Frozen water is less dense than liquid water

An energy drink that is marketed towards athletes promises to boost endurance, decrease muscle fatigue, and promote recovery. It contains caffeine, B vitamins, taurine, malic acid, and phenylalanine. Is this claim plausible?

Yes. These substances have been shown to have benefits including increased athletic performance, increased energy, and the production of proteins in the body.

Describe how buffers are important to living organisms.

a chemical substance that helps maintain a relatively constant pH in a solution

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

absorb nutrients

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

absorption of water

The relative number of mitochondria in a cell would be a general indicator of the extent of _____ occurring within that cell.

active transport

In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?

amino acid—protein

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?

amylase and maltase

Which is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy?

an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules

Cellular respiration involves all of the following except

breathing in and out.

Energy drink ingredients II Of the following list of ingredients in an energy drink, which is the most likely to provide a burst of energy?

caffeine

Of the following list of ingredients of an energy drink, which is likely the biggest contributor to the boost of energy felt?

caffeine

The tagline of an energy drink states that the drink will provide a burst of energy that is long lasting, without the jitters. Which of the following would not be found in the drink?

caffeine

List and give a brief description of each of the organic molecules essential to life.

carbohydrates- are sugars found in the food we eat lipids- better known as fats, come in different forms in your body and contain the most energy of all the organic compounds. proteins-Building blocks called amino acids make up proteins. nucleic acids-The nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. They make the proteins that are present in almost every structure and perform almost every function in your body.

Biomolecules Select the correct association.

carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy

Which of the following is a function of the liver?

detoxifies blood by filtering poisonous substances

A student sitting in the back row opened a bottle of foul-smelling perfume and dabbed it on her wrists. One by one (beginning from the back of the room) the students began to cough due to the foul smell. This phenomena was due to

diffusion

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

enzymatic activity

Which process is responsible for moving bulk cellular wastes across the cell membrane?

exocytosis

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following is not likely to be found in large quantities in an energy drink?

fats

Which of the following is responsible for the storage of extra bile, used to aid in the digestion of fats?

gallbladder

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.

Which of the following is a likely physiological effect of caffeine ingestion?

increased metabolic rate

Coenzymes function to

interact directly with enzymes, either enabling the reaction to occur or making the substrate-enzyme interaction more efficient.

In humans, what is the sequence of fat digestion from the lumen of the small intestine to the bloodstream?

lipids → fatty acid and glycerol (converted in epithelial cell) → lacteal → bloodstream

Which is a correct association of mitochondrion structure and phase of cellular respiration?

matrix—citric acid cycle

Starch digestion begins in the _____ and protein digestion begins in the _____.

mouth; stomach

Which of the following is an example of a B vitamin?

niacin

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

nucleotides forming DNA

Identify common acidic and basic substances.

pH 0-7 is acidic because pH 7 is neutral conditions pH 7-14 is basic because

The principal role for sugars in living organisms is to

provide a source of cellular energy for work.

Which of the following processes would be most directly impacted from a lack of niacin in the body?

the movement of high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in

two monomers.