PSY 230 Quiz Questions

Which of the following is an association claim? "A majority of Americans like dogs." "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time." "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners."

"Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."

Plagiarism can occur when using a string of _____ or more words from the original source. -3 -5 -1

3

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards. -5, 10 -3, 10 -3, 8 -3, 5

5, 10

How long can the keywords of the running head be in an APA-style research report? -50 characters -50 letters -50 words

50 characters

A Type I error is known as which of the following? -A missed opportunity -A false negative -A near miss -A false positive

A false positive

As part of an assignment for his Introduction to Psychology class, Gilbert has to read a journal article, summarize it, and compare it to what is reported in his textbook. Gilbert selects the article "Effects of Severe Daily Events on Mood," Stone & Neale (1984). Assuming that the article is written in accordance with APA style guidelines, what is the correct order of sections Gilbert should expect to find in this article? -Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, Abstract, Reference list -Abstract, Introduction, Results, Method, Discussion, Reference list -Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, Reference list -Abstract, Method, Results, Introduction, Discussion, Reference list

Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, Reference list

Where should references be placed in an APA-style research report? -At the bottom of the page on which the work is cited -After tables and figures -After the Discussion section

After the Discussion section

Which of the following terms should not be used to describe a nonexperimental finding or correlation? -Causes -Correlates -Associates

Causes

Which of the following people will likely NOT find it important to be a consumer of psychological research professionally? -Human resource managers -High school teachers -Sales representatives -Gardeners

Gardeners

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Dr. Kang can make a causal claim that "emotion enhances memory" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: -Dr. Kang treated Groups A and B identically except for the emotional word content -There is a numeric difference between Groups A and B -He used a large number of participants -Reading the words occurred before recalling the words

He used a large number of participants

Tyler tells you about an article he read that claims processed meats cause cancer. You tell him, "Oh, well, I expected that to be the case already." What flaw in thinking are you exhibiting? -Better-than-average effect -Hindsight bias -Overconfidence phenomenon

Hindsight bias

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. The students are not aware that they were participating in the study until the end of the quarter. What standard of Ethical Standard 8 does this violate? -Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants -Offering Inducements for Research Participation -Institutional Approval -Informed Consent to Research

Informed Consent to Research

An independent variable is one that: -Is manipulated -Has one level -Is measured -Is kept constant

Is manipulated

A dependent variable is one that: -Is measured -Is manipulated -Is kept constant -Has one level

Is measured

Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources? -It is free. -It searches only sources in psychology and related fields. -It can be done on any computer. -It searches research scientists' websites.

It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions? -First page of the article -First page of the Method section -Last paragraph of the Results section -Last paragraph of the introduction

Last paragraph of the introduction

What is the predictor variable in Caitlyn's study? -This is an experimental design that does not, therefore, have a predictor variable. -Level of tolerance toward transgendered people -Level of exposure to transgendered people

Level of exposure to transgendered people

What is the criterion variable in Caitlyn's study? -Level of exposure to transgendered people. -This is an experimental design that does not, therefore, have a criterion variable. -Level of tolerance toward transgendered people.

Level of tolerance toward transgendered people.

Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? -Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. -Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease. -Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not. -Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.

Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? Participants were from a disadvantaged social group. Participants were not treated by actual doctors. Participants were not treated respectfully. Participants were harmed.

Participants were not treated by actual doctors.

Since your Sociology professor normally administers a pop quiz on Mondays, not Fridays, you decide to go to the movies instead of studying on Thursday night. What mental shortcut best describes why you make this decision? -Better-than-average effect -Representativeness heuristic -Availability heuristic

Representativeness heuristic

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? -The availability heuristic -Cherry-picking of evidence -Confirmatory hypothesis testing -Overconfidence

The availability heuristic

When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues? -The number of people negatively affected vs. the number of people positively affected. -The costs of conducting the study vs. the benefits gained by the researcher. -The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain. -The type of people negatively affected vs. the type of people positively affected.

The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain.

All of the following are true of IRBs in the United States EXCEPT: -They must have at least five members -They are mandated by federal law -They must have a psychologist as a member -They can be found in settings other than colleges and universities

They must have a psychologist as a member

Which of the following shows the correct APA-style format for the title of a book? -__Title_of_book__. -Title of book. -Title of Book.

Title of book.

