PSY 100GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Unit 2

Because 14-year-old George believes that crying is a feminine trait, he has difficulty admitting that a movie makes him tearful. His experience best illustrates dynamics highlighted by:

gender schema theory.

In classical conditioning, an event that naturally and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

unconditioned stimulus.

Whereas classical conditioning involves the conditioning of involuntary behavior; operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior.

voluntary

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the neutral stimulus that after conditioning became the conditioned stimulus was a:

white rat

William Masters and Virginia Johnson began their human sexual response research in the:

1960s.

Respondent behavior is to operant behavior as _____ is to _____.

automatic; deliberate

_____ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus 50 percent of the time.

Absolute threshold

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

Albert Bandura; observational learning

Based on the textbook's discussion, which statement is true with respect to asexual people?

Asexual people masturbate nearly as often as other people do.

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when people see lightning, they often anticipate that they will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

Classical

Christy's 17-year-old nephew seems to take a lot of risks compared with his sister. How would an evolutionary psychologist explain the difference between Christy's niece and nephew?

Females are attracted to males who appear healthy and bold, which encourages males to behave this way.

Nadine hears a television talk show guest remark, "A baby's mother provides it with food, and that's the basis for attachment." Nadine immediately realizes that this statement is false because she is familiar with:

Harlow's work with monkeys.

Jason is a 25-year-old gay man who is interested in why he is gay and his two older brothers are not. Which statement might be a partial explanation?

He was exposed in utero to hormone levels typically experienced by female fetuses.

Jeff's psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of his relatives that indicate learning. Which example should be included on his list?

Jeff's little brother whines whenever he wants something.

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner are known for their study of:

Little Albert fear conditioning

From an evolutionary perspective, which phrase BEST captures how men and women mate?

Men pair widely; women pair wisely.

In a study on aggression, a group of college students are given an experimental task intended to be purposely frustrating. Then, the participants are given a task that forces them to administer (fake) electric shocks to another participant. Given what is known about gender differences and aggression, what should the researchers expect?

Men will administer more painful electric shocks.

According to B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning principles, which is NOT an effective way to change the behavior of others?

Model or demonstrate the desired behavior.

Pauline is learning how to play badminton. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving the birdie while Pauline patiently watches. Pauline then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. This is an example of _____ learning.

Observational

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Pavlov.

Piaget.

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

Probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day.

Sensory adaptation helps people:

Sensory adaptation helps people:

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior?

She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.

Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "An introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is MOST likely titled:

The Psychology of Learning.

Lee is an 8-month-old infant who is already walking and even running around his house. What would his pediatrician likely say to Lee's parents?

This is actually rare as most babies do not start walking until around their first birthday.

Which statement BEST expresses the essence of bottom-up processing?

We see what is there.

Baby May is 12 months of age. Which statement is an example of the MOST sophisticated ability of which May is probably capable?

When her mother turns to look at the television screen, May can also turn and look at the screen.

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she use to support her position?

When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior. They simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place.

A psychologist has a limited budget for research, so she needs to focus on a small sample of individuals who are the most likely to develop alcohol use disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Given what is known about gender differences, which group would the researcher choose?

a group of adult males

Which of these men would be considered the MOST attractive to women based on the evolutionary theory of sexual attraction?

a tall, fit 40-year-old man driving an expensive car

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:

accommodation.

In classical conditioning _____ is associating events where the conditioned stimulus announces the unconditioned stimulus, whereas in operant conditioning it is associating a response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher).

acquisition

"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as highway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground-floor apartment. "I don't even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange BEST exemplifies the concept of sensory:

adaptation

The topic of maturation is MOST likely to arise in a conversation concerning _____ development.

biological

Humans have the MOST brain cells they will ever have at:

birth.

Because of cataracts, a neighbor was deprived of visual experiences during early childhood. Last year, her vision was restored by surgery but she is having difficulty in dealing with the visual world. This is probably because:

brain cells normally devoted to vision died or were diverted to other uses.

