PSY 271 Final Exam
About ____________ of the television programs that children watch depict at least some violence.
90 percent
Which of the following does the textbook mention as supporting the concept of reciprocal altru-ism?
Chimpanzees will share food with other primates who share with them
The textbook describes research by Kelley and Stahelski, who asked participants, before they played the prisoner's dilemma game, whether they thought competition or cooperation was the goal of the game. How did the participants' beliefs affect the outcomes of the game?
Competitors made everyone more competitive, even those initially inclined to co-operate.
Nisbett and Cohen believe that a culture of honor developed in the Southern United States because the North was primarily settled by ______________, who were ________________, but the South was primarily settled by ________________, who were ________________________, and thus had to become tough and willing to protect their property from raids.
English and Germans; farmers; Scots and Irish; herders
Which of the following does NOT support the concept of kin selection?
Friends jump into a river to save a drowning friend, but all of them die
Which of the following statements captures the "risky shift" phenomenon?
Groups tend to make riskier decisions than individuals
Kari is trying to memorize lines for a school play. According to the research reviewed in the text, under what conditions will the presence of others detract from her ability to learn the lines?
If Kari finds the task difficult
Imagine your car breaks down on a street late at night. According to research on culture and altruism, you are more likely to receive help
In a town with 1,000 residents than a town with 5,000 residents
Which cultural factor best predicts an individual offering greater amounts of money to the re-sponder in the ultimatum game?
Individuals from cultures where people need to collaborate with others to survive offered more money to the responder.
Doug Lowenstein, president of the Interactive Digital Software Association, stated, "There is absolutely no evidence, none, that playing a violent video game leads to aggressive behavior." Research by Anderson and Bushman and their colleagues suggests that
Lowenstein is incorrect because some video games increase aggression
The neo-associationistic account of aggression asserts that ____________.
Many types of aversive events elicit aggressive responses
Marcie is having difficulty with her friendships and is feeling as if her friends do not really like her. She is imagining what her future would be like without any of her current friends. According to research the effects of social rejection, how might Marcie respond to someone who cuts in front of her in line at the cafeteria?
Marcie is likely to get upset and act aggressively towards the person who cuts in front of her.
Neuberg (1988) primed some participants with hostile words and others with neutral words be-fore the participants played the prisoner's dilemma game. How did exposure to the hostile words affect the actions of the participants?
Participants primed with hostile words were more likely to defect in the game
The textbook describes a study conducted by Nancy Eisenberg and colleagues that examined if a distinct physiological signature exists that predicts whether a person will act altruistically. Participants watched a videotape of a woman and children who had been in an accident. The children were forced to miss school while they recovered in the hospital. While participants watched this tape, their facial expressions were recorded. Finally, participants were asked if they would be willing to help by taking homework to the injured children in the hospital. What did the results of this study suggest about predicting altruism through recording facial expressions?
Participants who showed a concerned gaze and a slowing of their heart rate were more willing to help.
Recall that the textbook describes research that primed participants with either religious concepts or neutral words, and then asked them to give some money away to a stranger. Which of the fol-lowing best describes the results of this research?
Participants who were primed with religious concepts indicated they would give more money to a stranger than those primed with neutral words.
Recall that the researcher Nancy Steblay reviewed 35 studies that compared helping rates in rural and urban environments. What did she find?
People are more likely to receive help in rural areas than in urban areas
According to the textbook, what is the connection between social class and altruism?
People who are not wealthy give a higher proposition of their income to charity
Researchers have offered three explanations for the rural-urban difference in helping rates. Which of the following is NOT one of those three explanations?
People who choose to live in cities are less empathic than people who live in rural areas.
Stephanie Brown and her colleagues have conducted longitudinal research on volunteerism in elderly couples. What did they find about the connection between volunteerism and health?
People who gave more to others were less likely to die over the course of the study
Which of the following occurrences is a reflection of the mere exposure effect?
Radio listeners like a song the station plays many times more than they like a song the station plays a few times.
____________ is more common among women compared with men.
Relational (emotional) aggression
According to research, which of the following shows are particularly likely to increase aggression?
Shows that depict violence against "bad" or "evil" people
According to Darley, who studied factors affecting bystander intervention for more than a dec-ade, there are some things you can do to improve your chances of getting help when you need it. Which of the following recommendations did Darley actually make?
