PSY 376 Chapter 6

Goodness of fit

-match b/w child's temperament and the environment around them especially the parent's temperament and child-rearing mehthods -socioemotional development is a dynamic process in which infant's behavior and temperament styles influence the family processes that shape their development

Basic/Primary Emotions

-newborn experience: interest, distress, disgust, contentment we dont know whether internal emotional states accompany these facial expressions -between 2 and 7 months: anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear -basic emotions are biologically predetermined: emerge in all infants at about same age and are seen and interpreted similarly in all cultures -research with adults suggests that emotions are the result of interactions among richly connected, subcortical brain structures including the brain-stem and limbic system, as well as parts of the cerebral cortex

2. Early Attatchments - discriminating sociability

(2 to 6-7 months) learn to associate their caregivers with the relief of distress, forming the basis for an initial bond responds to particular adult or adults

4,. Reciprocal relationships

(24-30 to 30 months and onward) engage in interactions with their primary caregiver as partners, taking turns and initiating interactions within the attachment relationship begin to understand others' emotions and goals and apply this understanding through strategies such as social referencing.

3. Attatchments

(7-24 months) develop attachments to specific caregivers who attend, accurately interpret, and consistently respond to their signals. Infants can gain proximity to caregivers through their own motor efforts, such as crawling.

1. Preattachment - Indiscriminate social responsiveness

(birth to 2 months) elicit caregiving responses from caregivers by crying, smiling, respond to any caregiver

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

- the second developmental task of life -infants must develop a feeling that one can make choices and direct oneself -Autonomy: confidence or self-control; caregivers encourage the toddler initiative and allow him to explore, experiment, make mistakes, and test limits successfully navigated by exploring and learning to experiment -Shame and Doubt / Passivity caregivers are overprotective or disapprove of his struggle for independence

Internal working model

-A set of expectations about one's worthiness of love and the availability of attachment figures during times of distress

Self Awareness

-Awareness of self -see themselves as physically seperate from the world aroud them -some believe they're born with the capacity -ex- show distress at hearing other newborn's cries but not at their own -Others argue that an awareness of oneself is not innate but emerges by 3 months of age -more advanced: ability to identify with the concern of others, more complex emotions

Cultural Influences on Emotional Development

-Emotional display rules: cultural differences in circumstance under which various emotions should or should not be expressed -Stranger wariness: in many but not all cultures, stranger wariness emerges at about 6 months and increases thru the first year of life (peaking at 15 months) -Whether infants show stranger wariness depends on the infants' overall temperament, their past experience, and the situation in which they meet a stranger

Separation anxiety/protest

-Infants respond to separations from an attachment figure with fear, distress, crying, and whining

Factors Associated with Insecure Attachment

-Mothers tend to be more rigid, unresponsive, inconsistent, and demanding. -Insecure-avoidant: Parental rejection -Insecure-resistant: Inconsistent and unresponsive parenting -Disorganized: Abuse or poor caregiving environments and is associated with infant fear

Self-Control

-The ability to comply with requests and modify behavior in accordance with caregivers' demands -Cortical development (specifically development of the frontal lobes) is responsible for the ability to have self-control -Begins between 12 and18 months

Self-Recognition

-The ability to recognize or identify the self -Assessed by the "rouge test" -A dab of rouge is applied to an infant's nose; the infant is placed in front of a mirror. -If the infant has an internal representation of her face and recognizes the infant in the mirror as herself, she will notice the rouge and reach for her nose.

Emotion Regulation

-ability to control emotions -infants demonstrate emotion regulation by sucking on objects (self-soothing) turning their bodies away from distressing stimuli, smiling, distraction -When an infant gets excited and smiles, she looks away briefly. This may be a way of breaking herself away from the stimulus and allowing her to regroup, preventing overstimulation.