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:

children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded.

When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:

conditioning

Five-year-old Oliver complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Oliver's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making him happy, as he believed the pizza had become larger. Oliver lacks the concept of _____.

conservation

Sandra is a 21-year-old college student who is unsure how her current relationship will be affected if she chooses to wait until marriage to be sexually active. A psychology researcher would tell her:

couples who wait until they are deeply committed have the best sex lives.

In an experiment described in the textbook, bar patrons preferred the taste of vinegar-laced beer in a glass labeled "MIT brew" to the taste of identical beer served in an unlabeled glass. Taste preference is a(n) _____ variable in this study.

dependent

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is MOST likely that Dr. Matsuko is a _____ psychologist.

developmental

Christine is bisexual, single, and looking. At a party, she meets Kendrick, an attractive man, and Kara, an attractive woman. All else being equal, Christine is MOST likely to be sexually and romantically interested in:

either Kara or Kendrick, or both.

Sabrina's genital areas have become engorged with blood and her vagina expands and secretes lubricant as her breast and nipples enlarge from her boyfriend's caresses. She is in the _____ phase.

excitement

In one study described in the textbook, infants with difficult temperaments were randomly assigned to either a condition in which their mothers received sensitivity training or a condition in which their mothers received no training. In this study, infants whose mothers received sensitivity training were in the _____ group.

experimental

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that:

he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.

Some baby animals form a rigid attachment known as:

imprinting.

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which process does NOT apply to both types of learning?

involuntary responses to stimuli

A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial, he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. Having developed a cognitive map, his speed through the maze increases dramatically. This is an example of _____ learning.

latent

Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient incentive to do so is called _____ learning.

latent

As compared with the time they spend in school, children in developed nations spend _____ time watching television.

more

Dr. Towne believes that genetics is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that experiences are primarily responsible for personality traits. The two psychologists are on different sides of the _____ debate.

nature and nurture

A game of peekaboo with his dad excites William during the first six months of his life because William actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because William lacks _____.

object permanence

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when Don selects either the A or B choices. Don continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning.

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon, the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of:

operant conditioning.

Mike and Carla find that the closer their relationship becomes, the more sexual satisfaction they experience. This is due to:

overlapping brain reward regions.

The famous Bobo doll study showed that:

performance of a behavior was affected by the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment.

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment.

Preoperational children know that objects exist even when they are not visible. They can also:

pretend that one object is another.

Lana cannot recognize faces. She has to fake knowing or recognizing people she has already met. Lana MOST likely suffers from:

prosopagnosia.

Checking the computer for a change in a friend's status update is generally reinforced on a(n) _____ schedule.

ratio

An employee attempts to isolate a rival through a campaign of misinformation. This example illustrates _____ aggression.

relational

The correct order of the stages of the sexual response cycle is excitement, plateau, orgasm, and _____.

resolution

When subjects look at a picture of the Moon's surface, some of them report seeing a human face. This is due to:

schemas.

Detection is to interpretation as _____ is to _____.

sensation; perception

Barbara stubbed her toe last night. It hurt and all day today she has been aware of her toe. She says, "This is so weird. I usually don't think about my toe." Barbara's typical unawareness of her toe BEST reflects:

sensory adaptation.

In both classical and operant conditioning the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response is called:

spontaneous recovery.

Dr. Babineaux asks a sample of 8-year-old children to complete measures of several personality traits. When the same children are 16 years old, she asks them to complete measures of the same traits. Dr. Babineaux then computes correlations between the two sets of measures. Her results are MOST relevant to the _____ issues.

stability and change

Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.

stability; stability and change

All else being equal, which sequence correctly orders straight men, straight women, and gay men with respect to their average performance on mental rotation tasks, from lowest performance to highest performance?

straight women, gay men, straight men

Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as:

the theory of mind.

Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, what is the MOST helpful thing a person can do for a frightened infant or child?

touch or hold the child

Janice opens her eyes in the morning to see a photograph by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:

transduction

The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of:

transduction.