After reading about Harlow's contact comfort theory, Dr. Borden wonders if these findings would apply to touch and cuddling speeding up weight gain in premature babies in the neonatal intensive care unit. He designs a study to test this idea. What type of research is Dr. Borden's study? -translational research -predictive research -applied research -basic research

Translational Study

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read? -What is the argument? and What is the evidence to support the argument? -What were the methods? and What are the results? -What is the hypothesis? and What are the explanations? -What research exists on this topic? and What research needs to be conducted to answer the question?

What is the argument? and What is the evidence to support the argument?

Reading the news on the Internet, Johan comes across the headline, "When Stress is Increased, Men Rush Ahead, Women More Cautious." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Lighthall et al., 2011.) In this study, men and women were asked to perform a decision task as many times as possible in a set period, in either a stressed or unstressed condition. In the unstressed condition, men and women performed similarly. However, in the stressed condition, the number of decision tasks performed by men increased while the number performed by women decreased. In this study, the number of decision tasks performed is best described as which of the following? -a measured variable -a constant -a manipulated variable -a level of a variable

a measured variable

Which of the following is an example of basic research? -a study investigating whether children of divorced parents are more likely to be divorced themselves -a study investigating whether children learn more quickly with a new instructional method -a study investigating the effectiveness of a new treatment for depression -a study investigating whether a memory-enhancing strategy found to improve recall in the lab also helps third graders learn multiplication

a study investigating whether children of divorced parents are more likely to be divorced themselves

Research using animals must be approved by _______________. -an Institutional Review Board (IRB) -People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) -the American Psychological Association (APA) -an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Hilda is studying the effects of a major natural disaster on people living nearby. She finds that many of the victims are depressed and show stress-related symptoms. Why can't Hilda conclude that the natural disaster caused the depression and stress-related symptoms? -because she doesn't have a comparison group -because she doesn't have a theory -because she hasn't done enough background research -because she is relying on intuition

because she doesn't have a comparison group

A recent headline read, "School Lunches Make Kids Fat." The article cited a study comparing children at two schools. The school with the lower obesity rate had few children who ate school lunches (lunch provided by the school). The other school had a greater percentage of obese children and most of these children ate school lunches. No mention was made that many of the children who eat school lunches are low-income children who receive free lunches. Poverty is a major factor in obesity. Which validity is threatened by the potential confound, poverty? -internal validity -external validity -statistical validity -construct validity

internal validity

Deception in a psychology experiments ______________. - is always acceptable -is sometimes ethical if there is no other way to study a certain phenomenon, researchers minimize the potential for the participants to be distressed by the deception, and researchers fully debrief the participant after the study -is never ethical -is sometimes ethical if the researcher thinks that deception will make the study more interesting

is sometimes ethical if there is no other way to study a certain phenomenon, researchers minimize the potential for the participants to be distressed by the deception, and researchers fully debrief the participant after the study

Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's Ethical Principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? -justice -integrity -respect for persons -beneficence

justice

Carolyn sometimes taps on the basketball before shooting a free throw. She has noticed the times when she taps and makes the free throw more than she notices the times she makes the free throw without tapping the ball. Carolyn is experiencing the __________. -bias blind spot -present/present bias -confound bias -cherry-picking

present/present bias

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. To assure good participation, the participants are offered a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. Which of the APA's Five General Principles is violated by this incentive? -fidelity and responsibility -beneficence and nonmaleficence -justice -respect for people's rights and dignity

respect for people's rights and dignity

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member? -A prisoner advocate -The prison warden -A prisoner -A criminal justice professor

A prisoner advocate

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? -A hypothesis -Research -Data -A theory

A theory

APA style encourages the use of active voice instead of passive voice. Which of the following outlines what is meant by active voice? -Action comes before the actor. -Action is the same as the actor. -Actor comes before the action.

Actor comes before action

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as ________. -An AWA -An IACUC -An AIRB -An IRB

An IACUC

Which of the following studies would probably NOT require an in-person IRB meeting to obtain approval? -An anonymous study looking at gang behavior in recent parolees -An anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot be changed -A confidential survey examining sexual behavior in mentally handicapped individuals -A confidential study examining sleep patterns in newborns

An anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot be changed

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. In this study, the authors were interested in students' math effort. Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable operational definition of math effort? - The number of math classes taken in college -A score on a standardized measure of math effort -An earnest attempt to solve math problems -The number of math problems students answered correctly

An earnest attempt to solve math problems ??