Self-Conscious Emotions

-also known as secondary emotions: empathy, embarrassment, shame, guilt -emerge at 15-18 months -depends on cognitive development and awareness of self -toddlers must be able to observe themselves with others, be aware of standards and rules, and compare their behavior with standard -parental evaluations are the initial basis for many secondary emotions

Trust + Autonomy

-both develop out of warm sensitive parenting and developmentally appropriate expectations for exploration and behavioral control throughout infancy and toddlerhood -without these, a child is more likely to struggle to establish/maintain close relationships and have adjustment difficulties

social smile

-emerges between 6 and 10 weeks of age -response to familiar people -important milestone showing social engagement

Emotion regulation and interactive play

-face to face social play: short, intense episodes of focused interaction b//w infant and adult. the goal is synchronous exchanges that are pleasurable for both infant and adult -active play (developing motor skills) occurs at 6 or 7 months of age and there is an increase in emotional outbursts

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages: Trust vs. Mistrust

-first developmental task of life -infants must develop a view of the world as safe where basic needs are met -trust: caregivers attend to infants physical and emotional needs and consistently fulfill them -mistrust: caregivers neglect infants needs or are inconsistent with fulfilling them

Secure base

-foundation to return to when frightened -they feel confident to explore the world and to learn by doing so.

Bowlby's Ethological Perspective on Attachment

-inspired by psychoanalytic theory and ethology -bowlby was on of the first to believe that emotional disturbances are influenced by early family experiences -Attachment is an adaptive behavior that evolved because it contributed to the survival of the human species. -An attachment bond between caregivers and infants ensures that the two will remain in close proximity. -Infants are innately drawn to particular aspects of the caregiver. -Infants use signaling behaviors (e.g., crying and smiling) to bring the caregiver into contact.

Attachment

-lasting emotional tie b/w two people who strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues -John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth -innate drive that humans are born with -ethological perspective: adaptive behavior that evolved because it ensures that the infant and caregiver will remain in close proximity,

Emotion Regulation and Parental Interaction

-parental interaction that enhances emotion regulation: warm and supportive interactions with parents and caregivers; strategies such as direct intervention, modeling selective reinforcement, control of the environment, verbal instruction, and touch -Parental interaction that hinders regulation: parental stress and fam conflict

Laughing

-response to stimuli they find highly arousing -laughing at unusual events illustrates the baby's increasing cognitive competence

Emerging Self-concept

-self-awareness expands beyond self-recognition to include a categorial self: self-description based on broad categories such as sex, age, and physical characteristics -use their categorial self as a guide to behavior (illustrates toddlers' advancing capacities for self-control)

Strange Situation

-structured observational procedure that reveals the security of attachment when the infant is placed under stress -center on the infant's exploration of the room, his or her reaction when the mother leaves the room, and, especially, his or her responses during reunions, when the mother returns.

Temperament and Development

-temperament is stable over months, years, and even into adulthood -young infant's temperament can change with sensitive caregiving, experience, and neural development -temperament is a reciprocal process: easy babies get most positive reactions from people, difficult babies get mixed

Social Referencing

-tendency to look at caregiver or other adults emotional expressions to find clues for how to interpret ambiguous events -Developmental advances leading up to ability to engage social referencing: newborns are able to discriminate happy faces from fearful, b/w 2-4 months of age, infants can distinguish other emotional expressions in others, and between 6-10 infants begin to use social referencing

Temperament

-the way an individual approaches and reacts to people and situations -basic building block of emotion and personality -influenced by reciprocal interactions among genetic predispositions, maturation, and experience -biologically based

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

-these infants display inconsistent, contradictory behaviors, may cling while crying hard with averted gave -reliable predictor of social or emotional maladjustment from childhood to adulthood

Attachment Formation Phases

1. Preattachment 2.Early attattchments - Discriminating 3. Attachments 4. Reciprocal Relationships

Styles of Temperament: DIFFICULT

10% of kids -active, irritable, irregular in biological rhythms, slow to adapt to changes, react vigorously to change, trouble adjusting to new routines

