PSY321 - 4

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A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research covered in this textbook about economic effects, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains? a) More people in that country will be moving into the cities. b) Fewer people in that country will have the required daily caloric intake. c) The people in that country will get taller, on average. d) There will be more collectivism in that country. e) A country's economy has not been shown to affect anything.

terrible two's

increase in non-compliant and oppositional behaviour in children (tantrums)

research on acculturation curves

pg.254-257

Pidgin languages and creole languages differ in that

pidgin languages lack the grammatical structure found in creole languages.

Validity

A test is valid if it measures what it claims to measure

According to the "epidemiological paradox," which of the following people is likeliest to have the best health outcomes?

Juan, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico 2 years ago

Pluarlistic ignorance is likely to lead to

persistence of particular cultural practices

SAMPLING

generalizability.

permissive parenting

let them do anything, no care. not good

Research discussed in the textbook reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health is explained by

All of these options are correct

This is the third stage of socialization:

Adult; workplace, new roles in life

Western concept of self

Individualistic. More likely to elaborate on independence aspects of themselves, and they come to feel distinct form others and emphasize the importance of being self-sufficient.

Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect.

Independent variable

The manipulated variable. Usually culture is the independent variable in an experiment.

What is Pagtatanong-tanong? (chapter 2)

This phrase means "Asking questions" in Filipino and has become a popular social science research method.

Soujourners

Those who intend to only stay temporarily

Migrants

Those who move from a heritage culture to a host culture

Which of the following people would NOT be considered universally to be physically attractive?

a person with an average-size body

power

ability to find an effect if its there

when americans and japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror,

americans have more negative views of themselves than they normally do

Which of the following defines culture, according to the textbook?

any information learned from other members of one's species that can influence an individual's behaviors

contemporary legends

fictional stories told in modern societies as though they are true

authoritative parenting

good median child centred approach

memes' hosts

humans

proximal cause

leads to the EFFECT, very quickly! something u implemented really quick and immediately saw the effect of

while helping colleagues analyze data, you realize she turned responses to z-scores. Based on response biases in textbook, for what is she most likely accounting for?

moderacy bias

animals' pre-insticts

naturally avoid predators when born (humans aren't born like this)

Ron, an American manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________, and Tomo, a Japanese manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________.

novel; useful

paradigm shift

similar to gestation switch- the duck/rabbit picture

Authoritarian Parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

analytic thinking is best characterized by -taxonomic categorization -thematic categorization -multiple level categorization -any form of categorization

taxonomic categorization

Analytic thinking is best characterized by

taxonomic categorization.

According to the Lee and Hall (1994) article (the "Being Asian in North America" article), racism primarily includes what?

the attitudes, practices, and policies that result from a belief that skin tone determines attitudes and behaviors

The Westermarcks, a large American family with growing sons and daughters, need to build a new house, and are particularly concerned about making appropriate sleeping arrangements. Based on Shweder and colleagues' research, which moral principle will the family consider the most important?

the autonomy ideal

Minimally counterintuitive ideas tend to persist within a culture because

they tend to be remembered more than intuitive ideas.

2 ways to transmit culture

1) enculturation 2) acculturation

Between groups manipulation

A research method in which different study participants receive different levels of the independent variable.

Heritage culture

Original culture

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the US. True/False

True

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues reflects

a ritualized display

The most widespread theory of disease among traditional cultures is that disease is caused by

aggressive spirits, such as ghosts

the ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that

egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired

two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. they decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone...

protection of the vulnerable

The Parkers are an American family planning for how their family members will be sleeping. The moral value that will NOT be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is

protection of the vulnerable.

The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to report valuing food more than those living in conditions where food is abundant is an example of

the deprivation effect

One possible mechanism thought to explain higher rates of somatization in certain cultures is

the tendency in some cultures to focus attention away from emotions.

Memetic Theory

theory that before internet ppl spread ideas face to face (slow) now with internet it happens unbelievably fast

culture (word origin)

to cultivate (cicero)

culture level analyses

news/media. (read newspaper to find out)

which of the following is TRUE about cultural change in the United States

none of these statements are true

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n)...

nonuniversal

Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples?

they have very low generalizability

In the movie Babies, which child had the most contact with their father during the first year?

Mari

In this course, Urban and Rural settings are considered cultural contexts. Which Babies shared urban background experiences growing up?

Mari & Hattie

Similarity-attraction effect What is it? is it universal?

-a mechanism whereby people are attracted to others if they share many similarities -Not a universal --> evidence of cultural variability

problems with conducting surveys across cultures:

1) TRANSLATION of questionnaire items

Reference Group Bias

A finding that people in a culture usually compare themselves to people in their own culture

Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that

All of these statements are true.in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.

Women's Mate Preferences: Good Financial Prospects (GFPs) in how many cultures was it found that women valued this higher than men?

In the vast majority of the 37 cultures, women rated this as more important than men did.

Women's Mate Preferences: Ambition and Industriousness Who valued it more? how many cultures was the trend seen in? and why?

In the vast majority of the 37 cultures, women valued this as more important than men did. Why? because men were more likely to have resources

experimental design

Manipulation of independent variable, observation of dependent variable, and random assignment

Anthropocentrism is

None of these statements is true.

Suicide rates

None of these statements is true.

Which of the following people may have particularly bad health outcomes?

Ronaldo, who is low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood

Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

What is a proximal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able to conquer the Incan empire

The Spaniards had better weapons than the Incans.

What are the characteristics of tight and loose nations (chapter 1)

The characteristics of tight nations reflect those of collectivist cultures. Tight nations typically display a stricter government and more conformity. Whereas loose cultures display more democratic governments and autonomy.

Which of the following about schizophrenia is TRUE?

The course of schizophrenia is better for people in industrially advanced societies than it is in less developed ones.

Protection of the vulnerable

An Indian cultural principle that says children who are young and vulnerable should not be left alone at night.

Encephalization quotient

The ratio of brain weight of an animal compared to that of another animal of similar size. (Humans have brains 4.5X bigger than other animals our size)

What is the relationship between historical prevalence of pathogens and culture? (chapter 1)

The relationship between historical prevalence of pathogens and culture are historical cultural norms promoted conformity to deal with increased risk of pathogens. Pathogen presence has been found to be negatively correlated with individualist cultures and positively correlated with collectivist cultures.

Acquiescence bias

The tendency to agree with most statements. It is an issue for cross-cultural comparison

Existential Universal

The third level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures, although the tool is not necessarily used to solve the same problems across cultures, nor is it equally accessible across cultures. An example is Westerns experience failure to be demotivating and success to be motivating while East Asians tend to work harder after failures than after successes.

According to the Williamson (2014) article (the "White Ghetto" article), what is an example of the "poison" of monthly welfare checks in Appalachia?

They are an incentive for families to take their children out of literacy classes to preserve their disability status and monthly checks.

Cultures have been changing and evolving in recent decades in what ways?

They are becoming increasingly individualistic

A group of participants is given a hammer. They are asked to collectively strike the hammer onto a pad as hard as possible. Under which of the following circumstances would people try less hard on this group task than if they performed it individually?

They do not have relationships with the other group members.

Back translation

Transferring information back and forth across cultures in order to reach a consensus that the information has been transfered between culures and languages successfully.

Some people would describe cultural psychology as the study of how "culture and mind make each other up." What does this statement mean?

XXX Culture and the mind are very similar concepts.

Which of the following is an example of secondary control?

You convince yourself that taking the bus to work is not so bad after all.

Functional universal

Phenomenon existing in multiple cultures, is used in the same way, but is not equally accessible.

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did NOT find that:

Indians consider people's needs more than do Americans in allocating rewards

what is a W.E.I.R.D sample?

White Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic low generalizability !!!

W.E.I.R.D

White educated industrialized rich democratic

Cross-cultural investigations of Kohlberg's model reveal that

conventional moral reasoning is found among at least some adults in every society that has been investigated.

The acculturation strategy that predicts the most favorable outcomes is

integration.

Which of the following products or services does NOT capitalize on universal bases of attraction?

photo editing software that can mix different body shapes together

According to research by Alesina and colleagues (2011), regions that used ________ in farming centuries earlier were found to have ________ today.

plow cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms

Which level of moral reasoning does the following statement belong to "Heinz should steal the medicine because he will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a prison sentence"

preconventional

noun biases

predominance of nouns relative to verbs and other relational words in young children's vocabulary

Which of the following is not one of Ekman's basic emotions?

pride

whats a good way to study individual effects (collectivist vs individualistic cultures)?

priming! studies

enculturation

process of transmitting culture cultural elements to others in ones own community (serves as sense of community) (INSIDE)

The Parker's are an American family planning for how their family members will be sleeping. The moral values that will NOT be reflected in their sleeping arrangement is ____

protection of the vulnerable

general psychology

the field of psychology that inherently assumes that the mind operates under a set of natural and universal laws that are independent of content or context

The term "noun bias" means that

the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words

Research reveals that the French paradox (the tendency for French people to have low body fat percentages despite eating a diet high in fat) is due to the French a) consuming less red wine. b) consuming fewer calories. c) exercising more. d) avoiding high-fat foods. e) having a different sense of humor.

Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for fifteen years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than ten years. Based on research by Gupta and Singh, which person is likely to be happier? a) Sanjay b) Sana c) Sanjay is happier as long as his wife bears him a son. d) Sana is happier as long as she is able to bear a son for her husband. e) They are equally happy.

The relation between income and health can be summarized as so: a) Absolute income predicts health outcomes for low levels of income, whereas income relative to those around one predicts health outcomes for high levels of income. b) There is a linear relation between absolute income and health, but a curvilinear relation between relative income and health. c) Income is largely unrelated to health once you control for dietary practices. d) Wealthy people have poor health because of all the stress they experience. e) More wealth will always cause more happiness, which causes people to be healthier.

Warrin lives in an aboriginal nation comprised of many islands. He is about to travel to another island to meet his girlfriend, but in his haste, he forgot to pray to the local gods. After his trip, he falls terribly ill and feels very tired. These symptoms compel his village doctor to diagnose him with a) malgri. b) ataques de nervios. c) dhat. d) latah. e) voodoo death.

One group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater, while another group has not; but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an example of?

acquired biological variation

occam's razor

any theory should make as few assumptions as possible, eliminating or "showing off" extraneous assumptions

People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond 2 or 3

are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers.

The kinda of ideas that are best remembered over time are those that

are mostly intuitive, with the occasional counterintuitive idea included

The case of lactase persistence is an example of culture-gene coevolution because a) the genetic mutation for lactase persistence constitutes a form of transmitted culture. b) a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations. c) of a genetic mutation (lactase persistence), despite there being no selection pressures, but it allows people to engage in a cultural practice (digest milk into adulthood). d) a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) led to the creation of a cultural practice (dairy farming). e) adults with lactase nonpersistence, but who drink a lot of milk, will develop the genetic mutation for lactase persistence.

The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective? a) Ekman's basic emotions b) James-Lange theory of emotions c) two-factor theory of emotions d) interdependent self-construal e) holistic thinking style

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is a) less likely to report sleep complaints. b) less likely to report depressed mood. c) more likely to take antidepressants. d) more likely to become suicidal. e) more likely to also have schizophrenia.

Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car? a) analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car b) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human c) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe d) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car e) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: giraffe

You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he has just caught. You would love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you are carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of? a) authority ranking b) communal sharing c) market pricing d) equality matching e) big-gun diplomacy

One difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that in the United States a) the female identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized. b) both male and female identities are essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized, but only among children. c) the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized. d) both male and female identities are essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians only the female identity is essen-tialized.

c) the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized

auto kinetic effect

caused by involuntary saccadic movements of the eyes which in the dark give the illusion of movement

holistic thinking

characterized by an orientation to the context as a whole.

Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans' and Kenyans' self-descriptions, which of the following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu

collectivistic

Research reveals that the French paradox (the tendency for French people to have low body fat percentages despite eating a diet high in fat) is due to the French

consuming fewer calories

Research reveals that the French paradox (the tendency for French people to have low body fat percentages despite eating a diet high in fat) is due, in part, to the French

consuming fewer calories

Aaron believes that it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if it were consistent with cultural norms. This is an example of

conventional moral reasoning.

where is there more and less of gender roles?

countries where you need to work hard for food have more gender roles and value masculinity. if food is easily accessible, not as many gender roles

The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme to allow them to digest milk reflects that

cultural practices can affect human evolution.