Single out a specific person whom you ask for help
According to Darley, who studied factors affecting bystander intervention for more than a decade, there are some things you can do to improve your chances of getting help when you need it. Which of the following recommendations did Darley actually make?
Single out a specific person whom you ask for help.
____________ claims that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards as well as the costs and rewards of other relationships available to them.
Social exchange theory
The ____________ region of the United States leads the nation in argument-related homicide rates.
Southern
Which of the following best describes the relationship between income inequality and aggression?
States and countries with higher levels of income inequality have higher rates of aggression.
Research that has examined the penalty records of professional football and professional hockey teams has found what connection between team jersey and aggression?
Teams that wore black jerseys were penalized more often for aggressive play
Which of the following events BEST illustrates the disastrous effects of groupthink?
The Kennedy Administration's decision to conduct the Bay of Pigs invasion
Courtney's sorority is experiencing groupthink. The symptoms of groupthink include all of the following EXCEPT
The members of Courtney's group feel vulnerable to outside criticism.
Recall that Piliavin and Piliavin (1972) conducted an experiment in which a "victim" (actually a confederate) staggered across the aisle of a subway car. In one condition, the victim was bleed-ing. In another condition, he was not. Results showed that
The victim was less likely to get help when he was bleeding
Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness is FALSE?
There is no tendency for people to treat unattractive children less fairly (relative to attractive children).
Bob and Will are arguing about capital punishment and end up adapting more extreme attitudes on the topic than they had previously. According to the social comparison interpretation, why did Bob's and Will's attitudes become more extreme?
They desire to be different from others, but also to be correct in their views.
In a review of 35 studies, Anderson and Bushman documented several effects of playing violent video games. Which of the following is one of those effects?
Violent video games decrease prosocial behavior
In the typical prisoner's dilemma game, which of the following strategies would bring you the best immediate outcome if you were a participant playing the game?
You defect and your partner cooperates
Recall that Kitty Genovese was brutally murdered in front of several eyewitnesses who did not intervene or call for help. According to social psychologists, this failure to assist Kitty was due to
a diffusion of responsibility
Recall that Latané and Darley (1968) made sure that smoke would filter into a room where par-ticipants were filling out a questionnaire. Results indicated that participants were most likely to report the smoke to the experimenter when they were in the room
alone
The attachment style most closely associated with excessive attempts to get close to others and worrying continually about these relationships is
anxious-preoccupied
Imagine you are playing a video game when five strangers arrive to watch you. According to Zajonc's work on social facilitation, the ____________ created by the presence of these strangers would impair your performance if you ____________ this particular video game.
arousal; are unfamiliar with
Michael is exceptionally good at Ping-Pong. According to research, good players such as Michael, who know they are being watched while they play, perform
better than good players who do not know they are being watched
According to the textbook, research on attributions and relationships points to a characteristic way of explaining one's partner's behaviors that predicts relationship dissatisfaction and dissolution. This tendency is
blame
As discussed in the textbook, social psychological research on culture and valuing risk shows that
citizens of the United States tend to endorse riskier solutions than do citizens of Uganda and Liberia.
Because they are currently are in a(n) ________________ relationship, Bobby and Cindy feel a special responsibility for one another and expect that they will be together for a long time.
communal
Nisbett studied regional differences in aggression. His research indicates that
compared with Northern men, Southern men are more sensitive to insults
The textbook reports research conducted by David Phillips that found that suicide rates often rose substantially following media reports of someone committing suicide. When people imitate acts that they hear about in the media, this is a form of aggression called ________________________.
copycat violence
If the need to belong is universal, then this need should occur in
cultures around the world
According to research presented in the textbook, students majoring in economics were more likely to _______________ when playing the prisoner's dilemma game, compared with students ma-joring in other disciplines.
defect
During World War II, propaganda posters were distributed in the United States showing the enemies of America as rats and other animals. This is an example of __________.
dehumanization
Two concepts presented in the textbook that tend to increase conflict between groups are __________________ and _____________.
dehumanization; reactive devaluation
According to ____________, being aware of another person's presence divides our attention between this person and the task at hand. This division of attention is arousing, which explains why people perform better on well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
distraction-conflict theory
Cassandra and Martin have been dating for some time. Cassandra recently gave Martin a framed print of a painting she had noticed him admiring on a previous trip to the museum. Martin now feels that he should buy Cassandra a bottle of her favorite perfume as a way of repaying her kindness. Which theory best explains Martin's response to Cassandra's gift?
