PSY100 - Modules 42-45
Basic emotions characteristics
1. Fast and automatic 2. develop early 3. universal among humans 4. shared with other mammals
polygraph
A device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response; commonly called a "lie detector."
alexithymia
A learned difficulty expressing emotions; more common in men.
mood
A low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state.
sympathetic branch
A part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body at times of stress.
parasympathetic branch
A part of the autonomic nervous system that quiets the body and conserves energy.
amygdala
A part of the limbic system (within the brain) that produces fear responses.
hypothalamus
A small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.
Emotion
A state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings.
homeostasis
A steady state of body equilibrium.
Yerkes-Dodson law
A summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance.
hierarchy of human needs
Abraham Maslow's ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency.
basic emotions
According to Robert Plutchik's theory, the most fundamental emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance.
adaptive behaviors
Actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions.
anorexia nervosa
Active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins.
physiological changes
Alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses.
taste aversion
An active dislike for a particular food.
need
An internal deficiency that may energize behavior.
response
Any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior.
estrogen
Any of a number of female sex hormones.
androgens
Any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone.
arousal theory
Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal.
estrus
Changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat.
circadian rhythms
Cyclical changes in body functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day.
emotional appraisal
Evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation.
Bulimia nervosa
Excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives.
According to the James-Lange theory, emotional experience precedes physical arousal and emotional behavior. (We see a bear, are frightened, and run.)
False
People who frequently diet tend to benefit from practice: They lose weight more quickly each time they diet
False
People who rate high in emotional intelligence tend to be highly aware of their own feelings and unaware of emotions experienced by others.
False
Positive emotions may be pleasant, but they tend to narrow our focus of attention and limit the range of possible actions we are likely to consider.
False
The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" by activating the parasympathetic system.
False
Test anxiety
High levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance.
Meta-needs
In Maslow's hierarchy, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization.
growth needs
In Maslow's hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization.
Biological motives
Innate motives based on biological needs.
Stimulus motives
Innate needs for stimulation and information.
Motivation
Internal processes that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activities.
social motives
Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture.
extrinsic motivation
Motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors.
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards; motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity.
Learned motives
Motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals.
Emotional expressions
Outward signs that an emotion is occurring.
guilty knowledge test
Polygraph procedure involving testing people with knowledge only a guilty person could know.
The idea that labeling arousal helps define what emotions we experience is associated with
Schachter's cognitive theory
Cannon-Bard theory
States that activity in the thalamus causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously.
James-Lange theory
States that emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.
Schachter's cognitive theory
States that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues.
facial feedback hypothesis
States that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels.
Kinesics
Study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facial expressions; commonly called body language.
emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions.
need for achievement (nAch)
The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence.
need for power
The desire to have social impact and control over others.
basic needs
The first four levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs.
Emotional feelings
The private, subjective experience of having an emotion.
set point
The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating.
drive
The psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals, for example, hunger, thirst, or a drive for success.
sex drive
The strength of one's motivation to engage in sexual behavior.
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The system of nerves that connects the brain with the internal organs and glands.
goal
The target or objective of motivated behavior.
incentive value
The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need.
Extracellular thirst
Thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells.
intracellular thirst
Thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell.
Charles Darwin held that emotional expressions aid survival for animals.
True
Intrinsic motivation is often undermined in situations in which obvious external rewards are applied to a naturally enjoyable activity
True
Using the information imparted by emotional reactions can enhance thinking and decision-making
True
behavioral dieting
Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation.
Maslow's Meta-Needs
Wholeness (unity) Perfection (balance and harmony) Completion (ending) Justice (fairness) Richness (complexity) Simplicity (essence) Aliveness (spontaneity) Beauty (rightness of form) Goodness (benevolence) Uniqueness (individuality) Playfulness (ease) Truth (reality) Autonomy (self-sufficiency) Meaningfulness (values)
Emotional arousal is closely related to activity of the __________nervous system
autonomic
Bingeing and purging are most characteristic of people who have
bulimia
Walter Cannon and A. L. Washburn
decided to see whether stomach contractions cause hunger.
Pain avoidance is (an) ___________drive.
episodic
In addition to changing eating habits, a key element of behavioral dieting is
exercise
Emotional __________ often communicate a person's emotional state to others.
expressions
As you try to wiggle your ears, you keep pulling the corners of your mouth back into a smile. Each time you do, you find yourself giggling. Which of the following provides the best explanation for this reaction?
facial feedback
What body changes are measured by a polygraph?
heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, galvanic skin response
Desirable goals are motivating because they are high in
incentive value
Motives ___________, sustain, ___________, and terminate activities.
initiate; direct
Maintaining your body's set point for fat is closely linked with the amount of ___________ in the bloodstream
leptin
The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of motives involves
meta needs
Needs provide the __________ of motivation, whereas incentives provide the ___________
push; pull
Which of the following is not an element of emotional intelligence?
self-centeredness
People high in nAch show high levels of perseverance, passion, and __________.
self-confidence
Exploration, manipulation, and curiosity provide evidence for the existence of _____________motives.
stimulus
Complex tasks, such as taking a classroom test, tend to be disrupted by high levels of arousal, an effect predicted by
the Yerkes-Dodson law