Research on obesity rates and genetically based skin color illustrate different types of biological change because a) while genetically based skin color demonstrates culture-gene coevolution, obesity rates do not. b) while obesity rates demonstrate opposite effects of genes across cultures, genetically based skin color demonstrates the same effects of genes across cultures. c) obesity rates demonstrate an evoked cultural response; genetically based skin color does not. d) obesity rates show how distal causes can lead to biological changes, while genetically based skin color shows how proximal causes can lead to biological changes. e) while obesity rates demonstrate culture-gene coevolution, genetically based skin color does not.

Sending your boss a Christmas card after he had first sent you one would best be seen as an example of a) communal sharing. b) authority ranking. c) equality matching. d) market pricing. e) vertical collectivism.

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of which of the following? a) acquired biological differences b) existential universal c) distal cause d) nonuniversal e) proximal cause

What can the basic emotions best be characterized as? a) nonuniversals b) at least existential universals c) at least functional universals d) ritualized displays e) display rules

Takeshi witnesses a murder, and tells his mother. she understands the gist of the story, and then conveys that to the police. which model of cultural evolution does this best illustrate

epidemiology of ideas

Confucian scholars in 17th-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature. This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of:

ethic of divinity

Which of the following is not part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning?

ethic of justice

If a child wants to be a great basketball player and chooses to learn from LeBron James as a prestigious model, what aspect(s) of James is the child most likely to imitate, according to the prestige bias?

everything that LeBron James does, both related and unrelated to basketball

reproduction of a meme

from 1 person to another is considered one generation

You are having trouble publishing results from your latest study, but you remember reading about how people are more easily convinced by neuroscientific evidence. To add neuroscience to your study, you decided to

get fMRI data for new participant (so u have some neurological evidence to add alongside ur data)

Xing, a Chinese stock broker, and Joe, a Canadian stock broker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past 3 years, Xing likely thinks the stock will____, and Joe likely thinks the stock will____.

go down; continue to go up

Jade, a European-Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market's outlook. Compared to Jade, Jing will

have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.

what is 'natural selection' in a cultural way?

having ideas or habits or tendencies ppl do, or tricks, that get passed on (which help survival, reproduce, etc)

Mia loves visiting foreign countries and travels every chance she gets, usually staying for up to a month in each country. "I don't think I will ever get tired of traveling," she says. "Every single culture I've experienced has been so amazing and exciting!" According to the acculturation curve, which stage has Mia experienced?

honeymoon stage

Varun is a Fijian immigrant to Canada. After observing him over time, his friends felt like he was not really participating in Canadian culture, nor did he seem to have much to do with his Fijian roots. Which of the following best describes Varun? a) L-shaped curve b) adjustment c) separation strategy d) marginalization strategy e) culture shock

Research on the perception of phonemes by infants reveals that

the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.

finding that U.S. southerners respond aggressively to insults more than northerners because of underlying differences in measures of honor would be an example of:

unpacking a cultural difference

What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference-group effect?

using concrete response options

Interpretation

validity. am i measuring what I'm supposed to be? is this consistent?

an infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. which of the following scenarios best demonstrates that the infant is engaging in emulative learning

when given the tool, the infant figures out on her own how to use the tool to achieve the same goal

Non-universal

Do not exist in all cultures and can be said to be cultural inventions

Social striving is something that is

None of these answers is correct.

Research reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health can largely be the result of differences in

None of these statements is true.

Non-universal

Phenomenon that are not cross-cultural.

Collectivistic culture

Placing the collective needs ahead of the individual.

Cultural Priming

Technique involved in the activation of cultural ideas within participants. Works by making certain ideas more accessible to participants, and to the extent that those idea are associated with cultural meaning systems

Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. Based on research into a sensitive period for cultural adjustment, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?

The longer they stay in Canada, the less they identify with being Canadian

According to studies of immorality and thought, what will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?

The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts

Between-group manipulation

The manipulations in which different groups of participants receive different levels of the independent variable. Requires random assignments

Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is TRUE?

The more liberal one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the ingroup.

Transmitted Culture

The notion that people learn about particular culture practices through social learning or by modeling the behavior of others who live near them Ex: Language and dialect

incremental theory of self

a view of the self in which a person's abilities and traits are malleable and can be improved

Multicultural Approach

attending to and respecting group differences

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between talking and thinking? Eastern cultural traditions emphasize that talking and thinking

are unrelated, such that more talking does not necessarily reflect more thinking.

low context culture

culture in which there is relatively less consensual informations hared among individuals, so that people need to rely heavily on explicit communication.

Ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that

egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired.

Anorexia nervosa is best considered a

existential universal.

situational attributions

explaining people's behavior in terms of contextual variables.

Depression is a condition that is

found in every culture that has been explored.

Depression is a condition that is -found at similar rates in the population in all industrialized societies. -found in every culture that has been explored. -a culture-bound disorder. -largely absent in China.

found in every culture that has been explored.

What might you expect to happen for someone who experiences anxiety, homesickness,and helplessness after relocating to a new country

going through cultural shock pg.255-257

Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she would appear to be smiling for the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is Mary most likely to experience as a result?

happiness

Attachment theory

infants and parents are biologically prepared to establish close relationships with each other

culture of honour

one where ppl (men) protect their reputation through aggression

respect for hierarchy

post pubescent boys are conferred social status by allowing them to not have to sleep with parents or young children

incest avoidance

post pubescent members of the family of the opposite sex should not sleep in rooms together

Which level of moral reasoning does the following statement belong to "Heinz should not steal the medicine, because others may need the medicine just as badly, and their lives are equally significant"

post-conventional

Autokinetic effect

Involuntary saccadic movements of the eyes which create the illusion of movement in the dark. (Ex: staring at a light in the dark)

Define: Autokinetic Effect

Involuntary saccadic movements of the eyes, which, in the dark, creates the illusion of movement.

Independent variable

It is the variable that is varied or manipulated. In cultural psychology an example is culture

Emulative learning

Learning via action (figuring it out on your own)

Deprivation effect

The expectation that in cultures where there is depravity of something, that people would express valuing it more

Situation sampling

Different cultures provide different people with different daily routines and situations, thereby making them different.

Cultural priming

Activation of cultural ideas within participants by making certain ideas more accessible to participants.

Contemporary legends

Cross cultural modern fictional stories that are told as if they were true. (Ex: halloween candy razors)

Which of the following is NOT one of the key concepts that explain how ideas spread?

Ideas should be able to stand on their own merit

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true?

Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not

Dependent variable

The variable that you measure ex. happiness

acculturation curve(s)

honeymoon, culture shock, adjustment (pg.255) ch. 7 powerpoint (slide 7/8)

Jinro walks along the same street every day and sees the same red tree swing during his walk. The more he is exposed to this tree swing,

the more pleasant affect he will experience when processing it.

female chastity anxiety

unmarried post-pubescent women should always be chaperoned to protect them from engaging in any sexual activity that would be viewed as shameful

2 ways we acquire knowledge

1) practical (makes sense to do so) 2) conventional ('idk, parents did it this way')

3 stances (of shared elements of culture?)

1) practical stance 2) instrumental stance 3) ritual stance

Methodological equivalence

Having one's methods perceived in identical ways across different cultures

Methodological equivalence

Having one's methods percieved in identical ways across different cultures.

East Asians score higher on trait measures of social anxiety disorder than do North Americans, true or false?

TRUEEEEE

Sacred couple

(incest avoidance being the first) A second moral principle adhered by Americans in which participants believed that married couples should be given their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy

2 types of culture:

1) evoked 2) transmitted

Mere exposure effect is it universal?

-a culturally universal mechanism whereby the more we are exposed to a stimulus, the more we are attracted to it -Ex: Japanese and Americans appear to be equally likely to come to like those people with whom they interact most frequently.

3 things that came out of agriculture revolution

1) PASTORALISM (domesticating animals) 2) crop-gorwing 3) farming communities developed

some solutions to the problem of surveying people in another language?

1) PI speaking both languages 2) make the survey english only and only recruit bilingual ppl (CONS = this may not generalize well to ur population)

2 types of CAUSES

1) PROXIMAL 2) DISTAL

What are the relationships between suicide rates and Hofstede's dimensions? (chapter 7)

Situation sampling

A methodological technique utilizes the fact that cultures do not affect people in the abstract; they affect people in particular, concrete ways.

Tiger parenting: what is it? (chapter 3)

A parenting style adapted by Asian mothers in which there is a high demand for focusing on academics and success, but still report a high level of support. Asian-Americans also report a higher rate of parental pressure, with their motivation being success.

Within group manipulation

A research method in which all participants recieve all levels of the independent variable.

Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture?

Alex abides by his culture's norms

Which of the following is the best example of the "salmon bias"?

An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days.

Deprivation Bias

Effect where people will look at what other cultures have and then value it more because it is lacking in their own culture

Hindsight bias? What is it? Universal? (chapter 5)

Hindsight bias is a universal phenomena where people adjust their memory for something after being told the true outcome.

Back translating

Hiring one translator to translate the "Language 1" study to "Language 2" then hire another translator to translate "language 2" back to "language 1". Once done, you would compare the two versions as there will likely be differences then researchers would discuss the problematic places through a series of back and forth discussions, reach a consensus on how to alter the materials so that they would be equivalent.

Cultural difference

How similar their heritage culture is to the host culture in their overall ways of life.

Unpackaging

Identifying the underlying variables that give rise to a cultural difference.

the difference between an integration and an assimilation acculturation strategy

Integration: proficient in the culture of the dominant group while still retaining proficiency in the heritage culture. Ex: value aspects of native culture also adapted to values of host culture assimilation:absorb the culture of the dominant group while rejecting the norms of the heritage culture

Japanese and Americans emotional experiences have been shown to differ in that

Japanese feel better than Americans when they are experiencing interpersonally engaged emotions

Japanese and American emotional experiences have been shown to differ in that

Japanese feel better than Americans when they are experiencing interpersonally engaged emotions.

Korean differs from English in that English has an /f/ and a /p/ phoneme, whereas Korean lacks the /f/ phoneme. To many Koreans, these two phonemes sound the same. Applying what is discussed in the textbook about language acquisition to Ji-su, a Korean, which of the following would you most likely expect to occur?

Ji-su will be able to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ up to a certain age.

Which of the following is an example of anthropocentrism?

Joanne thinks that cows have all the emotions that humans have.

cultural evolution has: (3 things)

Longevity, fecundity, and fidelity

Any changes in biological characteristics within a culture must have occurred through ling periods due to genetic evolution for biological changes. Do you agree with this statement?

No-obesity rates have risen faster than can be explained by changes in the genetic makeup of a population

In negotiations, which of the following is TRUE?

People from collectivistic cultures are more likely than those from individualistic cultures to seek assistance from a third party to serve as a mediator.

It is not at all unusual for the officers at Police Station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. Even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. This is an example of

Pluralistic ignorance

Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would you expect to occur?

Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to feel that attending a friend's birthday celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.

Incremental theory of self

The belief that abilities are malleable and are capable of being changed, with efforts.

Ratchet effect

The idea that cultural information can continue to grow, without losing prior knowledge/culture.

You come from a family that hates immigrants. If you gave them an anonymous questionnaire on attitudes toward immigration and you averaged their responses together, what would you find?

Their scores would yield a small and unhappy Chernoff figure.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. Is this true or false?

True: They all share the element of anxiety.

Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you?

You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer, and she responds with an uneasy expression and says, "I guess so."

Analytic thinking is best characterized by a) taxonomic categorization. b) thematic categorization. c) multiple-level categorization. d) any form of categorization. e) synthetically integrating theses and antitheses.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?

a journal entry

field dependence

ability to view objects as bound to their backgrounds

What is the highest level of universality?

accessibility universal

How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one's relationships? a) Both account for communal sharing. b) Both are accounted for by relational mobility. c) Similarity-attraction effect causes greater conditionality of one's relationships. d) Similarity-attraction effect has a negative relationship with conditionality. e) There is no relationship between them.

the ways in which acculturation is challenging to study

challenging to study because that type of longitudinal study is rare because of cost and difficulty. In addition, reaching consistent conclusions can be challenging because there are individuals experiencing acculturation could vary widely.

The immigrant paradox refers to the finding that

children of immigrants tend to experience greater negative outcomes in educational achievement and health compared to their immigrant parents.

