PSY: MIDTERM Practice Test
9. ________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. A. generalizability B. reliability C. statistical significance D. validity
B
12. The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content. A. alpha B. Freudian C. latent D. manifest
C
13. ________ involves a virtual reality model of the world. A. lucid dreaming B. manifest content C. protoconsciousness D. stage 1 sleep
C
A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. A. gestaltlaten B. isolate C. Skinner box D. Watson manipulator
C
10. ________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs. A. confirmation bias B. experimenter bias C. illusory correlation D. sampling bias
A
14. When Opal sees a snake, her breathing becomes more shallow and her heart rate increases. This lifeessential, physiological stress response is initiated in which area of the brain? A. Hindbrain B. Midbrain C. Forebrain D. Insulabrain
A
17. Which of the following are the two most basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? A. somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system B. central nervous system; dendrites C. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system D. brain; spinal cord
A
18. When you receive touch information it is processed in the somatosensory cortex of your brain, which is located in the ___________ lobe. A. parietal B. frontal C. temporal D. occipital
A
5. The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A. autonomic; somatic nervous systems B. autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems C. central; peripheral nervous systems D. parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous system
C
8. The motor cortex in the frontal lobe is responsible for processing ________. A. cognition and emotion B. language, such as speech C. motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face D. temperature, touch, and pain
C
9. Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________. A. how behaviors have changed over time B. the contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population D. whether genes or environment cause a behavior or trait
C
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious B. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes D. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior
C
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A. explaining the subconscious B. the operation of individual parts of the mind C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts D. understanding the id, ego, and superego
C
25. In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A. blind group assignment; blind sampling B. blind group assignment; random sampling C. blind sampling; random group assignment D. random sampling; random group assignment (end of ch.2)
D
9. The sleep debt is the result of ________. A. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior B. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis C. the circadian rhythm D. travel from one-time zone to another
B
20. A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. A. has at least 20 participants B. has at least 200 participants C. is large and randomly selected D. is small and specifically selected
C
8. ________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables. A. cause-and-effect B. correlation C. reliability D. validity
B
19. Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. operational definition D. significant variable
A
19. Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. A. circadian B. external C. melatonin D. rhythm
A
2. Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head. A. case study B. experiment C. naturalistic observation D. survey
A
2. The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and fine motor skills. A. cerebellum B. sensory cortex C. substantia nigra D. ventral tegmental area
A
2. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system." A. The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral." B. The word "central" should be changed to the word "middle." C. The word "neurons" should be changed to the word "protons." D. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "neurosympathetic."
A
20. The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. A. circadian B. external C. protoconscious D. stimulus
A
22. A major advantage of case studies is ________. A. detailed information B. generalizability C. large sample size D. quick data collection
A
22. Which of the following is NOT a modern method for accurately measuring brain activity/functioning? A. Magnetic resonance imaging B. Transcranial magnetic stimulation C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging D. Positron emission tomography scan
A
23. After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? A. night terrors B. B.REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) C. restless leg syndrome D. sleep apnea
A
23. Lisa has problems sleeping, so she goes to a sleep clinic. At the clinic the researchers measure her brain's electrical activity as she sleeps by using the technique of A. electroencephalographs (EEGs). B. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). C. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). D. computerized tomography scan (CAT).
A
25. In the nervous system, the job of the axons is to ________ electrical impulses within and to other neurons. A. transmit action potentials of B. integrate information from C. detect information from D. release neurotransmitters of (end of ch3)
A
3. Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS? A. above average birth weight B. hyperthermia C. premature birth D. smoking in the home
A
4. Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up? A. It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene. B. It is unlikely that either will show aggressive tendencies. C. The chances of significant aggressive tendencies are about 50:50, so one of the twins will likely show these behaviors. D. The twins both have the gene, so they likely will be aggressive in some way
A
4. ________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. A. attrition B. experimenter bias C. generalizability D. single blinding
A
6. ________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. A. homeostasis B. resting potential C. reuptake D. synergy
A
7. The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. A. amygdala B. corpus callosum C. hypothalamus D. pons
A
7. Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? A. homeostasis B. insomnia C. melatonin D. rhythm
A
8. The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. A. circadian B. homeostatic C. meta D. pineal
A
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. A. basic survival needs B. comfort objects C. higher-level needs D. wants
A
Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. B. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. C. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. D. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.
A
1. How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? A. It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. B. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. C. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain. D. It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.
B
1. Which of the following is not a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? A. improving mood B. less exposure to carcinogens C. lower stress levels D. maintaining healthy weight
B
10. In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
B
11. Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A. Broca's area B. hypothalamus C. substantia nigra D. thalamus
B
11. In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content. A. K-complex B. lucid C. REM D. theta wave
B
12. Candice wants to create a computer model of the nervous system. She asks her friend Mei what the "basic unit" of the nervous system is so that she can start her model. What should Mei's response be? A. The brain B. The neuron C. The spinal cord D. Nerve fibers
B
13. A negative correlation means ________. A. a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship B. one variable decreases as the other increases C. there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant D. two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome
B
14. A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four
B
15. The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. A. alternate experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent
B
16. Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. A. control B. double-blind C. double-control D. single-blind
B
16. Sleep apnea is defined by ________. A. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops C. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep D. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
B
17. Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. A. lucid dreaming B. parasomnias C. protoconsciousness D. somnambulism
B
18. Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. A. conscience B. consciousness C. REM sleep D. unconsciousness
B
20. The site where communication occurs between neurons is called the A. axon. B. synapse. C. cell body. D. dendrite.
B
21. Neurons are able to communicate when A. terminal buttons plug into receptor sites on adjacent dendrites. B. neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind with receptors on the postsynaptic dendrite. C. electric signals jump across the synapse to the adjacent neuron. D. chemicals released into the synapse are converted to neurotransmitters that bind with receptors.
