PSY 350 Michael Varnum ASU Exam 1 Review
What are the 6 person x situation (interaction) choices?
Different people respond differently to the same situation People choose situations Situations change people Situations activate different parts of a person People change situations Situations change people
external validity
Do your results generalize (to the real world, to broader population)?
internal validity
Do your results show real cause-effect relationship?
What are the four major perspectives in social psychology from distal to proximal?
Evolutionary, sociocultural, social learning, social cognitive
what is the Big 5 / HEXACO
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (HEXACO is the big 5 plus honesty/humility)
6 times to trust a finding
Well-powered studies (Large sample size) Well designed studies Pre-registered Hypotheses and Analyses Triangulation (Multiple Methods) Replication (Different Researchers, different populations) Meta-Analysis
schemas
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
exemplars (knowledge)
a person or thing that serves as a example or excellent model
priming
a temporary activation of knowledge, goals, feelings, or aspects of the self
exaggerating strengths/downplaying weaknesses
acting like something doesn't matter to convince yourself you're better/above a situation
Surveys
asking people about attitudes, feelings and behaviors
what are the core processes (AIM J)
attention, interpretation, memory, judgment
self-esteem
attitude towards ourselves
3 aspects of feelings
attitudes, emotions, moods
conscious motives
behavior motivated by the brain (have to think about)
representativeness heuristic
classifying something as belonging to a category based on how similar it is to a typical case from that category
heurisitics
cognitive strategies that conserve mental effort, usually "good enough"
culture and situations
cultures provide different affordances, cultures have different norms and tightness and looseness
validity
did you measure what you meant to measure?
Psychological tests
differences between people in abilities, motivation, thought processes
reliability
does your test produce consistent results?
define correlation and what 1, -1, and 0 means
extent to which two variables are statistically associated with each other 1: perfect positive correlation -1: perfect negative correlation 0: no relationship
Define the evolutionary perspective
how evolved physiological predispositions respond to where we are
Define the social cognitive perspective
how various cognitive processes shape how we think and act (attention, interpretation, memory, goals)
attribution
how we explain the causes of others actions
Case studies
in depth study of individuals or group
self-construal
independent - more personal identities, emphasis on uniqueness, autonomy interdependent - more relational identities, emphasis on harmony, social connections
BIRGing
individual associates themselves with known successful others such that the winner's success becomes the individual's own accomplishment
bystander effect
individuals less likely to help in emergency when lots of others are present
core processes
influence how we think about the self and others and our social worlds can influence behavior
moods
like emotions, but longer duration, more general
independent variable
manipulated by experimenter (or is predictor in correlational design); the cause
dependent variable
measured by experimenter (or is predicted in correlational design); the outcome
self-concept
mental representation of self, includes views and beliefs about the self
strong situation
narrower range of opportunities or threats, more norms, less range of behavior
Naturalistic observation
observe real world behaviors unobtrusively
affordances
opportunities and threats provided by a situation or person
Random assignment
participants picked from same pool and are randomly assigned to conditions (Ensures differences will cancel out)
social facilitation
performing in presence of others leads to dominant response tendencies
attitudes
positive or negative evaluation of a a person, event, thing or idea
automatic motives
reaching a goal as a process taking place outside of conscious awareness and control
where 3 places does self concept and self esteem come from?
self perception, reflected appraisal, social comparison
What are the six fundamental motives?
self protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, attracting and retaining mates, kin care
4 aspects of The Self
self-concept, self-esteem, personality, self-construal
knowledge
sensory memories, beliefs, explanations
Define the social learning perspective
social behavior is driven by each individual's past learning experiences with reward and punishment
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
start with a rough estimate and adjust it to account for possibility the estimate is wrong
Archival research
studying public records, cultural products, big data
fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias)
tendency to assume a person's behavior is due to dispositional factors, while ignoring situational influences and constraints
false consensus effect
tendency to overestimate how many people share your opinion
social comparison
the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem
What is the person x the situation?
the interaction
Define the sociocultural perspective
the view that a person's prejudices, preferences, and political persuasions are affected by factors such as nationality, social class, and current historical trends
recognition heuristic
things that are more familiar are more likely to be chosen as the correct answer
triangulation
uses multiple methods to address the same question (results the same - confidence)
emotions
valence component (+ or -) and arousal component with intense and short duration, accompanied by complex thoughts
motives
what drive us
self image
when motivated to maintain a positive self-image people engage in a number of cognitive strategies
weak situation
wider range of opportunities or threats, less norms, wider range of behavior
descriptive norms
"what do most people actually do?" define behavior that is common in a given situation
injunctive norms
"whats the right thing to do?" define behavior that is socially approved or disapproved in a given situation (rules)