Amy's daughter, Sophia, is going to be an architect. In order to increase her creativity, Amy wants Sophia to live temporarily in a few other countries for a year in each place, living among the citizens, before starting her job. Based on research on the relationship between multiculturalism and creativity, will Amy's plan for Sophia work? a) No, Sophia would count as a sojourner, and the creativity of sojourners does not benefit from intercultural contact. b) Yes, because these experiences will lead to greater levels of networking, which is associated with creativity. c) No, because if there is a poor cultural fit between Sophia and potential host cultures, then she would be too unhappy to gain creativity. d) Yes, because this plan will lead to greater integrative complexity, which partially leads to higher levels of creativity. e) No, Sophia is prone to experiencing L-shaped curves, making it difficult for her to benefit from her experience.

Arranged marriages a) are associated with unhappy marriages for both men and women. b) are increasing in frequency throughout the world. c) are unusual in preindustrial societies. d) are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families. e) prevent love from developing.

You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that the person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in?

dispositional attribution

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with

dispositional attributions

People who are especially field dependent tend to be a) introverted. b) from Western cultures. c) hunters or herders. d) from large, industrialized cities. e) holistic thinkers.

Working-class and upper-middle-class Americans differ in that a) working-class Americans are happier than upper-middle-class Americans. b) although working-class Americans do not have as many choices available to them, they desire choice, and respond to choices made by others, in the same way that upper-middle-class Americans do. c) upper-middle-class Americans employ more primary and more secondary control than do working-class Americans. d) working-class Americans use more primary control than upper-middle-class Americans, but there is no difference in the use of secondary control. e) working-class Americans respond to a choice being taken away from them better than do upper-middle-class Americans.

Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy?

existential universal

propinquity effect

people are more likely to become friends with people with whom they interact

Low relational mobility

people who have few opportunities to form new relationships, and their past relationships, and their commitments and obligations to them, continue to guide them

which of the following statements is NOT true

primate species that rely heavily on fruit in their diets have larger neocortex ratios than do primate species that do not rely much on fruit

shame

As seen in the textbook, finding that U.S. southerners respond aggressively to insults more than northerners because the southerners also score higher on measures of honor would be an example of

unpacking a cultural difference

Acquiescence bias

A tendency for an individual to agree with most statements.

General psychology

All human minds are similar when context is stripped away.

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did NOT find that

All of these statements are true.

autonomy ideal

An american cultural belief that young children who are needy and vulnerable should learn to be self-reliant and take care of themselves.

Occam's Razor

Any theory should make as few assumptions as possible.

Fiske (1991, 1992) argued that all relationships are based on one or more of the four basic elements of sociality.

Communal sharing, Authority ranking, Equality matching, Market pricing

Don is from an individualistic culture, and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study by Suh and colleagues, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected?

Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with defining what constitutes a psychological disorder?

How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?

the characteristics of neglectful parenting

(182, 199) ch.5 "being cold, unresponsive, and indifferent to their children"

Authoritative parenting

(182,199)

authoritarian parenting

(182-83, 199)

2 systems developed by nomads (traveling communities) to avoid getting sick:

1) BIS (behavioural immune system) Theory [we do certain things/behaviours to avoid getting sick] 2) pathogen avoidance

2 types of manipulations in psychological research

1) between subjects design 2) within subjects design

Factors that cause ideas to spread:

1) communication is key! Shareable ideas spread faster (eg. stereotypes) 2) dynamic social impact theory 3) useful ideas spread (eg. YouTube) 4) Emotional ideas spread 5) Minimally counterintuitive ideas spread.

2 variations of culture:

1) ecological 2) geographical

culture is "packaged"; in 3 ways

1) unpacking 2) occurs razor 3) culture of honour

You are on a committee tasked with hiring new employees. Given what you know about the self-serving bias, you are concerned that applicants may exaggerate their qualifications in their application or during their interview. What can you do to prevent applicants' self-serving biases from influencing the interview process?

Focus your attention on qualifications that are clearly observable and backed up by concrete evidence.

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"?

Immigrants to the United States from certain countries (e.g., Mexico) can have lower SES than locally born people but still have better health.

Your friends are debating whether culture has been changing or not over the last few decades. What response is NOT supported by research?

It has not been changing—collectivistic cultures have, overall, remained just as collectivistic as they were decades ago.

Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples?

They have very low generalizability.

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is TRUE?

Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.

Is shyness a desirable trait in the US and China? (chapter 4)

Shyness is more of a desirable trait in China than the US. In China, shyness is viewed as mature and well-behaved, high self-esteem, and more liked than assertive children. In the US, it is not desirable and predicts anxiety and loneliness and are less liked by peers.

subjective well-being

feeling of how satisfied one is with their life

Analytic and holistic thinking differ in that analytic thinking involves ________ and holistic thinking involves ________.

gaining knowledge by applying fixed, abstract concepts; gaining knowledge through experience

Your study does not have enough power. To maximally increase power in your study, which of the following should you do?

get a more sensitive independent variable and a more sensitive dependent variable

Back translation

hire someone to translate ur english stuff into another language. then hire someone new to translate that translation back into english, and compare to see if its still capturing what u wanted

According to research on facial expressions across cultures, if Dixon, who's an American, makes facial expressions for the basic emotions

his expressions would be recognized above chance in virtually all cultures.

Maria perceives the world around her as an integrated whole. This suggests that Maria is a(n) ________, who would also attend to ________.

holistic thinker; how central figures relate to the background of a scene

People who are especially field dependent tend to be

holistic thinkers.

Takeshi discovers a lot of tips and tricks to give him an easier time playing his favorite computer game, which he proceeds to show all his gaming buddies. Which of the following does this best illustrate?

horizontal transmission

Takeshi discovers a lot of tips and tricks to give him an easier time playing his favorite computer game, which he proceeds to tell all of his gaming buddies. Which of the following does this best illustrate?

horizontal transmission

which of the following i NOT direct evidence for the social brain hypothesis

humans have a large encephalization quotient

Big brain hypothesis

hypothesis for how we got to this evolved culture. says frontal lobe is bigger than other species

Which of the following is an example of a culture-bound syndrome?

hysteria

when completing the Twenty-Statements Test, people from non-western cultures, in contrast with people from western cultures, are likelier to put down which of the following

i am a karate student

you are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self. based on markus and kitayama's model, which of the following would you least expect the person to say

i'm a member of a ballet dance group

Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity, and does not see any sort of divide between strangers he just met and his family members. what is this characteristic of

independent theory of self

distal causes

initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations

The "terrible twos" is a developmental stage that

is a nonuniversal

acculturation

is another form of transmission from OUTSIDE own culture group, to IN. serves as source of discontinuity (OUTSIDE - IN)

adolescent rebellion

is more pronounced in societies with greater numbers of role distinctions and opportunities.

Adolescent rebellion

is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities

why is it hard for psychology to be a 'hard science'?

it contains things that are not clearly defined (like culture)

jack was talking to his friend jane about all his positive characteristics. in the middle of the conversation, he took a prescription pill for a sore throat. this pill had an interesting side effect- it altered the way Jack thinks. after taking the pill, he no longer talked about his positive characteristics; instead, he talked about how he needed to improve on his shortcomings, and the disappointment that his mother has about many of his qualities. which of the following most accurately characterizes the side effect of this pill

it gave him more objective self-awareness

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?

journal entry

the concept of the sacred couple

pg.177

martians use steel gardening tools, whereas earthlings use wooden gardening tools. in a gardening competition, the martians easily defeated the earthlings. which of the following best describes why the martians defeated the earthlings

proximal cause

dynamic social impact theory

says people influence e/o and this differs depending on how much or how often they see each other. ultimately leads to a cluster of like minded people. "micro-clusters" then develop.

one of the biggest challenges with applying Darwinian principles of natural selection to studying cultural evolution is that

cultural replication is not of sufficiently high fidelity

rituals can only be looked at through:

culture (ANTH)

East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that they propelled these cultures to prosperity today. What is this scenario an example of?

evoked culture (check terms list)(due to where you live, resources you have, types of plants, because of where you live, you may have differences in our culture is evoked) (transmitted values and norms passed on through cultures and through people)

In one experiment investigating anger responses, European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians differed in:

the rate at which their physiological response returned to baseline

independent view of self

the self derives its identity from inner attributes; pg. 208/209

In Western cultures, ________. In East Asian cultures, ________.

the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world.

according to jared diamond, why were the germs brought by the spaniards so much deadlier to the Incans than the Incan germs were to the Spaniards

the spaniards had lived in close proximity to domesticated animals for much longer than the Incans

taxonomic categorization

the stimuli are grouped according to the perceived similarity in their attributes.

Your friend is experiencing stomach aches and goes to see a doctor. The doctor tells your friend that the problem is the result of forces being out of balance in his body, and gives him a remedy that is designed to bring those forces back into balance. What type of doctor is she most likely to be?

tribal

Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she

tries to not have strong displays of emotions.

Kuhn

"the answers you get depend upon the questions you ask"

32 Million Word Gap STUDY

# of words spoken at home were recorded for ppl in these 3 groups: o Welfare homes o Working-classhomes o Professional homes found: 1500 more spoken words per hour spoken in professional homes vs. welfare homes

What is Considered Physically Attractive in a mate? For men? For women? for both?

-Women with (Low waist-to-hip ratios (WHR) / Lustrous, shiny hair / Full lips) -Men with (Masculine features / A large jaw) -Lack of extreme asymmetry -Positive behaviors (smiling, helping) make individual appear more attractive

Cultural Acquisition (4)

Reactive Facilitative Psychodynamic Symbolic

How do social facilitation and social striving differ?

Social facilitation involves one actor being observed, whereas social striving involves one actor among many actors.

Who is credited with laying out the theoretical foundations for cultural psychology?

Solomon Asch

Minimally counter-intuitive ideas

Statements/stories that are unusual/strange, but are surrounded by context we relate to. (Ex: harry potter, the bible)

Generalizability

The ability of the findings to be generalized to populations other than the samples, especially when it's done on WEIRD people.

What does the acronym WEIRD stand for, and what are at least two problems with relying on samples from WEIRD societies in psychology?

The acronym WEIRD stands for W:western, E:educated, I:industrialized, R:rich, D:democratic. One problem with WEIRD samples would be that human behaviors may vary among different situations while using or observing different groups of people and/or subjects.

Characteristics of creative individuals across cultures (chapter 5)

The characteristics of creative individuals across cultures include: (1) Capacity for hard work, (2) Willingness to take risks, and (3) High tolerance for ambiguity.

How do the color-blind and multicultural approaches compare to each other?

The color-blind approach ignores group differences, while the multicultural approach focuses on group differences.

American and Chinese children were recruited for a study. All children were either thirteen years old or five years old. They were first told that a child was happy every day the past week; then they were asked to predict the likelihood that the child would be happy tomorrow. To analyze the data, researchers matched 13-year-old American children's responses to those of the 13-year-old Chinese children. The same was done with the 5-year-old children's responses. Which of the following would be most likely to occur with this analysis?

The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children is much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds.

Natural selection

The evolutionary process that occurs when three particular conditions are present: (1) individual members of a species vary on certain traits; (2) those varying traits are associated with different survival rates; and (3) those traits have a hereditary basis.

accessibility universal

Culture of Honor

The idea that "herders" (people who have easily movable resources ex: cattle and pigs) have to "maintain their honor" and build a reputation, in order to scare away thieves, and do so by responding with violence to any threat.

Emulative learning

The learning is focused on the environmental events that are involved- how the use of one object could potentially effect changes in the state of the environment- reproduce a behavior without knowing goals.

Evoked Culture

The notion that all people, regardless of where they are from, have certain biologically encoded behavioral repertoires that are potentially accessible to them, and that these repertoires are engaged when the appropriate situational conditions arise

Evoked Culture

Transmitted Culture

The notion that people learn about particular culture practices through social learning or by modeling the behavior of others who live near them

The Blurgs, an alien family from Neptune, want to build a new house. This family consists of a father, a mother, a 20-year-old son, a 10-year-old son, and a baby daughter. When deciding on sleeping arrangements, the people of Neptune greatly value respect for hierarchy, as defined by Shweder and colleagues in their study examining cultural differences between the Americans and Indians in sleeping arrangements. Which of the following most accurately reflects this value?

The older brother sleeps in his own room

Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries, as well as ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House?

The ordinary American citizens will agree with him.

Noun Bias

The preponderance of nouns relative to verbs and other relational words in young children's vocabularies. The existence is informative with respect to the experiences that young children have.