B
24. Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. A. insomnia B. narcolepsy C. night terrors D. restless leg syndrome
B
24. Which one of the following processes does NOT occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? A. Break down or digested into inactive fragments. B. Collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release. C. Drifting away from the synapse via diffusion. D. Reuptake within the pre-synaptic neuron.
B
25. Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. A. a return to normal performance levels B. changes in normal bodily function C. psychological distress D. psychological stress
B
26. Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. A. antipsychotic B. depressant C. hallucinogen D. stimulant
B
28. Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? A. physical dependence B. psychological dependence C. tolerance D. withdrawal
B
29. ________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. A. cognitive behavioral B. dissociative C. Jungian D. social-cognitive
B
3. In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A. control B. double-blind C. pilot D. randomly assigned
B
3. The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic
B
5. ________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A. attrition B. inter-rater reliability C. the control group D. validity
B
6. Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false? A. Brain areas involved in sleep-wake cycles include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pons. B. Melatonin initiates the waking cycle. C. Sleep is associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones. D. They are controlled by multiple brain areas acting together.
B
7. Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A. correlational B. experimental C. quasi-experimental D. survey
B
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. A. another person's consciousness B. her own conscious experience C. her own subconscious experience D. the social construction of consciousness
B
Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. A. cognitive B. developmental C. personality D. social
B
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. A. a person's consciousness B. a person's unconscious C. fetal development D. sexual identity
B
12. Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A. inter-rater reliability B. reliability C. replication D. validity
C
13. Captain Action Potential is traveling down the Axon Road with his men in order to escape the Cell Body and to join his reinforcements at the Terminal Buttons. Captain Action Potential's journey would go much faster if he used the fatty layer known as the ______ to reach his destination. A. synapse B. cerebral cortex C. myelin sheath D. neurotransmitter
C
15. Korro is walking to school thinking about the lobes of the cerebral cortex. He realizes that each of the lobes are active as he watches where he's going, hears the traffic around him, feels the breeze on his arms, and plans his day. The ______ lobe is responsible for his ability to plan ahead. A. parietal B. occipital C. frontal D. temporal
C
15. ________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. A. insomnia B. NREM phase C. parasomnia D. REM phase
C
16. Zhara has suffered damage to her forebrain and now has great difficulty forming new memories. Which subcortical structure of the forebrain has most likely been damaged? A. basal ganglia B. thalamus C. hippocampus D. amygdala
C
18. The ________ is controlled by the experimenter. A. confounding variable B. dependent variable C. independent variable D. variability
C
19. Daiyo, a behavioral geneticist, is studying the interaction of heredity and environment. When he looks at monozygotic (identical) twins, what will he probably see in their phenotypes? A. Their genotypes will cause them to have very different phenotypes. B. Their environments will cause them to have very different phenotypes. C. Their genotypes will predispose them toward certain traits, but their environments influence whether those traits are expressed in their phenotypes. D. They will have exactly the same phenotype because they have the same genotypes.
C
2. How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep? A. one B. two C. three D. fourC
C
24. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis? A. It can be tested using empirical methods. B. It is an if-then statement. C. It is complex. D. It is falsifiable.
C
30. A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. A. cognizance B. insomnia C. meditation D. narcolepsy (end ch4)
C
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism B. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism D. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism
C
What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology? A. human resources B. marketing C. mid- and top-level management D. social work
C
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. A. behaviorism B. gestalt C. humanism D. structuralism
C
1. A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory
D
1. The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic
D
10. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? A. Frontal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling their emotional impulses. B. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. C. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. D. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors
D
11. What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? A. control groups B. operational definitions C. random assignment D. small sample size
D
14. Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. A. hypersomnia B. night terror C. restless leg syndrome D. somnambulism
D
17. Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. A. experimenter bias B. observer bias C. participant bias D. placebo effect
D
21. Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. A. night terrors B. non-REM C. NREM D. REM
D
21. ________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. A. generalizability B. operational definition C. reliability D. validity
D
22. Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. A. Freudian B. Jungian C. latent D. manifest
D
23. Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. A. smoking causes lung cancer B. smoking contributes to lung cancer C. there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer
D
27. Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. A. can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist B. report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized C. usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors D. usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors
D
4. Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? A. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity. B. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. C. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. D. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.
D
6. ________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. A. archival B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. longitudinal
D
According to Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through A. dream analysis B. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind C. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue D. the use of reinforcement and punishment
D
Behaviorists study ________. A. a person's unconscious mind B. chemical and hormonal changes C. dreams D. learned behavior
D
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
D
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. A. conscious and unconscious B. experimental and provable C. hypothesized and theoretical D. perceivable and measurable
D
I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. A. classical conditioning B. functionalism C. humanism D. operant conditioning
D
Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? A. After numerous hypotheses were developed by Charles Darwin, they were collected together into a theory. B. Contemporary scientists do not accept it as a viable way of looking at the world. C. Evolution only works theoretically. D. It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world.
D
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. A. interpret dreams B. manipulate human behavior C. study the function of behavior D. study the structure and characteristics of the mind
c