Which of the following is an example of applied research? -An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year-olds -A cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women -A social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept -A personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts

An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year-olds

Which of the following is the difference between anecdotal claims and frequency claims? -Anecdotal claims involve a single variable, but frequency claims involve two variables. -Anecdotal claims are less interesting than frequency claims. -Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies, but frequency claims are. -Anecdotal claims appear in newspapers, but frequency claims appear in journals.

Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies, but frequency claims are.

Which of the following is NOT an example of being a producer of research? -Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia -Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms -Observing the behavior of rats who have been socially isolated -Attending a psychological conference

Attending a psychological conference

Parenthetical citations are used when citing information from another source. What information should be included in the citation? -Author last name, date of publication, and page number -Author last name and date of publication -Date of publication and page number

Author last name and date of publication

Rachelle loves Instagram and decides to write all of the reasons she loves using it in her journal. How might her level of pleasure from using Instagram change if she conducts an introspective analysis of something she enjoys? -Increase -Decrease -Stay the same

Decrease

Which of the following claims is an association claim? -Teenage pot smoking affects intelligence. -Tanning changes the brain. -A thoughtful gift makes the giver feel closer to the recipient. -Depression in the elderly may predict dementia.

Depression in the elderly may predict dementia.

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus, Dr. Darian, an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? -His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students. -His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school. -His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation. -His recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk.

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

Which of the following questions addresses construct validity? -Does the study control for alternative explanations? -To what populations, settings, and times can we generalize this claim? -What is the effect size? -How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study?

How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study?

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? -Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate. -Hypotheses used to determine if a theory is accurate. -Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. -Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate.

Hypotheses used to determine if a theory is accurate.

In most experiments, tradeoffs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once. What is the most common tradeoff? -Increased internal validity results in decreased external validity. -Increased statistical validity results in decreased internal validity. -Increased external validity results in decreased statistical validity. -Increased construct validity results in decreased statistical validity.

Increased internal validity results in decreased external validity. ??

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She waits for interesting results before writing a proposal for the IRB. Which standard of Ethical Standard 8 of the APA does waiting to propose the study violate? -Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research -Institutional Approval -Debriefing -Offering Inducements for Research Participation

Institutional Approval

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review? -It is more efficient/faster. -It is cost effective. -It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality. -It encourages collaboration among researchers.

It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information? -Introduction -Method -Results -Discussion

Method

Hilda wants to study telekinesis, the ability to move things with one's mind, by attempting it using different types of objects. What type of research is she conducting? -Creative -Empirical -Nonempirical

Nonempirical

Caitlyn wants to assess how exposure to transgendered people is associated with tolerance. She creates a survey to assess how often people interact with a transgendered person and their level of tolerance toward the transgendered community. What type of design is Caitlyn using? -Experimental -Within-subjects -Nonexperimental

Nonexperimental

Where do the words "Running head:" appear in an APA-style research report? -Only on the title page -On every other page -On every page

Only on the title page

What is the process of restating information from another source in your own words called? -Paraphrasing -Plagiarism -Citing

Paraphrasing

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Dr. Kline plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? -Dr. Kline only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session. -Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional. -During the debriefing, Dr. Kline only needs to tell the participants that there was deception. -Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.

Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.

What verb tense should be used when describing previous findings? -Present -Past -Future

Past

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? -Members of minority racial groups -College students -Immigrants -People with Down's syndrome

People with Down's syndrome

Which of the following is not included in an APA-style reference for a journal? -Journal volume number -Page range of article -Place of publication

Place of publication

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? -Principle of beneficence -Principle of respect for persons -Principle of justice -Principle of integrity

Principle of beneficence

The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: -Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind -The present-present bias and the confederate bias -Probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking -Overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias

Probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking ??

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies? -Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception. -Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. -Students can find deception to be stressful. -Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.

Students can find deception to be stressful

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good scientist? -Open-mindedness -Subjectivity -Skepticism

Subjectivity

In what section of an APA-style research report do you thoroughly review the relevant literature on your research topic? -The Discussion -The Results -The Introduction

The Introduction

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? -The construct validity of the study -The statistical validity of the study -The external validity of the study -The internal validity of the study

The construct validity of the study ??