Ratchet Effect

The process by which cultural information becomes more complex and often more useful over time because an initial idea can be learned from others and then modified and improved by the learners- CD: cultures tend to develop over time, not decline Our environment is filled with cultural info which effects us everyday. If you want to understand people, you need to understand their culture

Do American and Japanese infants differ from each other on smiling, vocal reactivity, and laughter? (chapter 4)

The rate of infants smiling are higher in Japan than the US. The rate of vocal reactivity is higher in the US than Japan, and the rate of laughter is ??

Accessibility Universal

The strongest case for universality can be made when it could be said that a given cognitive tool exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problem across cultures and is accessible to the same degree across cultures. Process that occurs in all cultures, solves problems, occurs with the same frequency. Basic processes that emerge early in life

Frame switching

The tendency for bicultural people to switch between different cultural selves

Female chastity anxiety

The third principle (the most important for the Indians) holds that unmarried postpubescent women should always be chaperoning to protect them from engaging in any sexual activity that would be viewed as shameful

What is a problem with using the "back-translation" method?

The translation may sound very unnatural and may contain idioms that are unintelligible.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence? -Therapist B works as part of a cultural consultation service. -Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients. -Therapist A is well trained in the cultural perspectives of different cultures. -Therapist D is a practitioner of both Morita therapy and Naikan therapy.

Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients.

There is no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian.

Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means $30,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy? -They should live approximately equally long. -Lara -Larry -Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer.

They should live approximately equally long. Lara Larry Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. True or False?

True—they all share the element of anxiety.

Which of the following examples best illustrates culture-gene coevolution? a) A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin. b) A population could not bury its dead because the climate was too cold, making the ground too hard to dig. This led the population to develop a funeral ritual of offering its dead to the animals. c) The average height of a country has increased within a year due to an influx of very tall immigrants, carrying with them their genes for height. d) A population lives in a very cold climate that has constant snowstorms. This leads the population to develop a genetic mutation that causes people to have a lot of body fat to keep warm. e) The average BMI of a population has become healthier in a year due to the population drinking more red wine and having a more positive attitude about food.

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions? a) pride b) disgust c) surprise d) fear e) All of these are basic emotions.

autonomy ideal

a belief that young children who are needy and vulnerable should learn to be self-reliant and take care of themselves

Koro is manifested by

a female patient who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body.

neuroticism

a personality trait that indicates how emotionally unstable and unpredictable an individual is

conscientiousness

a personality trait that indicates how responsible and dependable an individual is

openness to experience

a personality trait that reflects a person's intelligence and curiosity about the world

Cultural Psychology

a psychological science that is able to study how specific cultural experiences shape and express universal biological potentials

Adolescent rebellion a) is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities. b) is observed in the vast majority of the world's cultures. c) is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies. d) is universal, although adolescent violence is not

a) is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities

After an exhaustive study, you find no cultural variation across all samples explored in terms of sleeping in a tree at night. This finding would best be labeled as a(n)

accessibility universal.

While helping your colleague analyze data, you realize that she has turned the participants' responses into z-scores. Based on the response biases in the textbook, which one is she most likely to be trying to account for?

acquiescence bias

Color terms from different cultures around the world

all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.

shweder and colleagues found that indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are american parents. given their studies, which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results

americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space

shawna, a mother from the united kingdom, is trying to determine which parenting style she should use with her child maximize the child's school achievement, autonomy, and self-reliance. according to baumrind's typology as found among western samples, which parenting style should she use

authoritative parenting

The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic?

autonomy

A Catholic and a Protestant walk into a bar. Their names are Jon and Jack, respectively. They start discussing everything from social issues to psychological research. They agree that they have many similarities and differences. Based on the textbook's research on Catholics and Protestants, which of the following is likely similar or different between the two of them? a) Both Jon and Jack equally find overweight people to be lazy. b) Jack is much more individualistic than Jon. c) Jon has a high-status nonmanual occupation, while Jack does not. d) Jack is more accepting of overweight people than Jon. e) Jon was self-reliant at a much younger age than Jack.

A key distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is that

bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n) a) functional universal. b) existential universal. c) nonuniversal. d) accessibility universal. e) human universal.

People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond two or three a) can still detect changes in the number of objects in the same way as those who have words for a complete number set. b) are unable to discriminate between different quantities. c) are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers. d) can still do basic counting, but not basic addition or subtraction. e) have no conception of what amount is visually greater than or smaller than another.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence? a) Therapist A is well trained in the cultural perspectives of different cultures. b) Therapist B works as part of a cultural consultation service. c) Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients. d) Therapist D is a practitioner of both Morita therapy and Naikan therapy. e) Therapist E works as an anthropologist as part of the cultural consultation service.

You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, to accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude and guilt toward those around him. What type of treatment is this? a) cognitive behavioral therapy b) client-centered therapy c) Naikan therapy d) Morita therapy e) psychoanalytic therapy

When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians

choose family-resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments.

the more pathogens, the more of what kind of culture?

collectivity (cz ur collect togethr and stay away from outsiders)

One advantage of experimental methods over survey methods in cultural psychological research is that

cultural differences in response biases are controlled better with experimental methods than with survey methods

Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress?

cultural fit

Nonuniversal

cultural inventions (i.e. an abacus)

If you wanted to do a study using a within-groups manipulation to examine whether European Canadians can be made to think like Canadians and East Asians, which of the following would be the MOST relevant and appropriate methodology?

cultural priming

If you wanted to do a study using a within-groups manipulation to examine whether European Canadians can be made to think like Canadians and East Asians, what would be the most relevant and appropriate methodology?

cultural priming!

One of the biggest challenges with applying Darwinian principles of natural selection to studying cultural evolutions is that

cultural replications is not of sufficiently high fidelity

A group of researchers want to learn about the characteristics of home-cooking recipes in Culture X. What is this type of method an example of?

cultural-level measure

A group of researchers wants to learn about the characteristics of home-cooking recipes in Culture X. What is this type of method an example of?

culture-level measuring

high context culture

cultures in which there is much consensual information shared among individuals, so that much can be understood without it needing to explicitly stated

collectivistic cultures

cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual

A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest, and each person is allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars. All cars are of the same make, model, and year. The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one of two colors. Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal proportion between the two colors, making the minority color very unique. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true? a) East Asians will choose their cars randomly. b) Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors. c) East Asians will choose unique-colored cars. d) Americans will choose minority-colored cars. e) East Asians will choose white cars

A study comparing Protestants and non-Protestants in their interactions with others in a working context found that Protestants a) paid more attention to relational cues than non-Protestants, regardless of condition. b) did not work as hard at the task compared with non-Protestants. c) worked harder at the task than non-Protestants when it was a fun task, but the two groups did not differ in their work when it was a serious work task. d) paid less attention to relational cues than non-Protestant men in a serious work task. e) worked less hard than non-Protestants when it was a serious work task.

Jee-Yeong is a bicultural Korean-Canadian who is high in bicultural identity integration. Compared with other bicultural Korean-Canadians who are low on bicultural identity integration, Jee-Yeong a) will show less acculturative stress. b) is more likely to score high on measures of cultural distance. c) is less likely to acquire undesirable cultural habits. d) will engage in more frame-switching. e) will more likely adopt an assimilative strategy.

Koro is manifested by a a) male who feels extreme anxiety that his penis may be perceived as being extremely small. b) female who is deathly afraid of the cold and bundles herself up in as much clothing as possible. c) male who goes off on a rampage and kills anyone he sees, but remembers nothing from the episode. d) female patient who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body. e) male who has a morbid fear that someone has put a curse on him, and that the curse must be lifted to save his life.

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community? a. Marian stabs Roland in the arm b. Horatio has surgery to install extra eyes in his face c. Peters a plastic bottle into the trash d. Jack obeys his father's commands

d. Jack obeys his father's commands

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with

dispositional attributions.

generalizability

do findings from sample generalize to population?

humans tend to copy everything that a prestigious model does, because humans

don't know what it is about the model that made him/her successful

Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American, a) Jun would feel more happiness than Jerry. b) Jun would feel more life satisfaction than Jerry. c) Jun would feel more anger than Jerry. d) Jun would feel more extreme emotions than Jerry. e) Jun would feel more shame than Jerry.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-bound syndrome? a) frigophobia b) hysteria c) bulimia nervosa d) voodoo death e) neurasthenia

which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools

east asian mothers spend more time teaching their kids math before their kids start kindergarten

Your research team found evidence that people in multiple cultures walk with their shoes on their heads, but this "shoe-on-head" way of walking is activated for different reasons across cultures. This would be evidence of a(n)

existential universal

dispositional attributions

explaining people's behavior in terms of their inner qualities, such as personality traits.

Xing, a Chinese stockbroker, and Joe, a Canadian stockbroker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past three years. Xing likely thinks the stock will _____________, and Joe likely thinks the stock will _____________.

go down; continue to go up

agriculture revolution

groups increased. became modern humans. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. system needed to trust people- therefore religion and God.modern society now started

unpacking cultural findings

identifying underlying variables that give rise to cultural differences

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that

people attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

authoritarian parenting

super strict high demands

Which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance?

the binge drinking habits among underage college students

cognitive dissonance

the distressing feeling that accompanies the awareness that one is acting inconsistently

culture

the norms and standards if a particular group. There are universals between cultures; but also unique things.

according to Atran and Norenzayan, which of the following is more likely to come commonly known

the rainbow mouse ate the quick berry

your friend recently entered a few chess competitions, but lost them all really badly. if he has an entity theory of self, what is he most likely to do.

think he has bad chess "genes"

an infant of species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. which of the following demonstrates that the infant is engaging in imitative learning

when given the tool, the infant mimics exactly how the model used the tool

reverse-score

when half items are positive and half are negative

Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most euphoria?

when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

the big god hypothesis

concept of God. (punishment and reward) social mechanism, bcz God has access to ur thoughts an behaviours. be a GOOD person

What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference group effect?

concrete response options, behavioral observations, quantitative responses

Research reveals that the French paradox is due to the French

consuming fewer calories

Research reveals that the French paradox is due to the French

consuming fewer calories.

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

Shweder and colleagues found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are American parents. Given their studies, which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results?

Americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space.

Autokenetic effect

An optical illusion whereby a pinpoint of light shown in a dark room appears to move

Five Factor Model of Personality

Argues that there are five core traits that universally represent personality.

company culture

Big field! rumba studies on it... ppl more loyal and work better when they are together in an actual office. they do RITUALS which bring them closer (OS for example)

co sleeping

Children sleeping in the same bed with parents or grandparents until primary school age, rather than sleeping in separate rooms and beds. This is common in most cultures.

Engai is a member of the Masai indigenous group in Kenya and Joseph is an American college student. Based on your knowledge of Ma and Schoeneman's (1997) study on self-descriptions, how is each person most likely to finish the statement "I am . . ."?

Engai: "I am a member of the elders council"; Joseph: "I am outgoing"

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: there appears to be greater involvement on the part of the audience, and this in turn, affects the importance of style and devices that enhance audience rapport.

Oral

Permissive parenting

Parents being very involved with their child, with much expressed parental warmth and responsiveness, and few limits and controls.

Why is studying cultural psychology important?

Studying cultural psychology can give psychologists a more complete understanding of how the human mind works.

Your friend immigrated more than a decade ago. While walking on the streets with your friend, he suddenly encounters a store that reminds him of his heritage culture. Which of the following is likeliest to result from that? a) Your friend will, at that moment, choose to develop more of a separation acculturation strategy. b) Your friend is more likely to think in ways consistent with his heritage culture, at least temporarily. c) Your friend will be prevented from entering the adjustment phase of acculturation, if he had not entered it already. d) Your friend will experience heightened acculturative stress. e) Your friend will temporarily feel like he was less acculturated than he had ever been.

differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline.

Celebrating birthdays is a functional universal. This means that in two cultures, the purpose of birthdays is _____________ across the cultures and how important birthdays are is _____________ across the cultures.

different; the same

Ethnocentrism

judging people from other cultures by the standards of one's own culture.

According to Gupta and Singh's research on marriage in India, after being married for 10 or more years, which of the following most accurately portrays people's happiness in these marriages?

males in arranged marriages > females in arranged marriages > males in love marriages > females in love marriages

Lesotho lives in a nation with many islands. He is about to travel to another island to meet his girlfriend; but in his haste, he forgot to pray to the local gods. After his trip, he falls terribly ill and feels very tired. These symptoms compel his village doctor to diagnose him with

malgri.