equity theory
Evidence that social rejection triggers a physical and psychological threat defense system, which includes the tendency to act aggressively, supports a(n) ___________________ explanation of aggression as a result of social rejection.
evolutionary
Many different theorists have examined gender differences in aggression and why men are more physically aggressive than women. One explanation is that throughout history, men were more likely to be hunters and protectors and had to be physically aggressive. This explanation is held by _______________ theorists, whereas the idea that men are socialized into roles that prioritize physical aggression is held by ________________ theorists.
evolutionary; cultural
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the phenomenon of social loafing?
exerting minimal effort on a group task
According to Miller and Dollard, ____________ is likely to increase aggressive tendencies.
frustration
As discussed in the textbook, early studies showed that decisions made in groups were riskier than decisions made on one's own. Additional studies were conducted to learn whether this finding would generalize across many different situations. This later research showed that group decisions are not always riskier than individual decisions. Rather, group decisions tend to be more extreme than individual decisions. This phenomenon is captured by the concept of
group polarization
The textbook describes research examining whether empathy can motivate altruism, even when the helping is anonymous. This study manipulated whether participants were feeling more or less empathic when evaluating another person, and asked participants if they would help the person in the future. In addition, some participants thought that both the experimenter and the person needing help knew their decision, but other participants thought that their responses were anon-ymous. The results showed that
high-empathy participants helped more than low-empathy participants, even when the helping was anonymous.
Kevin is writing an ad for the singles section of his local newspaper. According to the evolutionary theory of attraction, which piece of information below should he mention to increase the odds that women will respond to his ad?
his high income
Tom finds solving math problems easy. According to the research reviewed in the textbook, when Tom solves math problems in the presence of others (as opposed to alone),
his performance improves
The idea that we look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives to ensure that our genes will be passed on is referred to as
inclusive fitness
Evaluation apprehension can ____________, and thereby leads to more pronounced social facilitation effects.
increase how aroused we are during a task
A major city is experiencing one of its hottest summers ever. For several weeks, the temperature has not dropped below 90 degrees Fahrenheit. According to research, these conditions should lead to a(n) ____________________ in ___________________ crimes.
increase; violent
Angela and her younger brother Bernie have a history of fighting. One day, Angela threatens Bernie in order to force him to give up a toy that she wants to play with. Then, Bernie gets so angry at her that he screams, "I hate you!" Angela is demonstrating ____________ aggression, and Bernie is demonstrating ____________ aggression.
instrumental; hostile
Sternberg's triangular theory of love holds that there are three major components of love. One of them is commitment. The other two are
intimacy and passion
Jim was just convicted of drunken driving. The findings of a social psychological research study suggest that Jim may be given a lighter jail sentence if he
is physically attractive
The concept of ____________ refers to the tendency for natural section to favor behaviors that increase the chances of survival of genetic relatives.
kin selection
At times, frustration can lead to passive resignation, which is called
learned helplessness
According to Darley and Latané's research, the greater the number of individuals who witness a person in trouble, the
less likely it is that any one person will help the person in need
Sally has found herself lost in a crowd and is therefore experiencing deindividuation. This means Sally is
less self-aware, more focused on other people, and less inhibited
Peggy is a generally neurotic person. According to research discussed in the textbook, Peggy is particularly
likely to experience relationship problems
According to research on group polarization, people who make decisions in groups tend to make ____________ decisions than people who make decisions on their own
more extreme
Evan is inclined to support the pro-choice position on abortion. He used to talk about abortion with a wide range of friends with different views. Then he stumbled on an Internet bulletin board that is visited almost exclusively by people who are pro-choice. Once this happened, he restricted his discussions on abortion with the other bulleting board members. According to social psychological research, Evan's attitude toward abortion should become
more extreme
Evolutionary psychology predicts that women (relative to men) ought to be ____________ selective in their choice of mates because their levels of parental investment (relative to men's) are ____________.
more; high
In research conducted by Leonard Aron and colleagues, boys who watched ___________ violent TV at age 8 were ___________________ to engage in serious criminal activity by age 30.
more; more likely
The idea that events such as experiencing pain or frustration lead to anger, which then leads to aggression, is called the ________________________ account of aggression.
neo-associationistic
Ross and colleagues found that people tended to __________________ the extremity of attitudes held by people on the opposing side of an issue they felt strongly about.
overestimate
Samantha is experiencing the "spotlight effect". This means that she
overestimates the degree to which her appearance and behavior are noticed by others
Which of the following scenarios captures the meaning of Cartwright and Zander's definition of a group?
people who decide how to help a stranded motorist
Recall that Daniel Batson and his colleagues tried to demonstrate the existence of empathy-based motives. They found that
people who felt more empathy were more likely to volunteer to alleviate another person's pain.
