PSY 350 Michael Varnum ASU Exam 1 Review

What are the 6 person x situation (interaction) choices?

Different people respond differently to the same situation People choose situations Situations change people Situations activate different parts of a person People change situations Situations change people

external validity

Do your results generalize (to the real world, to broader population)?

internal validity

Do your results show real cause-effect relationship?

What are the four major perspectives in social psychology from distal to proximal?

Evolutionary, sociocultural, social learning, social cognitive

what is the Big 5 / HEXACO

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (HEXACO is the big 5 plus honesty/humility)

6 times to trust a finding

Well-powered studies (Large sample size) Well designed studies Pre-registered Hypotheses and Analyses Triangulation (Multiple Methods) Replication (Different Researchers, different populations) Meta-Analysis

schemas

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

exemplars (knowledge)

a person or thing that serves as a example or excellent model

priming

a temporary activation of knowledge, goals, feelings, or aspects of the self

exaggerating strengths/downplaying weaknesses

acting like something doesn't matter to convince yourself you're better/above a situation

Surveys

asking people about attitudes, feelings and behaviors

what are the core processes (AIM J)

attention, interpretation, memory, judgment

self-esteem

attitude towards ourselves

3 aspects of feelings

attitudes, emotions, moods

conscious motives

behavior motivated by the brain (have to think about)

representativeness heuristic

classifying something as belonging to a category based on how similar it is to a typical case from that category

heurisitics

cognitive strategies that conserve mental effort, usually "good enough"

culture and situations

cultures provide different affordances, cultures have different norms and tightness and looseness

validity

did you measure what you meant to measure?

Psychological tests

differences between people in abilities, motivation, thought processes

reliability

does your test produce consistent results?

define correlation and what 1, -1, and 0 means

extent to which two variables are statistically associated with each other 1: perfect positive correlation -1: perfect negative correlation 0: no relationship

Define the evolutionary perspective

how evolved physiological predispositions respond to where we are

Define the social cognitive perspective

how various cognitive processes shape how we think and act (attention, interpretation, memory, goals)

attribution

how we explain the causes of others actions

Case studies

in depth study of individuals or group

self-construal

independent - more personal identities, emphasis on uniqueness, autonomy interdependent - more relational identities, emphasis on harmony, social connections

BIRGing

individual associates themselves with known successful others such that the winner's success becomes the individual's own accomplishment

bystander effect

individuals less likely to help in emergency when lots of others are present

core processes

influence how we think about the self and others and our social worlds can influence behavior

moods

like emotions, but longer duration, more general

independent variable

manipulated by experimenter (or is predictor in correlational design); the cause

dependent variable

measured by experimenter (or is predicted in correlational design); the outcome

self-concept

mental representation of self, includes views and beliefs about the self

strong situation

narrower range of opportunities or threats, more norms, less range of behavior

Naturalistic observation

observe real world behaviors unobtrusively

affordances

opportunities and threats provided by a situation or person

Random assignment

participants picked from same pool and are randomly assigned to conditions (Ensures differences will cancel out)

social facilitation

performing in presence of others leads to dominant response tendencies

attitudes

positive or negative evaluation of a a person, event, thing or idea

automatic motives

reaching a goal as a process taking place outside of conscious awareness and control

where 3 places does self concept and self esteem come from?

self perception, reflected appraisal, social comparison

What are the six fundamental motives?

self protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, attracting and retaining mates, kin care

4 aspects of The Self

self-concept, self-esteem, personality, self-construal

knowledge

sensory memories, beliefs, explanations

Define the social learning perspective

social behavior is driven by each individual's past learning experiences with reward and punishment

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

start with a rough estimate and adjust it to account for possibility the estimate is wrong

Archival research

studying public records, cultural products, big data

fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias)

tendency to assume a person's behavior is due to dispositional factors, while ignoring situational influences and constraints

false consensus effect

tendency to overestimate how many people share your opinion

social comparison

the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem

What is the person x the situation?

the interaction

Define the sociocultural perspective

the view that a person's prejudices, preferences, and political persuasions are affected by factors such as nationality, social class, and current historical trends

recognition heuristic

things that are more familiar are more likely to be chosen as the correct answer

triangulation

uses multiple methods to address the same question (results the same - confidence)

emotions

valence component (+ or -) and arousal component with intense and short duration, accompanied by complex thoughts

motives

what drive us

self image

when motivated to maintain a positive self-image people engage in a number of cognitive strategies

weak situation

wider range of opportunities or threats, less norms, wider range of behavior

descriptive norms

"what do most people actually do?" define behavior that is common in a given situation

injunctive norms

"whats the right thing to do?" define behavior that is socially approved or disapproved in a given situation (rules)