Sacred couple

married couples should be given their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy

Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would -recommend surgery. -prescribe high dosages of pharmaceuticals. -recommend vitamins and rest. -recommend that he avoid germs.

recommend vitamins and rest.

At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she

refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.

A period of time in an organism's development that allows for the relatively easy acquisition of a skill is known as a

sensitive period.

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: "What was said" cannot be understood by the words alone - one has to look at who said it, when they said it, where they said it, how they said it, the circumstances in which they said it, to whom they said it, etc.

High-context

Which of the followings statements accurately describes the relationship between social class and individualism?

Higher social class is associated with independence in Western cultures and interdependence in Eastern cultures.

Authoritative parenting

Is a child-centered approach in which parents hold high expectations of the maturity of their children, try to understand their child's feelings and teach them how to regulate those feelings, and encourage their children to be independent while maintaining limits and control on their behaviors. This approach is associated with parental warmth, responsiveness, and democratic reasoning.

Interdependent View of Self

Individual's identity is importantly interdependent with others. Key aspects of identity include roles, relationships, and memberships. As roles change across situations, identity is also somewhat fluid across situations. Clear distinction between ingroups and outgroups.

In what way does exposure to a language at a young age affect our abilities to discriminate between different sounds?

Infants as young as one year differ in their perception of some phonemes compared with those raised to speak a different language

Vouloumanos and Werker (2004)

Infants have a marked preference for speech over other sounds. Brains pay selective attention to sounds/phonemes from the language most familiar to us.

Distal Cause

Initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations

Distal causes

Initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time. (Ex: ease of finding easily domesticated livestock)

Do intercultural experiences promote creativity? (Time spent living abroad vs. time spent traveling abroad). Why? (chapter 5)

Intercultural experiences promotes creativity; for example, it is found that time spent living abroad promotes more creativity than time spent traveling abroad. This is because while living abroad, you see more opportunities to be creative because you are exposed to more differences for a longer period of time.

Entity theory of self

Involve the belief that abilities are largely fixed, and reflect innate features of the self.

Integration strategy

Involves attempts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while at the same time striving to maintain the traditions of one's heritage culture- have positive views toward both heritage/host culture, see the best of both worlds.

Separation strategy

Involves effort to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture while making little/no effort to participate in the host culture. Negative views toward host culture, positive towards heritage culture.

Authoritarian parenting

Involves high demands on children, with strict rules and little open dialogue between parent and child. It typically involves low levels of warmth or responsiveness by the parents to the child's protests

Marginalization strategy

Involves little or no effort to participate in the host culture or to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture. Negative views toward both heritage/host cultures. Rare, theoretically puzzling

Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans and Kenyans, which of the following would be expected

Kenyan undergrad: "I am a resourceful person" Kenyan tribesman "I am a member of an association"

which of the following was NOT found in Suh's research on Koreans and Americans

Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans who are less consistent

Lara

Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means less than $10,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy?

Lara

Lara has a low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry has a low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means a maximum of $30,000 per year.) Which of the two people will likely have a longer life expectancy?

Lara will have a longer life expectancy.

What is the main cost to humans for having large brains?

Large brains require an enormous amount of energy to function.

According to Dunbar, why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of larger brains

Larger groups had greater social complexity, driving the evolution of larger brains to handle such complexity

According to your textbook and lecture, why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of brain size?

Larger groups has greater social complexity, driving the evolution of larger brains to handle such complexity

a few townsfolk begin a movement promoting social harmony. over time, they expand the movement by interacting with other townsfolk. soon, they've influenced the whole town to join in the movement. the best illustrates which of the following

Latane's dynamic social impact theory

A few townsfolk begin a movement promoting social harmony. Over time, they expand the movement by interacting with other townsfolk. Soon, they have influenced the whole town to join in the movement. This best illustrates which of the following?

Latané's dynamic social impact theory

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome?

Latiri, who lives with her family in a nondeveloped society

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome? -Malcolm, who has paranoid schizophrenia -Jordan, who lives by himself in a developed society -Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society -Vanness, who lives with his family in a developed society

Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society

What can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition?

Learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken language

Imitative learning

Learning by imitation.

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: stresses beginnings and ends of events, unitary themes, is object-oriented rather than people or event-oriented, and is empirical in its use of evidence.

Linear

sensitive windows for language acquisition

No other species is as dependent on their language skills or has complex a language systems as humans. After the sensitive period starts to end, however, that brain region is no longer as capable of being restructured to accommodate a new language view ch.5 powerpoint

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that -Obesity is largely the result of genetics -obesity rates are unrelated to country's GDP -cultural diffs in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets -people from heavier cultures tend to have more children than those from lighter cultures -none of the statements are correct

None of the statements are correct

People who are especially field dependent tend to be

None of these answers are correct.

What will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?

None of these choices is correct.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that

None of these statements is correct.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that -None of these statements is correct. -obesity rates are unrelated to a country's GDP. -obesity is largely the result of genetics. -cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets.

None of these statements is correct.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that the fact that -obesity rates are unrelated to a country's gross domestic product (GDP). -cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets. -people from "heavier" cultures tend to have more children than those from "lighter" cultures. -obesity is largely the result of genetics. -None of these statements is correct.

None of these statements is correct.

Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American,

None of these statements is true.

The relation between money and happiness is that

None of these statements is true.

What is Adams' argument for why West Africans are more concerned about enemies than North Americans?

North Americans only create relationships if they stand to benefit from them, and enemies are not a benefit to them.

Children's physical experiences differ across cultural contexts. Which infants have more bodily contact (over 70% of time in bodily contact) with their parents?

Nso & Gujarati

Which of the following is true about cultural change in the United States?

On average, Americans are less likely to belong to formal organizations than they were forty years ago.

A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research about economic effects covered in this textbook, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains?

On average, newborns in that country will grow up to be taller.

Approaches to health across cultures (chapter 7)

One approach to health in the US is the biomedical model which views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause originating inside the body. In China and ancient Greece, they view health as a balance of negative and positive states; having a balance between nature and various roles of the individual is critical for health in these countries.

How does similarity bias compare to conformist transmission?

Only conformist transmission focuses on how common a behavior is in a group of people.

OCEAN

Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Sleeping arrangements and patterns across cultures (e.g., differences between P-A and P-C nations). (chapter 3)

P-A nations sleeping arrangements and patterns consist of babies sleeping in the same room as parents for years, whereas in P-C nations the baby will move to another room months after the baby was born.

Describe Pluralistic Ignorance and the potential effect it has had on historic cultural events

PI is the tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thoughts that underlie other people's behaviour. e.g. the rise of National Socialism in Germany was not motivated by nefarious intentions and eugenetics, but, rather, by an incredible failure of misunderstanding and mass conformity.

There are various factors that influence cross-cultural differences in math achievement. Highlight the cross-cultural differences on the following factors: Parental values, attitudes and appraisals of students, teacher-student relationships, and school environment (safety). (chapter 3)

Parental values: Japanese/Chinese parents consider effort over ability, satisfied at higher levels of competence, and have a high value for education. American parents consider ability over effort, are satisfied at lower levels of competence, and have a high concern for building their child's self-esteem. Attitudes and appraisals of students: Americans believe in high levels of control and lower in performance. While Asians believe in low levels of control and high in performance. Teacher-Student relationships: Japanese/Chinese teachers tend to discuss wrong answers and why students did not perform well. Whereas American teachers tend to focus on the students who did well. School Environment (safety): The perception and actual levels of negative classroom activity are perceived higher in Asian countries but occur more in the U.S.

You have a set of photographs of Fore people from Papua New Guinea displaying happiness, disgust, sadness, and fear. You present these photographs to groups of participants from the United States, Argentina, and Japan and ask them to identify which emotion is being expressed. Which of the following results is most likely?

People from all cultural groups will be able to identify emotions correctly in the majority of the photographs.

According to research on political identity and morality, which of the following is TRUE?

People from most political identities value the ethic of community the least.

Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply?

People from other cultures likely can't recognize that he is excited.

Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply?

People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that he is excited.

Cognitive dissonance

People have a powerful motivation to be consistent and cognitive dissonance is the distressing feeling we have when we observe ourselves acting inconsistently and wish to stop.

Army recruits are assigned randomly into specific sleeping quarters, where they do a lot of socializing during break time and at night. The political and religious attitudes of the recruits were surveyed before they were assigned sleeping quarters, and then again after several weeks of training. The generals found that the recruits' political and religious ideas tended to form clusters based on their sleeping quarters. Which of the following can best explain this situation?

People in close contact tend to influence each other.

Inderjit, an Indian villager, came across a pot of gold while working in the fields. How is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village?

People who need more money receive more pieces of gold.

Socially desirable responding

People who strongly show this bias are motivated to be evaluated positively by others, and as a result they might disguise their true feelings to appear more socially desirable.

Color-Blind Approach

People will interact with each other without giving much attention to anyone's ethnic background.

Blending

People's self-concepts reflect a hybrid of their two cultural worlds.

Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset?

Person D, who is Korean

Which of the following people have kufungisisa?

Person E thinks that he has overused his brain by thinking too much and is now experiencing panic attacks and irritability

Existential universal

Phenomenon existing in multiple cultures, but not used the same way, or equally accessible.

Accessible universal

Phenomenon existing in multiple cultures, used to solve the same problem, and equally accessible.

Individualistic culture

Placing ones own beliefs ahead of the collective.

Xiao, a 7-year-old Chinese child, and Jess, a 7-year-old American child, are each listening to an audio tape in their individual rooms. At one point, the audio on both tapes gets covered by static. Xiao and Jess are asked to guess what was said. Which of the following is the likeliest to happen?

Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb; Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun

Xiao, a 7-year-old chinese child, and jess, a 7-year-old american child, are each listening to and audio tape in their individual rooms...

Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb; Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects

a ritualized display.

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects -feelings of sadness. -a basic emotion. -a ritualized display. -a reflexive emotional expression.

a ritualized display.

a society that espouses values that match Pedram's personality

Based on Rozin and colleagues' reasoning that environment affects portion size, what are people most likely to say if asked how many nuts people want to eat?

a specific number of containers or packages

objective self-awareness

a state of mind in which individuals consider how they appear to others and are conscious of being evaluated

subjective self-awareness

a state of mind in which individuals consider themselves from the perspective of the subject and demonstrate little awareness of themselves as individuals

All else being equal, which of the following studies will have the most statistical power in a comparison of tight and loose cultures?

a study comparing Canada and North Korea

dynamic social impact theory

a theory suggesting that individuals influence each other through their interactions, which gives rise to clusters of like-minded people separated by geography

two factor theory of emotion

a theory that maintains that emotions are primarily our interpretations of physiological responses to stimuli

James-Lange theory of emotion

a theory that maintains that emotions are primarily perceptions of physiological responses to stimuli

entity theory of self

a view of the self in which a person's abilities and traits are largely innate features that the individual cannot change

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true? a) Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting. b) Both lead the child to be psychologically maladjusted. c) Authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting involve similar levels of parental warmth. d) Authoritative parenting makes the child less happy than authoritarian parenting.

a) Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child. What is she NOT likely to do? a) allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk b) devote lots of time to nurture her child's musical talents c) show her child that he must bow when speaking to his grandparents d) watch her child closely while he does his homework

a) allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk

One group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater, while another group has not, but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an example of?

acquired biological variation

Cultural Priming

activation of cultural ideas within participants. Priming works by making certain ideas more accessible to participants and depending how meaningful these ideas are to a culture, can investigate what happens when people start to think about certain cultural ideas. When cultural ideas are activated that are more common in another culture people start thinking in ways that are more similar to the thinking of people from other cultures.

The most widespread theory of disease among traditional cultures is that disease is caused by

aggressive spirits, such as ghosts.

In your initial study, you noticed that your participants tended to say they strongly agreed with of the items on your questionnaire. When doing a follow-up study, how would you tell whether your original participants suffered from acquiescence bias?

Reverse-score half the items.

General Psychology

Richard Shweder's argues that general psychology assumes that the mind operates under a set of natural and universal laws that are independent from content or context

Which of the following people may have particularly bad health outcomes?

Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood

Which of the following people should NOT be expected to have good health outcomes?

Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood

Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud.

Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions?

Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.

after measuring the neocortex ratio of two species, it was determined that Species A has a ratio of .25, whereas Species B has a ratio of .20. Based on the evidence discussed in the textbook, which of the following can one most likely conclude about these two species

Species B lives in a smaller social group than Species A

A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, they are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. Conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. Based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect their respective cultural development to be like?

Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture

According to Jared Diamond, why were the germs brought by the Spaniards so much deadlier to the Incans than the Incan germs were to the Spaniards?

The Spaniards had lived in close proximity to domesticated animals for much longer than the Incans.

Statistical Power

The capability of the study to detect a statistically significant effect. For example, often you need a larger sample group for greater statistical power.

What are some similarities and differences between the evolution of physical characteristics versus the evolution of ideas? What factors are involved in the spreading and persistence of ideas?

The evolution of physical characteristics has to do with certain genes and certain characteristics became more attractive due to natural selection. For both physical characteristics and ideas, the ones that are most beneficial for that time and place tend to survive the longest and pass on through the generations. Ideas tend to turn into social norms especially if they persist for a long period of time. Both ideas and physical characteristics can have a selective advantage. Physical characteristics, or genes can only be passed from parent to offspring and the evolution of genes is extremely slow. Ideas can evolve and change must faster. Ideas can be transferred not just to offspring but also to many people instantly. Ideas can also fail or disappear at a much faster rate. An idea is spread but each individual re-creates that idea that they just learned or imitated. Language and imitation are the ways to spread ideas. People are most likely to believe and spread ideas with those they are close with and interact with regularly. Information or an idea that is useful or an idea that has a shared emotional reaction among people are most likely to be spread due to the adaptive advantage and the ability to feel connected with others. Ideas that are most likely to persist in future generations are ones that contain a few minimally counterintuitive ideas. This means an idea that may be surprising but not too outlandish. Many religious emerge from these types of ideas. Because they are surprising they are easier are more likely to be remembered.

Bicultural identity integration

The extent to which people see their two cultural identities as compatible or in opposition. For example, some people like to blend their cultures, while others see them as opposing forces.

Subjective well-being

The feeling of how satisfied one is with one's life.

Accessibility Universal

The first and highest level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures, is used to solve the same problem across cultures, and is accessible to the same degree across cultures. An example would e social facilitation- the tendency for individuals to do better at well-learned tasks and worse at poorly learned ones, when in the presence of others.

Non-univeresal

The fourth, and lowest level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool does not exist in all cultures and can be considered a cultural invention.An example is the abacus reasoning which is a calculation in parts of the Middle east and Asia.

Respect for hierarchy

The fourth/last principle is in which postpubescent boys are conferred social status by allowing them to not have to sleep with parents or young children

list the functions of cultural research (chapter 1)

The functions of cultural research are (1) Identifying culture-specific values, cognitive categories, or forms of behavior, (2) Understanding the relationship between ecological and psychological variables, (3) Identifying human universals, (4) Testing the generality of psychological models or theories, and (5) Studying the effect of cultural change.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States.

A 2.5-year-old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task—they must figure out how to use a tool to reach the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. Based on Hermann and colleagues' findings, which of the three participants will outperform the others?

They will all perform equally well.

Jack and Jill are two parents who place great emphasis on the value of the sacred couple. They also have a postpubescent son, a prepubescent daughter, and a toddler son. What sleeping arrangement are they most likely going to have?

They would sleep in the same room, separate from their children

Immigrants

Those who intend to move permanently (immigrants)

Edgerton's (1971) research on East African tribes living in the same geographical location when answering this question.

Tribal affiliation trumped ecological pressures in predicting attitudes of a community. Transmitted culture can play a more powerful role in cultural variation than evoked culture.

Romantic love, which is discussed within the context of monogamous human relationships in the textbook, exists because it was evolutionarily advantageous for our ancestors. Is this true or false? Why?

True: More children from parents who experienced romantic love survive to pass on their genes, compared to children of parents without romantic love.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. True or False? -False—they share no underlying similarities at all. -True—they all share the element of anxiety. -False—some result in death while others do not. -True—they are all untreatable.

True—they all share the element of anxiety.

Color terms from different cultures around the world -are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-green spectrum. -all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms. -vary in arbitrary ways. -vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas other cultures only have color words for blue and yellow.

all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.

Which of the following provides evidence of culture in nonhuman animals?

XXX Chimpanzees show good emulative learning compared with humans, and each subsequent generation of chimpanzees shows better emulative learning than the previous generation.

Which of the following children demonstrates mentalizing?

XXX a child who assumes that everyone knows everything she knows

Dynamic social impact theory can explain why

XXX cultural evolution can occur much faster than biological evolution.

A failure to replicate a psychological phenomenon

XXX is much more likely when the study and the replication have a high degree of statistical power.

After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions, regardless of the content. This is called ________ bias.

XXX leniency

Steven is a new English-speaking cultural psychologist who only uses questionnaires. He wants to establish methodological equivalence when studying cultural differences in happiness between rural Nigerians and urban South Koreans. To do that, he will likely

XXX reverse-code half of the items on his questionnaires.

In Culture A, people are known to be talkative. In Culture B, they are known to be very quiet. Yet when Reggie gives out questionnaires, he finds that those from Culture A are more likely than those from Culture B to agree with the statement. "I don't talk that much." What is a plausible explanation for this?

XXX social desirability bias

Is culture among chimpanzees cumulative?

XXX yes, because chimpanzees have excellent working memory

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiaox xun type of parenting on her child. what is she NOT likely to do?

allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child. What is she NOT likely to do?

allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk

Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions but lost them all badly. Which of the following statements is he most likely to make if he possesses an entity theory of self?

"I just wasn't born with the 'chess gene.'"

As a Naikan practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say

"It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them."

As a Moritist practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say, -"It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them." -"It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence." -"Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control." -"Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms."

"It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence."

Which of the following statements would be the least important to someone who is very conservative?

"The only thing I know to do is to obey what my father says."

which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?

"Those people from Culture X are weird. Rather than using forks to eat like we do—like people are supposed to—they like to eat by picking things up using sticks."

A person takes a dialectical view on life is LEAST likely to say

"When faced with contradictory information, a person needs to decide what is right and what is wrong."

You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger. You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?

$25

What are the three indicators of health? (chapter 7)

(1) Life Expectancy (2) Infant Mortality, and (3) Subjective Well-being

Discuss some key factors and evidence which suggest that humans are relatively unique in the animal kingdom in terms of their cultural learning abilities.

- Humans are different from many other animals because we do not have certain characteristics like claws or fur to help us survive. Luckily we have a reliance on culture, which has allowed us to be the most dominant specie. According to Heine, humans are not unique in being able to engage in cultural learning but humans are the best. We are able to learn and store cultural information faster and better than other species. Both humans and animals imitate, but humans are better at imitating prestigious models rather than picking someone random which allows them to be more successful. Humans are able to understand that their ideas and intentions are different from other people and this understanding is unique to humans. Chimps do not understand others intentions so do not act upon them like bringing others to a location or object. Language is a way for humans to communicate their thoughts, questions, explanations etc. Humans have the most complex way to communicate and it plays a huge role in our sophisticated cultural learning. Language is the best way to learn and teach new ideas in a very precise way, which, allowed us to evolve in ways other species cannot.

India Sleeping Arrangements

- Incest Avoidance - Protection of the Vulnerable - Female Chastity Anxiety - Respect for Hierarchy

US Sleeping arrangements

- Sacred Couple - Autonomy Ideal - Gender Socialization

DIFFERENCES BETWN BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION: (3)

1) biological traits go down easily and faithfully; cultural is like playing 'broken telephone'. 2) genes can only be passed VERTICALLY and very slowly (cultural = fast and any direction) 3) Cultural ideas do NOT have to be adaptive to become common. Even if they're maladaptive, they can spread

Replication of ideas (3)

1) communicable ideas spread 2) emotional ideas spread 3) minimally counter intuitive ideas spread

Ways in which culture is changing:

1) cultures are becoming increasingly interconnected 2) many cultures are becoming more individualistic 3) people in many cultures are becoming more intelligent

what are 6 challenges in studying culture?

1) definiton varies 2) boundaries of culture are not clear-cut 3) cultures change over time 4) variability among individuals in the same culture 5) limited access to a wide range of cultures 6) lost in translation

Whereas _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, _____________ describe(s) expla-nations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.

1) distal 2) proximal

defining features in the importance of culture:

1) humans interact w environment (eg. Spicy food, hot climates) 2) cultures consist of shaped elements 3) transmission to others

indians guided by 4 principles:

1) incest avoidance 2) protection of the vulnerable 3) female chastity anxiety 4) respect for hierarchy

Under which 3 conditions does natural selection occur:

1) individual variability among members of a species on certain traits 2) those traits are associated with DIFFERENT reproductive rates 3) These traits have hereditary basis

2 types of behaviours

1) instrumental (behaviour u see someone do that u know is for a specific desired outcome. eg. opening cap to drink water) 2) ritual (any action that's non instrumental to the outcome. eg. praying)

Biological genes are analogous to cultural memes in what 3 ways:

1) longivity (the thing being copied will be done so for a LONG TIME) 2) Fecundity (the thing being shared will be spread more rapidy/effectively) 3) fidelity (thing being copied will be true to OG source)

biological evolution (2)

1) natural selection 2) sexual selection

data should be:

1) objective and replicable 2) quantifiable, to conduct tests to determine if the hypothesis is true.

types of attachment

1) secure attachment 2) avoidant attachment 3) anxious-ambivalent attachment

methods to studying culture:

1) situation sampling 2) cultural priming

What Kinds of Childhood Experiences Differ Across Cultures?

1) sleeping arrangements (babies) in US babies sleep separate but many other cultures have baby sleep with them.

some evidence for the sensitive period

1) young infants can discriminate among all phonemes, 2) before puberty our brains are plastic and ready for language, 3) its more difficult to learn a language after the sensitive period

What (3) ways do biological and cultural evolution differ?

1). Although both can be passed down from one generation to another, it is much more likely that errors occur intentionally in the case of cultural evolution, as mis-coded genes are much more rare. 2). Genes are slow to pass and follow a vertical pathway from one generation to the next. Cultural information can quickly be transmitted horizontally to the next person. 3). Cultural ideas do not have to be adaptive to be common, unlike biological evolution (which demands a stressor to facilitate adaption).

What are (3) potential arguments for the Flynn Effect, especially in the Raven Matrices?

1). Better nutrition leads to greater resources for the growth of the brain; 2). The complexity of the world is increasing; 3). The rise of pop-culture.

What are (4) reasons why negative stereotypes manifest within a culture?

1). Conflict over resources; i.e. "THEY TOOK OUR JOOOOOBS" 2). Previous historical conflicts; 3). Disenfranchisement; 4). Ignorance of a group's cultural practices.

What are (2) factors that help determine whether or not a stereotype becomes culturally significant?

1). If the stereotypes tend to be formed based on the kinds of traits that people are most likely to communicate; and, 2). Those very traits must be used to describe a group that is most likely to be talked about.

What are the (4) reasons Putnam uses to explain the cultural shift from a more collectivist culture to a individualistic culture in the USA?

1). Introduction of television; 2). Lack of a national unifying event, like WWII; 3). Increasingly suburban lifestyles; and, 4). Women entering the workforce.

What are the (3) criteria for Natural Selection to occur?

1). Possibility for individual differences among a species; 2). Possibility for an individual difference to increase chances of survival or reproduction; 3). Possibility for an individual difference to be passed on to the next generation.

Provide (3) reasons for the Spaniards successful invasion of the Incan empire

1). Proximal causes that differed between these cultures. The Spaniards had access to a rich history of warfare, ocean vessels, etc. 2). Distal causes that were in the favour of the Spaniards that led to the development of Western agriculture. 3). Densely populated settlements in Eurasia would practically guarantee the exposure, spread, and eventual development of immunity against diseases.

What (2) factors affect the potential for an idea to be spread?

1). The idea draws upon a large emotional response; 2). The idea contains a few counter-intuitive ideas interspersed within a greater intuitive narrative.

Four methodological challenges with questionnaires

1. Language Barrier 2. Moderacy and Extremity Bias 3. Acquiscence Bias 4. Reference Group Bias 5. Deprivation Bias

when do children's vocab increase significantly? (what period of time)

18 months and under

situation sampling

2 step process. In step 1, people from at least 2 cultures explain a number of situations they've experienced. In step 2, new set of people imagine themselves in previous peoples list of situations. You can analyze differences in how people react culturally.

why motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among East Asians than among Westerners

223-229 (ch.6)

the factors that promote cultural fit

260-261

acculturative stress is associated with cultural fit

260-261 (ch.7)

40%

50%

Social facilitation Universal?