Steven notices that Jenny is sitting by herself in the cafeteria, crying. Watching her cry makes Stephan feel upset, so he goes over to try to comfort her. Steven's behavior is motivated by Batson's ______________ motive for helping others.
personal distress
In many industrialized nations, strong social norms dictate efforts to behave in a cool, calm, and collected manner in public, especially during emergencies. Unfortunately, this norm can promote
pluralistic ignorance
Janet often encounters John at school. Because of this, they end up becoming friends. This scenario illustrates how ____________ influences interpersonal attraction.
propinquity
Recall that through either photographic or computer technology, researchers can make a composite (or "averaged") face out of any number of individual faces. When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of composite faces relative to individual faces,
regardless of sex, people tend to prefer composite faces
According to the textbook, the strongest support for the claim that we have a need to belong comes from the finding that
relationships are vital to our physical and mental well-being
Leon finds himself attracted to women whose physical appearance suggests that they are very healthy. Evolutionary theorists would argue that, whether he realizes it or not, Leon is attending to the ____________ of the women he encounters.
reproductive fitness
According to social exchange theory, people
seek out rewards in their interactions with others, and they are willing to pay certain costs in order to obtain them.
Several military officials meet to plan battle strategy. Captain Biggs thinks that General Olsen's strategy will be ineffective and deadly for American soldiers, but Biggs does not speak out. He is worried that others will see him as an ignorant coward. Biggs's response in this situation best illustrates how the concept of ____________ applies to groupthink.
self-censorship
Jerome heard that Liza has a great sense of humor. On meeting her for the first time, Jerome encourages Liza to share jokes she has heard and to tell him about comedy films she has seen. Although Liza does not see herself as especially funny, she obliges Jerome, and he concludes that what he had heard about Liza is true. Which of the following phenomena is most closely reflected in the exchange between Jerome and Liza?
self-fulfilling prophecy
According to the textbook, ____________ is the rule and ____________ is the exception where the formation of relationships is concerned.
similarity; complementarity
Normal Triplett conducted what is widely regarded as social psychology's first experiment. He found that children tended to perform a relatively easy task better while in the presence of another child doing the same task. This finding set the stage for research on
social facilitation
Daniel Batson has argued that there are three main motives behind helping others. These motives include
social rewards, personal distress, and empathetic concern
People arrange themselves into social hierarchies
starting as early as age 2
The evolutionary perspective holds that stepchildren are more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents than of genetic parents because
stepchildren do not enhance stepparents' inclusive fitness
Research shows that people occasionally engage in a disturbing behavior called ____________. It is ____________ likely to occur when many individuals are present (as opposed to none or just a few).
suicide baiting; more
Recall that Zajonc placed cockroaches in either a complex maze or a simple maze. He created three other conditions as well. Any given cockroach was induced to navigate the maze (a) entirely alone; (b) in the presence of an "audience" of cockroaches; or (c) simultaneously with another cockroach (but without an audience). The audience condition (b) permitted Zajonc to demonstrate whether
the mere presence of others can facilitate or hinder performance
In the _______________ strategy for the prisoner's dilemma game, an individual cooperates in the first round, and in all later rounds mimics the other person's behavior.
tit-for-tat
According to the evolutionary perspective, altruism
toward nonkin follows rules of reciprocity
According to the textbook, we are attracted to people who are similar to us because they
validate our own beliefs
According to Darley and Batson's "Good Samaritan Study," seminary students
who thought they would be late to an appointment were less likely to help a dis-tressed man than seminary students who thought they would arrive on time.
Veronica was rejected and belittled by both of her parents and teased by her classmates. According to John Bowlby, Veronica would create representations of the availability, warmth, and likely actions of other people. He called these representations
working models of relationships