Insecure-Resistant Attachment

15% of infants -Ambivalence -Preoccupied with the mother -Reunions show resistance and signs of anger and distress -Mingle proximity seeking and contact maintaining behaviors with resistance -Minimal exploration -Difficulty settling down

Styles of Temperament: Slow-to-Warm-Up

15% of kids -inactive, moody, slow to adapt to new changes and people, react to new situations with mild irritability, adjust more quickly to new situations than infants with difficult temperaments

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

20% of infants -Minimal interest in the mother -Busily explores the room -Little distress -Not enthusiastic upon reuniting with the mother -Ignores or avoids the mother on return or shows subtle signs of avoidance (e.g., fails to greet her) -Resist attempts to be comforted by turning away

Style of Temperament: EASY

40% of kids -positive mood, even-tempered, open, adaptable, regular and predictable in biological functioning

Secure attachment

66% of infants -Stranger anxiety -Separation protest -Enthusiastic greeting -Seeks comfort during reunion and is able to return to play -Uses the mother as a secure base as he or she plays and explores

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following emotions is considered innate during infancy?

anger fear

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements is true of temperament?

Temperament is strongly affected by biology and genetics.

Outcomes

Secure: Sociability, successful peer interactions, better able to read others' emotions, more positive self-concept, curious, empathetic, self-confident, socially competent Insecure: Higher rates of antisocial behavior, depression, and anxiety

Promoting Secure Aattachment

The most important determinant of infant attachment is the caregiver's ability to consistently and sensitively respond to the child's signals. -Mothers with securely attached infants are sensitive and responsive to their signals, accept their role as caregiver, are accessible and cooperative with infants, and feel a sense of efficacy.

Infants who successfully navigate the trust versus mistrust crisis are more likely to become ______ in the next stage of psychosocial development.

autonomous

How does the child indicate an understanding of categorical self?

by describing themselves as "big" or "little"

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. An infant tends to sleep well and self-soothe when awaking in the middle of the night. This infant is exhibiting ______.

effortful control

Insecure-resistant attachments are more common in Western European countries, and insecure-avoidant attachments are more prevalent in Japan and Israel.

false

An infant does not react when a parent leaves and does not greet the parent when they return. Which type of attachment does this infant demonstrating?

insecure avoidant attachment

______ describes a child who is more likely to observe others instead of explore on his own.

passivity

The internal working model influences the development of ______.

self-concept

a toddler falls on the playground and looks at his parent's response before reacting a toddler moves away from another child who is pestering her a toddler sings along with a song and blushes when he notices someone watching him an infant turns away from a new person and hugs her father closer an infant startles and cries when hearing a loud noise

social referencing emotion regulation self-conscious emotion stranger wariness basic emotion

A 9-week-old infant begins intentionally responding to her mother with a smile. This an example of a ______.

social smile

Effortful control

the degree to which one can focus attention, shift attention, and inhibit responses in order to manage arousal. Infants who are high in effortful control are able to regulate their arousal and soothe themselves.

Negative affectivity

the tendency toward negative emotions, such as sadness, fear, distress, and irritability

Extraversion/surgency

the tendency toward positive emotions. Infants who are high in extraversion/surgency approach experiences with confidence, energy, and positivity, as indicated by smiles, laughter, and approach-oriented behaviors.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. As self-awareness advances and children are able to distinguish themselves from others, ______.

they can identify with the concerns of others more complex emotions are exhibited

Negativity Bias

they tend to and follow social referencing cues more closely when the cues indicate negative attitudes toward an object, compared with neutral or happy attitudes

Self-awareness is needed before a child can feel embarrassment or shame.

true

An infant cries from hunger in the middle of the night. Occasionally her caregiver wakes up to feed her, but most often she is not fed or held. Eventually, the infant cries more often even when being held and fed by her caregiver. This is an example of which psychosocial stage of development?

trust versus mistrust

How would an infant with an extraversion/surgency model of temperament react to changes in routine?

with adaptability