Which of the following should come immediately after the name of the author in an APA-style title page? -The job title of the author (e.g., Associate Professor) -The institutional affiliation -The departmental affiliation

The institutional affiliation

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? -The external validity of the study -The internal validity of the study -The covariance of the study -The temporal precedence of the study

The internal validity of the study

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? -The covariance of the study -The temporal precedence of the study -The internal validity of the study -The external validity of the study

The internal validity of the study ??

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? -The number of words remembered -The emotional or neutral word list -The number of words on the list -The length of the distractor task

The number of words remembered

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Dr. Kline asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? -The principle of beneficence -The principle of justice -The principle of integrity -The principle of respect for persons

The principle of beneficence ??

Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? -The researcher -The journalist -The peer reviewer -The participants

The researcher

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first—watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? -The rule of temporal precedence -The rule of covariance -Rule of parsimony -The third-variable rule

The rule of temporal precedence

Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Refer to Research Study 3.3 to answer the following five questions. Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? -The study's statistical validity -The study's external validity -The study's construct validity -The study's internal validity

The study's construct validity

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Refer to Research Study 3.3 to answer the following five questions. Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? -The study's construct validity -The study's external validity -The study's internal validity -The study's statistical validity

The study's external validity

What would be the best hypothesis for Caitlyn's study? -People will vary in tolerance toward transgendered people. -Exposure to transgendered people will cause you to become more tolerant. -There will be an association between levels of exposure to and levels of tolerance toward transgendered people.

There will be an association between levels of exposure to and levels of tolerance toward transgendered people.

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline? -Four -Three -Two -Five

Two ??

Which of the following is not a goal of technical writing? -Saying it succinctly -Writing clearly and in an organized way -Using dramatic effect

Using dramatic effect

Rocio wants to study how participants' perceptions of immigration change after they watch a documentary about immigration. She assesses their attitudes about immigration prior to their watching the video and again after they watch it. What type of design is Rocio using? -Between-subjects -Nonexperimental -Within-subjects

Within-subjects

Translational research is best thought of as ________ basic research and applied research. -A bridge between -Superior to both -Inferior to both -Another word for

a bridge between

Seligman (1975, 1991) proposed that animals who cannot escape an aversive outcome don't even try to avoid the aversive experience later, when they can escape it, because they don't perceive themselves as having control ("learned helplessness"). Latecia thinks this concept may apply to people's working conditions. She conducts a study and has 20 research participants work in an office space with some dilapidated supplies (e.g., pens that barely write, crumpled papers). The participants are split into two rooms. In one work room, Latecia offers to replace any of the run-down supplies with newer items. In another work room, Latecia tells the participants that they have to work with what they have. After a few days of working with this set-up, both groups' work spaces now include both the old supplies as well as new supplies. Latecia predicts that the participants who had to work with the dilapidated supplies for the first few days of the study will continue to use the less functional supplies on the last day, even when there are new supplies available in the room. Latecia's prediction that "the participants who had to work with the dilapidated supplies for the first few days of the study will continue to use the less functional supplies on the last day" would best be described as which of the following? -data -a theory -a law -a hypothesis

a hypothesis

Which of the following phrases can usually be omitted from a sentence without changing the meaning? "shown to be" "this suggests" "it seems"

shown to be

Marvin reads a journalistic report of a research study and asks, "How strong was the effect?" Which validity is Marvin asking about? -internal validity -construct validity -statistical validity -external validity

statistical validity

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. How were the words for each list selected? -to operationalize different levels of the dependent variable "memory" -to operationalize different levels of the independent variable "difficulty" -to operationalize different levels of the independent variable "familiarity" -to confuse participants

to operationalize different levels of the independent variable "familiarity"

Phuong is conducting an experiment on proofreading. All participants are asked to read a passage with several typos and correct the errors. However, one group proofreads by reading silently, a second group proofreads by reading aloud, and a third group proofreads by reading the passage silently backward. The researcher calculates the average number of errors found in each group and finds that both the reading silently and reading aloud groups found more errors than the reading silently backward group. What are the variables in this study? -type of proofreading and number of errors found -number of errors found -reading silently, reading aloud, or reading silently backward -reading forward and reading backward

type of proofreading and number of errors found