PSY 100
The endocrine system is the body's _____ system
"slow" chemical communication
Which correlation coefficient might one expect between scores on a social skills questionnaire and number of Facebook friends? Assume that high scores on the questionnaire indicate higher social skills.
0.44
Olivia and Abigail are sisters. Olivia began walking when she was 10 months old. Their mother can expect Abigail to begin walking at _____ months.
10
Twenty-five-year-old Jonah is wondering whether his rate of sperm cell production is within the normal range. For a man his age, his doctor will MOST likely tell him that the average rate of production is about _____ sperm per second.
1000
Children's anxiety over parental separation peaks around _____ months of age.
13
During intercourse, approximately _____ million sperm are released.
250
Based on information provided in the textbook, a blood test can reveal an embryo's sex as early as _____ weeks after conception.
7
Milton has been having considerable trouble with his short-term memory. His family has noticed a number of mistakes Milton has been making, such as leaving doors unlocked, getting lost in the neighborhood, and forgetting family members' names. It appears that his _____-producing neurons are deteriorating.
ACh
Which statement BEST represents hindsight bias?
After physicians are given case information and an autopsy report, they are very likely to presume that they could have figured out the cause of death with the case information alone
Here are some recently reported correlations, with interpretations drawn by journalists. Knowing just these correlations, can you come up with other possible explanations for each of these?
Alcohol use is associated with violence. (One interpretation: Drinking triggers or unleashes aggressive behavior.)
A lesion in this part of the brain would MOST likely result in a disruption of language expression.
Broca's
_____ development is to Piaget as moral development is to _____.
Cognitive; Kohlberg
This famous experiment involving raising monkeys with two artificial mothers was conducted by:
Harry and Margaret Harlow.
Behavior genetics
How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
Which of these represents a hypothesis implied by the theory that hunger improves intellectual performance?
Hungry adults will score higher on a math test than adults who are not hungry
Mary and Bob are both drinking alcohol. Knowing that alcohol affects men and women differently, which statement is accurate?
Mary will get drunk faster than Bob will.
A theory simplifies things by:
Organizing isolated facts
Which statement BEST expresses the relationship among the concepts of hindsight bias, common sense, and overconfidence?
Overconfidence and hindsight are examples of flaws in commonsense thinking
The importance of schemas was MOST clearly highlighted by _____ and his cognitive development theory.
Piaget
Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
How is psychology a science?
Psychology's findings, based on an empirical approach, are the result of careful observation and testing. Sifting sense from nonsense requires a scientific attitude.
Hailey is babysitting her 2-year-old nephew for the first time. While her back is turned, he touches his index finger to the pan she just took out of the oven. He pulls his finger away quickly, and a few seconds later begins to scream. Why does it take longer for him to scream than to pull away his finger?
The hand-withdrawal reflex involves only the spinal cord, so it takes time before the information about pain reaches the brain
Which quality would researchers in psychology ascribe to good theories?
They should organize observations
_____ proposed that children learn by internalizing their culture's language and relying on internal speech.
Vygotsky
Knowing that two events are correlated provides
a basis for prediction
After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of
accomodation
The endocrine glands that play an important role in helping us respond to stress are the _____ glands
adrenal
With respect to the endocrine system, _____ gland is to epinephrine as _____ gland is to oxytocin
adrenal; pituitary
In defending their experimental research with animals, psychologists have noted that
all of these statements are correct -animals' physiology and behavior can tell us much about our own -animal experimentation sometimes helps animals as well as humans -animals are fascinating creatures and worthy of study
Which drugs are powerfully addictive chemicals that stimulate the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes and that, over time, appear to reduce baseline dopamine levels?
amphetamines
A weak correlation is BEST defined as one whose correlation:
approaches 0.00
The regions of the parietal lobes that are involved in mathematical and spatial reasoning are known as _____ areas.
association
Timothy has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has mostly auditory hallucinations. When he is experiencing a hallucination his _____ cortex is active.
auditory
Timothy has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has mostly auditory hallucinations. When he is experiencing such a hallucination his _____ is active.
auditory cortex
Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without question, and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not. In Baumrind's terms, Joan's parents are:
authoritarian
Which term is NOT matched with the correct social development concept?
avoidant-parenting style
Dr. Woodley's patient suffered a blow to the head. Dr. Woodley is concerned that the patient may have suffered damage to the occipital lobe. The blow MOST likely landed on the _____ of the patient's head.
back
Maturation refers mainly to _____ development.
biological
The topic of maturation is MOST likely to arise in a conversation concerning _____ development.
biological
Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Brooks is MOST clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.
biopsychosocial
The correct order of the feedback system that reveals the intimate connection of the nervous and endocrine systems is:
brain, pituitary gland, other glands, hormones, and body and brain
The _____ is the place where most nerves connected to the brain link with the opposite side of the body
brainstem
Nerves are:
bundles of axons
Most of psychologists' early knowledge about the brain came from
case studies of individuals who had suffered injuries or strokes
Dr. Gigliotti is conducting a detailed examination of a patient with dissociative identity disorder. Dr. Gigliotti is undertaking:
case study
The only way to demonstrate _____ is to conduct an experiment rather than a correlational study.