= presence of others helps performance on well-learned tasks, but interferes with performance on poorly-learned tasks -There is no cultural variation for this process, and it is even observed across species.

Moral development: differences across cultures (values of justice vs. interpersonal orientation) (chapter 4)

In which of the following circumstances is social facilitation most likely to happen?

A 10-year veteran hockey goalie is playing in front of a crowd.

Response bias

A bias that distorts data when people are responding to a survey. For example: Socially desirable responding

Define: Proximal Cause

A cause in which there is a direct and immediate relation with its effects. e.g. the ability to wield guns, written history, etc.

Proximal cause

A cause that has a direct and immediate relation to its effects. (vs indirect)

Authoritative parenting

A child centered approach in which parents hold high expectations of the maturity of their children, try to understand their children's feelings, and teach them how to regulate their feelings.

According to the definition offered in the textbook, which of the following would NOT be a good example of "culture"?

A child figures out a novel solution to a new puzzle she has never seen before, all the while listening to her sister play the piano.

The case of lactase persistence is an example of culture-gene coevolution because

A cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations.

Culture of honor

A culture in which people, especially men, strive to protect their reputation through aggression. This is admittedly an unusual explanation for the regional differences in violence, and when we encounter these kinds of extraordinary claims, we require extraordinary evidence to be convinced

an example of evoked culture?

A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation

Which of the following represents evoked culture?

A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation but the scarcity of animals and fish in the area

Which of the following depicts an evoked culture?

A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation.

co-sleeping

A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room.

According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem likeliest?

A decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality

Give an example of a gene having an opposite effect across cultures

A gene variant exists in one culture to decrease allergic reactions to pollen, while the same gene variant exists in another culture to increase allergic reactions to pollen

Which of the following is an example of a gene having an opposite effect across cultures?

A gene variant exists in one culture to decrease allergic reactions to pollen, while the same gene variant exists in another culture to increase allergic reactions to pollen.

accessibility universal

A given cognitive tool exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problem across cultures and is accessible to the same degree across cultures.

situation sampling

A method used for comparing cultures with psychological measures. Situations are generated by participants in more than one culture, and then those situations are presented to different groups of participants from multiple cultures.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

sensitive period

A period of time in an organism's development that allows for the relatively easy acquisition of a set of skills. For example: Goslings following the mother.

Sensitive period

A period of time in an organism's development that allows for the relatively easy acquisition of a set of skills. If missed, it would have a difficult time doing so later when the sensitive period has expired

Which of the following examples best illustrates culture-gene coevolution? -The average height of a country has increased within a year due to an influx of very tall immigrants, carrying with them their genes for height. -A population lives in a very cold climate that has constant snowstorms. This leads the population to develop a genetic mutation that causes people to have a lot of body fat to keep warm. -A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin. -A population could not bury its dead because the climate was too cold, making the ground too hard to dig. This led the population to develop a funeral ritual of offering its dead to the animals.

A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin.

Incest avoidance

A principle adhered by Indians that postpubescent members of the family of the opposite sex should not be sleeping in rooms together

Occam's razor

A principle; which states that any theory should make as few assumptions as possible, eliminating, or "shaving off", any extraneous assumptions.

Socially desirable responding

A response bias some people exhibit in which they disguise their true feelings so that others will like them.

identity denial

A scenario where a person's cultural identity is called into question because he or she doesn't seem to match the prototype of the culture. For example, someone saying an Asian American isn't really american because they don't speak english.

Protection of the vulnerable

A second principle that young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night

According to Rozin and colleagues, what are people most likely to say if asked how many peanuts people want to eat?

A specific number of containers or packages

Define: Dynamic Social Impact Theory

A theory that posits that individuals come to influence each other by virtue of how often they see each other. Therefore, those who communicate regularly with one another will significantly influence one another.

Dynamic social impact theory

A theory that posits that people influence each other, and culture is based on how often people interact. (The closer you live, the more you absorb their culture)

What is reference group effect? (chapter 2)

A type of response bias with the tendency for someone to implicitly compare themselves to others in their group. In other words, people will rate themselves in contrast to accurate social comparisons.

Imitative learning

A type of social learning where the learner internalizes something of the model's goals and behavioral strategies. internalize goals and strategies

Integrative complexity

A willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue.

What is the difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture? What are some examples of each?

According to Heine, evoked culture is the idea that all people, no matter where they are from have certain behavior repertoires that are engaged when the appropriate situational conditions are present. These are somewhat like natural instincts. Heine gives example such as choosing the most attractive mate to help carry on their genes through offspring and defending your offspring when they are threatened. Both humans and animals share these instincts and are traits that seem to be acquired through natural selection. Transmitted culture on the other hand is the way that where you live and your environment affects the surrounding cultural variation. By imitating the people around you, you learn about specific cultural practices. Although it usually starts in a specific geographical area the ideas can be travel with people to new places. An example would be the way people build their homes. If someone saw their neighbor used specific materials that lead to a more stable home, then they would use that same method and it would spread across the culture. Another example would be hunting and gathering methods that were beneficial. Both animals and humans can imitate the behavior of others and then are able to transmit that information across generations.

Give an example to acquiescence bias and extreme response bias. Are they related to individualism and collectivism? (chapter 2)

Acquiescence bias is the tendency to agree more on a questionnaire rather than disagree. An example of this would be if a participant answered 'agree' to believing in global warming because the respondent is agreeing with a statement when in doubt.. This response bias is less likely to happen in individualist cultures as compared to collectivist cultures. Extreme response bias is the tendency to use ends of a scale regardless of item content; meaning respondents will answer "strongly agree/disagree" when in actuality, it is an exaggeration. This response bias is not related to individualism or collectivism, but is more related to masculinity. Countries that score high in masculinity and power distance are more likely to produce extreme response biases.

According to the studies profiled by the textbook, African-Americans have higher levels of hypertension than European-Americans apparently because

African-Americans tend to experience more discrimination than European-Americans.

Which of the following people have brain fag syndrome?

After intensely cramming for an exam for a full week, Person E feels like she cannot see as well, and feels like her head and neck are burning.

Which of the following is NOT a part of how people view mental illness in the Yoruba?

Ahi

Markus and Kitayama (1991)

Aim: Study comparing Stanford University and Kyoto University students' conceptions of themselves: ~American students describe themselves as positive/optimistic, hard working individuals, unique, self-confident, happy, reliable, may need to have more patience ~Japanese students describe themselves as autonomous but aware of not upsetting others, trying to keep the peace, sacrificing their own pleasure for compromise's sake

Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture?

Alex abides by his culture's norms.

Studies of rates of schizophrenia across nations find that

All of these statements are true.

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did NOT find that...

All the statements are correct

Parental beliefs about spending time with children: U.S. vs. the Netherlands. Are there any differences? (chapter 3)

American parents feel special time with their children is important, while Dutch parents feel family time with their children is important.

Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that

Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians

cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that

Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians

Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that

Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians.

Americans place more value on providing parents with private sleeping space

dunbar's number

around 150 max. communities were about this size so u KNEW everyone; anything larger = couldn't keep up w ppl and therefore dangerous

According to Gupta & Singh's research on marriage in india, after being married for 10 or more years, which of the following most accurately portrays peoples happiness in their marriages?

arranged marriage males > arranged marriage females > love marriage males > love marriage females

What can the basic emotions be characterized as (universal wise)?

at least functional universals

What can the basic emotions best be characterized as?

at least functional universals

The basic emotions can best be characterized as

at least functional universals.

Schachter and Singer's (1962) study of emotions found that people

attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people

attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people -sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria. -attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations. -who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions. -with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with interdependent views of self.

attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people...

attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

___ are evaluations of things occurring in on going thoughts about the objects, or stored in memory.

attitudes

In her book, Battle Hymm of the Tiger Mom, Amy Chua details her strict rules for her daughters which includes (among other things): no playdates, no sleepovers, no TV or computer games, no choosing one's own extracurricular activities, and no being in school plays (or complaining about not being in school plays). According to your textbook, which style best captures this type of parenting?

authoritarian parenting

Shawna, a mother from the United Kingdom, is trying to determine which parenting style she should use with her child to maximize the child's school achievement, autonomy, and self-reliance. According to Baumrind's typology as found among Western samples, which parenting style should she use?

authoritative parenting

According to Snibe and Markus's study, working-class Americans liked the pen they were given, regardless of whether they chose it or not, unlike upper-middle-class Americans, who much preferred the pen that they chose. This can be explained by a) upper-middle-class Americans scoring higher on entity theory of the world than working-class Americans. b) working-class Americans engaging in more secondary control than upper-middle-class Americans. c) working-class Americans having more of a calling than upper-middle-class Americans. d) upper-middle-class Americans having more of a prevention orientation than working-class Americans. e) working-class Americans wanting to save face more than upper-middle-class Americans.

As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with defining what constitutes a psychological disorder? a) When does one consider a behavior that interferes with one's life a disorder? b) How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically? c) What if a behavior is considered abnormal elsewhere but not in the West? d) What if a condition does not manifest psychologically? e) All of these questions represent a difficulty in defining a psychological disorder.

Ayumi is a Japanese student, and Alice is a European-Canadian student. They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-descriptions. Which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study? a) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different situations. b) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish. c) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as intelligence. d) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term. e) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.

The findings from acculturation research are less coherent than many other topics largely because a) one cannot put people through an acculturation experiment—it is all correlational research. b) there are no validated acculturation measures. c) people's circumstances vary so much that it makes it difficult to identify common patterns. d) there is no consensual definition on what acculturation means. e) immigrants do not like to have their experiences studied by researchers.

On Planet X, some areas receive very little ultraviolet radiation. What skin color would you expect Planet X's people to have if they live in those areas? a) always light b) always dark c) light, unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D d) dark, unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D e) light, unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin A

One frozen yogurt parlor has ten flavors from which to choose (Parlor X), and another parlor has more than one hundred flavors (Parlor Z). You ask people to choose which one they want to patron. Which of the following is most indicative of people's preferences, given the research on choices as described in the textbook? a) Americans, like people from other Western cultures, would always prefer to go to Parlor Z. b) Europeans prefer Parlor Z more than Americans do. c) Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z, they actually would have a more difficult time choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X. d) Americans would prefer it if their significant others choose for them. e) Europeans would have no preference for either parlor.

Prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder are a) largely constant across industrialized societies around the world. b) higher in interdependent cultural contexts. c) lower among East Asians than among North Americans. d) increasing in the West over the past few decades. e) the same between urban and rural contexts.

a child observes a model using a new tool to crack open an acorn. the child does not copy exactly what the model does, nor understand that the model wanted to crack acorns and tries to figure out on his own how to use the tool to crack acorns. what is the child exhibiting

emulative learning

Emulative and imitative learning can be contrasted in that

emulative learning does not require imitating a model's behavioral strategies.

Sending your boss a Christmas card after he had first sent you one would best be seen as an example of

equality matching.

Sending your boss a Christmas card after he has first sent you one would best be seen as an example of

equality matching.

If a work team succeeds, everyone will be given a bonus prize that will be split evenly. If a worker believes in ________, he or she will likely ________.

equity; engage in social loafing

If a child wants to be a great ice hockey player and chooses to learn from Wayne Gretzky as the prestigious model, what aspect(s) of Wayne Gretzky is the child most likely to imitate?

everything that Wayne Gretzky does, both related and unrelated to hockey

if a child wants to be a great ice hockey player and chooses to learn from Wayne Gretzky as the prestigious model, what aspect(s) of Wayne Gretzky is the child most likely to imitate

everything that wayne Gretzky does, both related and unrelated to hockey

We need both ______ and ______ to survive

evoked and transmitted culture

The finding that the prevalence of parasites in a region correlates positively with the degree that people value physical attractive-ness is argued to be evidence for

evoked culture

A key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that

evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move across different ecologies

a key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that

evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move across different ecologies

A key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that

evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move across different ecologies.

according to the social brain hypothesis, which of the following is TRUE

evolution favors those who do well in maintaining social relationships

PHYLOGENY

evolutionary history and development of a species

Clarice believes that people in all cultures follow a progression whereby they must first develop preconventional thinking before attaining conventional thinking, which then allows them to develop postconventional thinking. However, she believes that people in some cultures progress further than those in other cultures. What is this an example of?

evolutionism

Yuexi, a chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result

her child feels a lack of family cohesion

The research evidence for self-enhancement motivation shows that stronger self-enhancement motivations are associated with

high scores—above the midpoint—on self-esteem questionnaires.

parasitic ideas

hijack individual's self-interest (for selfless aim/goals) -religion is a parasitic ideas because ur giving up ur self for the self-less GOOD cause

Your sister just got a new job. Her role is to be a surrogate sister for a teenage boy who has not unlocked himself from his room for a year. Ultimately, her job is to try to get the boy to get out of the house. What condition does this boy have?

hikikomori

minimally counterintuitive ideas

ideas that violate our expectations enough to be considered surprising and unusual but not too outlandish

Unpackaging

identifying underlying variables that create cultural differences Step 1. Find a theoretically viable variable that can explain a cultural difference. Step 2. Confirm cultural difference in proposed underlying or predictor variable. Step 3. Show that underlying variable is related to cultural difference (or outcome variable) in question.