cause and effect
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her:
cerebellum
Katie prides herself on her ability to spot errors in continuity in movies and television shows. A few minutes ago, she pointed out that a wineglass was nearly empty in one frame, then full in the next. Most people fail to spot these errors in continuity because of:
change blindness
Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are called _____ rhythms.
circadian
Dr. Maida examines the brain activity that accompanies mathematical problem solving. Dr. Maida is BEST described as a(n):
cognitive neuroscientist
Awareness of oneself and one's environment is referred to as:
consciousness
Philip Vogel and Joseph Bogen were able to reduce seizure activity in epileptic patients by severing the:
corpus callosum
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called _____.
creativity
How does critical thinking feed a scientific attitude, and smarter thinking for everyday life?
critical thinking puts ideas to the test by examining assumptions, appraising the source, discerning hidden biases, evaluating evidence, and assessing conclusions
This bushy, branching extension of a neuron receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body
dendrite
Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. To which category of psychoactive drugs do they belong?
depressants
The study of continuity and change over the life span is the subject of the field of _____ psychology.
developmental
In the short term, alcohol might appear to be a stimulant. However, this is only due to the _____ properties of alcohol.
disinhibiting
Methamphetamine is to Ecstasy as _____ is to _____.
dopamine; serotonin
The division of the visual system into a visual perception track and a visual action track illustrates the concept of:
dual processing
Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs _____ in life and adult independence begins _____ in life.
early; later
Which term is matched with the correct social development concept?
easy-temperament
Mike is watching a Disney movie with his son, Jason. Jason likes the movie so much that he becomes excited and stands in front of the television. Mike asks Jason to move so that Mike can see the television. Jason does not move, he is demonstrating:
egocentrism
Naturalistic observation entails:
examining behaviors in the setting in which they typically occur
To explain behaviors and clarify cause and effect, psychologists use ___.
experiments
From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural network is sprouting MOST rapidly in the _____ lobes.
frontal
Maria had a stroke last year. Although she can remember many things from her childhood, she is unable to remember what she just ate for breakfast. It is MOST likely that the stroke caused damage to her _____ lobes.
frontal
If a researcher is interested in measuring both the structure and function of the brain, which technique might one recommend?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called:
gender typing
___ ___refers to our tendency to perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact.
hindsight bias
Social-cultural
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
Psychodynamic
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Neuroscience
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
Evolutionary
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
Cognitive
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Behavioral
how we learn observable responses
Theory-based predictions are called ___.
hypotheses
A ____ is a prediction that is testable
hypothesis
Ten-year-old Janelle is sad. She is crying. Her older brother looks at her and then continues watching television. He may be showing signs of:
impaired theory of mind
A researcher wants to determine whether noise level affects workers' blood pressure. In one group, she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participants' blood pressure. In this experiment, the level of noise is the ___ ___.
independent variable
If a researcher is studying different approaches to dieting to determine which is the most effective for weight loss, the experimenter's manipulation of dieting is the:
independent variable
"Eureka! I've got it!" That sudden awareness of the path toward a problem's solution is called:
insight
Freud's ideas of love and work correspond to Erikson's stages of:
intimacy and generativity
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought is called _____.
intuition
Women are more vulnerable to alcohol than men are because women:
lack an enzyme in their stomachs that helps metabolize alcohol.
Hemispheric specialization is known as:
lateralization
Wernicke's area and Broca's area are both located in the:
left hemisphere
Research with split-brain patients suggests that the _____ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.
left-cerebral hemisphere
In _____, a strong magnet is used to produce scans that allow scientists to distinguish among different types of soft tissue in the brain.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
The fertile female theory is an evolutionary account of:
male homosexuality
Like infants all over the world, Jonah could sit before he could stand, and stand before he could walk. This orderly sequence of motor milestones reflects:
maturation
The _____ is responsible for heartbeat and breathing.
medulla
Emily has epilepsy. Based on the textbook's discussion of neurotransmitters, Emily should avoid foods made with:
monosodium glutamate
Prefixes such as un-, pre-, and re- are examples of:
morphemes
Which of the following is NOT one of the descriptive methods psychologists use to observe and describe behavior?
naturalistic observation
Which research method is BEST for observing and recording behavior in various environments without trying to control the situation?
naturalistic observation
Dr. Towne believes that genetics is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that experiences are primarily responsible for personality traits. The two psychologists are on different sides of the _____ debate.
nature and nurture
Dr. Wiley studies the interaction between our inheritance and our experience, which he also calls the _____ issue when he lectures to his students.
nature and nurture
A _____ correlation coefficient indicates an inverse relationship between two variables.
negative
A study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain medication they require during childbirth. This finding can be stated as a ___ (positive/negative) correlation.
negative
In a double-blind procedure,
neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the experimental group or control group
New neurons are formed in the brain on a daily basis, a process known as _____.
neurogenesis
A description of a property in concrete, measurable terms is a(n):
operational definition
A good _____ for aggression may be the number of times one rat bites another rat.
operational definition
Dr. Aba is conducting a study to see whether there is a relationship between birth order and shyness. To assess participants' shyness, Dr. Aba uses a questionnaire: a score of 0-5 on the questionnaire indicates extreme shyness; 6-10, moderate shyness; 11-15, normal shyness; 16-20, moderate lack of shyness; and 21-25, extreme lack of shyness. This use of the questionnaire establishes a(n) _____ of shyness.
operational definition
At the beginning of the school year, experts were asked to predict a variety of world events (for example, the province of Quebec separating from Canada). The experts reported being 80 percent confident in their predictions. However, their predictions were correct only 40 percent of the time. This result reflects a flaw in thinking called _____.
overconfidence
People cannot rely solely on common sense because they tend to think they know more than they really do, which is referred to as:
overconfidence
_____ is one phenomenon that illustrates why one should NOT rely on intuition and common sense when trying to explain why people act, think, and feel the way they do.
overconfidence
Mike and Carla find that the closer their relationship becomes, the more sexual satisfaction they experience. This is due to:
overlapping brain reward regions
To test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to control and experimental groups. Those in the control group take a pill that contains no medication. This pill is a ___ .
placebo
A baby's ability to comprehend speech is known as receptive language; his or her ability to speak is known as:
productive language
The surge of the hormone _____ that follows orgasm is not as great when orgasm is achieved alone as opposed to with a loved one.
prolactin
Matching new items to a(n) _____ provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into existing mental categories.
prototype
Substances that produce changes in perception, emotion, thinking, or behavior are called _____ drugs.
psychoactive
Recall psychology's current theoretical perspectives, described in Chapter 1 of the textbook. Which perspective is probably LEAST relevant to the understanding of sexual orientation?
psychodynamic
Which response is NOT an effect of sympathetic nervous system activation?
pupil constriction
Dr. Comeaux decides to conduct a survey of her class to determine whether the number of breaks is sufficient for a three-hour class period. She assigns each of her 40 students a number and arbitrarily selects 20 using a computer program. Using the language of research methodology, Dr. Comeaux's sample is both a representative and a(n) _____ sample.
random
The laboratory environment is designed to
re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions
As adults age, they show the greatest declines in the memory capacities needed to _____ information.
recall recently presented meaningless
Marco scored extremely high on his third mathematics exam, well above his earlier scores. He was disappointed to see his grade on the fourth mathematics test, as it was pretty typical of previous scores. This is an example of:
regression towards the mean
For your survey, you need to establish a group of people who represent the country's entire adult population. To do this, you will need to question a ___ sample of the population.
representative
Your textbook uses a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, and _____.
review
Margaret suffered from a stroke over six months ago. She lost the ability to recognize faces and the ability to move her left arm and leg. She went through physical therapy to regain the use of her left arm and leg. While she is now able to walk with the use of a cane and can do many things with her left arm, she still has problems recognizing faces and is often unable to recognize her own children and grandchildren. Her stroke MOST likely impacted which part of her brain?
right temporal lobe
Random _____ ensures that a sample is representative of the population. Random _____ ensures that participant characteristics are equivalent across groups.
sampling; assignment
The _____ method is a self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature's answers.
scientific
Three-year-old Ross happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves and then returns, he will return periodically to her side for brief moments. Ross MOST clearly displays signs of _____ attachment.
secure
The peripheral nervous system consists of _____ and motor neurons.
sensory
Petra is watching her favorite television program and sees a commercial for a new medication. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. "Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Venlafaxine extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression." These two neurotransmitters are _____ and _____.
serotonin; norepinephrine
Dr. Hauser is a neurosurgeon working with patients who have major epileptic seizures. What might Dr. Hauser do to help reduce his patients' seizures?
sever the corpus callosum
Compared to messages delivered by the nervous system, messages delivered by the endocrine system are:
slower to arrive and longer lasting
Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.
stability and change
Which method is MOST closely associated with the use of questionnaires or interviews?
survey
Gabe's wife wakes him from his peaceful slumber to tell him she heard a noise. As he slowly gets up to investigate, his heart begins to race, his mouth is dry, and he begins to sweat. Clearly his _____ nervous system has been activated.
sympathetic
Adjacent neurons are separated by the _____ gap.
synaptic
Santiago Ramón y Cajal referred to _____ gaps as "protoplasmic kisses."
synaptic
_____ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
syntax
A neighbor is 5 months pregnant and still smoking about a pack of cigarettes a day. Perhaps she is unaware that nicotine is a _____ for the fetus of a mother who smokes heavily. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. depressant
teratogen
A political rally erupts in violence, seriously injuring a number of attendees. An editorial columnist writes that city officials should have realized the violence would occur. "All the signs were there," the columnist notes. This belief MOST clearly illustrates hindsight bias, otherwise known as:
the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
What are the three key elements of the scientific attitude, and how do they support scientific inquiry?
the scientific attitude equips us to be curious, skeptical, and humble in scrutinizing competing ideas or our own observations.
Through continued usage, an individual's brain may adapt to compensate for the effects of a drug. This adaptation is called:
tolerance
Which option is NOT a withdrawal symptom associated with nicotine?
weight loss