According to prestige bias, humans will tend to

imitate another person who has skills and is highly respected, regardless of whether the domain of imitation is relevant to that person's talent.

Over the last 50 years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook what would be associated with such increase?

improved diet during infancy and adolescence

Over the last 50 years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook, which of the following is likeliest to be associated with this increase?

improved diet during infancy and adolescence

Cross-cultural test of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that

in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms

one difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that

in the united states the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized

why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among east asians than among westerners

in the west, self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked by others than it does in east asia

Which of the following is/are accessibility universals?

incest avoidance

the westermarcks, a large american family with growing sons and daughters, need to build a new house, and are particularly concerned about making appropriate sleeping arrangements. based on shweder and colleagues' research, which moral principle will the family consider the most important

incest avoidance

which of the following are accessibility universals

incest avoidance

According to research by Shweder and others, the most important consideration in deciding on sleeping arrangements in both Indian and American families is

incest avoidance.

The most important principle to both Americans and Indians in terms of family sleeping arrangements is

incest avoidance.

according to Steven Johnson, which of the following is a contributor to people's growing intelligence

increased complexity is inherent in modern pop culture

Whereas analytic thinking is related to ________, holistic thinking is related to ________.

independent self-views; interdependent self-views

Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see a strong divide between strangers he has just met and his family members. What is this characteristic of?

independent theory of self

According to the Marin (1994) article (the "Being Hispanic in the United States" article), which of the following values is not a part of Hispanic values?

individualism

Social loafing (tug of war example)

individuals' work input is less when performance is measured on a group level, compared to when performance is measured on an individual basis

secure attachment

infants occasionally seek mother's presence when she is around and intensify desire to be with her after being left alone in an unfamiliar situation. Infants are explorative when mother is present (this is good for US parents)

avoidant attachment

infants show little distress on mothers leave and avoid her on her return (this is good for German parents)

Distal cause

initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations

Cultures that tend to encourage self-consistency also tend to support the belief that success comes from

innate abilities.

You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. Every time you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations to which he belongs and clubs he has joined. He rarely talks about his own attributes. Which of the following best describes him?

interdependent view of self

you are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. overtime you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations he belongs to and clubs he has joined. he rarely talks about his own attributes. which of the following best describes him

interdependent view of self

Trust towards strangers

is weaker in collectivistic cultures.

An advantage of the situation-sampling method is that

it allows researchers to see how people in different cultures would respond if they were in the other group's cultural worlds.

Taijin kyoufushou differs from social anxiety disorder in that

it involves some imagined physical symptoms that social anxiety disorder does not.

how does one find an animal's encephalization quotient (EQ)

it is the ratio of an animal's brain weight to the brain weight predicted for a comparable animal with the same body size

The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective?

james-lange theory of emotion

A 7-year-old East Asian child is likely to have all of the following EXCEPT a(n)

lack of family cohesion from strong parental control

what can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition

learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken language

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is

less likely to report depressed mood

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is

less likely to report depressed mood.

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is

less likely to report depressed mood.

On Planet X, some areas receive a lot of ultraviolet radiation. What skin color would you expect Planet X's people to have if they live in those areas?

light unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D

look at which family has approximately the same constellation of features as the child

evoked culture:

looks at people's tendencies to have certain biological characteristics come out regardless of where they are from, in given contexts

Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the most desired kinds of emotional states among East Asians are

low arousal positive states.

Diagnoses of social anxiety disorder are

lower among East Asians than among North Americans.

Prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder are

lower among East Asians than among North Americans.

Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) find that

lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.

cultural priming

making certain ideas more accessible to people. investigate what happens when people think of these.

rule based reasoning

making decision of categorization based on whether the categories follow a fixed rule

associative reasoning

making decisions of categorization based on how similar the events appear to each other

malgri.

high relational mobility

people who's relational ties are flexible enough, and opportunities for new relationships are available enough, that people feel that they can find new relationships and not feel overly bound by their old relationships.

Among people who immigrate before they are adults, self-esteem is related to acculturation in that

people's self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they acculturate.

adolescent rebellion

period of storm and stress when adolescents act out in front of authority figures, commit acts of delinquency, and emotional stress (not universal tho)

As a parent, Leslie thinks that he should place as few restrictions on his children as possible, and give them the warmth and responsiveness that children need. What parenting style is this indicative of?

permissive parenting

as a parent, Leslie thinks that he should place as few restrictions on his children as possible, and give them the warmth and responsiveness that children need. what parenting style is this indicative of

permissive parenting

Pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to

persistence of particular cultural practices

pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to

persistence of particular cultural practices

Pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to

persistence of particular cultural practices.

behavioural signatures

person will vary by situation and affect culture

Ma and Schoeneman's 1997 study of self-descriptions of Americans and Kenyans (you will need to be familiar with the descriptions of the Samburu

pg.206/207

the relationship between social class and individualism

pg.216

the findings of the study conducted by Williams and Best (1990) on gender equality

pg.220

the findings of the study conducted by Kashima and colleagues (1995)with regard to gender differences in self- views

pg.226 (ch.6)

it is not at all unusual for the officers at police station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. this is an example of

pluralistic ignorance

pluralistic ignorance.

Research suggests that the emotion of ________ is also universal but is expressed with the whole body, not just the face.

pride

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions?

pride

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions? -pride -fear -disgust -surprise

pride

The Parkers are an American family planning for how their family members will be sleeping. The moral value that will NOT be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is

protection of the vulnerable

Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. They decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone, while the 15-year-old and the 3-year-old would sleep in the same room. The parents would sleep separately. According to this arrangement, what principles was violated?

protection of the vulnerable

the Parkers are an american family planning for how its family members will be sleeping. the moral value that won't be reflected in their sleeping arrangement is

protection of the vulnerable

The Mukherjees are an Indian family planning for how its family members will be sleeping. The moral value that is LEAST likely to be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is

protection of the vulnerable, respect for hierarchy, female chastity anxiety, incest avoidance. all of these are values reflected in Indian sleeping arrangements

According to Stevenson and Stigler's study on cultural differences in math performance at school, if American parents wanted their children to do well in math, what aspect of Chinese parenting should they mimic?

provide a desk at home for their children

provide a desk for their children at home

how can you solve a problem of moderacy in your results?

split the results to high VS low (as opposed to 1-4 scale or something)

After examining surveys that you collected from culture X, you notice that everyone's responses clustered at both ends of the scale. How do you correct this?

split the scores into high versus low

Whorfian hypothesis

strong form: the words that are available to people determine how they think. Weak form: the words that are available to people influence how they think.

From a health standpoint, retirees who move from New York City to the beaches of Florida will

suffer fewer heart problems than Floridians who move to New York City.

Delilah was just in a graveyard and was extremely frightened by the fact that she felt she saw the ghost of her mother. She was so frightened that she felt like her soul was dislodged from her body. What is her experience an example of?

susto

pluralistic ignorance

tendency for ppl to constantly misinterpret the thoughts that underlie other peoples behaviours. you could all not like something and want to change it but because you think everyone else is OK with it, you don't do anything

acquiescence biases

tendency to AGREE with most statements. to counteract this, you reverse-score items.

acquiscience bias

tendency to agree or tendency to disagree (on questionnaires). Problem for cross-culture research SOLUTION: half positively phrased items and half negatively phrased

moderacy

tendency to vote 'neutrally'; (people's responses tend to gather toward the center of your scale)

Leslie is going on a date and wants to maximize the likelihood of her date, Jessica, feeling happy about her. Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy from the film, but attributes her happiness to Leslie. Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie? -linguistic relativity of emotional experience -universal emotions -two-factor theory of emotions -James-Lange theory of emotion

two-factor theory of emotions

essentialized gender

which gender has less flexible ways of being expressed in socially approved ways For example, Americans tend to view the male identity to be more essentialized than the female, less changeable

reference-group effect

who you're comparing to makes a difference in what you consider to be a lot or a little bit of something e.g.) "I'm tall- compared to japanese but not canadians"

comparisons of men and women from East Asian and the United States reveal that

women and men are similar in most factors underlying individualism and collectivism

Cat A teaches Cat B, who lives in the same alley, to hold a mouse in a certain way so that the mouse can be more easily eaten. This way of holding mice then gets passed on to other cats in different alleys. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said to be culture?

yes, because the information was passed on by social learning between Cats A and B

Imagine that you have just taught yourself a new skill, such as juggling. You would perform your best at it if

you performed by yourself in a room.

protection of the vulnerable

young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night

Your friend feels that there are few opportunities for him to make new friends and that he's permanently connected to the friends he has. Knowing this, you can expect that

your friend does not prefer someone who is similar to him over someone who is not as similar to him.

A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook for them by Christmas, after which he will be paid $15,000. What is this an example of?

the relationships in Gesellschaft groups

which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance

the rise of Nazi power in Germany

The Singhs, an Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they are building. Which of the following moral principles is likely to be the LEAST important for this family?

the sacred couple

the Singhs, and Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they are building. which of the following moral principles is likely to be the least important for the family

the sacred couple

Celebrating birthdays is a functional universal. This means that in two cultures, the purpose of birthdays is ________ across the cultures and the amount birthdays are celebrated is ________ across the cultures.

the same; different

what is a proximal cause for why a small group of spaniards was able to conquer the incan empire

the spaniards had better weapons than the incans

thematic categorization

the stimuli are grouped together on the basis of causal, temporal, or spatial relationships among them.

Dr. H wants to unpackage the cultural difference between Japanese and American horror movies. What is Dr. H trying to find out?

the underlying reasons for this difference

Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. according to cheung, chudek, and Heine, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada

there is no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian

Nisbett and Cohen argue that the U.S. South has historically been more violent than the North because

there were more herders in the South than in the North

According to a culture of honor account, the U.S. South has historically been more violent than the North because

there were more herders in the South than in the North.

According to a culture of honor account, the U.S. South has historically been more violent than the North because

there were more herders in the South than the North

According to evolutionary theory, facial features such as clear complexion and bilateral symmetry are considered universally attractive because

they are believed to indicate a person's good health and therefore imply that future offspring are also likely to be healthy and survive.

which of the following statements is TRUE regarding chimpanzees living in the wild

they do not show conclusive evidence theory of mind

what theory is best supported for why primates evolved such large brains

they tend to live in large social groups, which requires intelligence to function effectively

A strength of Nisbett and Cohen's research program into the impact of a culture of honor on regional differences in violence be-tween the U.S. South and North is that

they used multiple measures

A strength of Nisbett and Cohen's research program into the impact of a culture of honor on regional differences in violence between the U.S. South and U.S. North is that

they used multiple methods across their studies.

a 2.5-year old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task - they must figure out how to use a tool to reach up to the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. based on hermann and colleagues' findings, which of the three participants will outperform the others

they will all perform equally well

Someone with an incremental theory of the self

thinks that he or she could be a different person in the future.

Back translation

translate into the foreign language and then back into English to identify problems

Kartika believes that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she

tries to avoid strong displays of emotions.

Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she -tries to not have strong displays of emotions. -has emotional highs and lows. -feels no emotions. -transitions easily from one emotion to another.

tries to not have strong displays of emotions.

Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she...

tries to not have strong displays of emotions.

True/false: according to Ainsworth, those infants that have a secure attachment, their mothers are more sensitive and responsive

true

two factor theory of emotions

evoked culture

cultural differences created by differing environmental conditions activating a predictable set of responses

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT

cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.

A child observes a model using a new tool to crack open an acorn. The child does not copy exactly what the model does, nor does he understand that the model wanted to crack acorns. The child simply sees that the tool can be used to crack acorns and tries to figure out on his own how to use the tool for that purpose. What is the child exhibiting?

emulative learning

Reference-group effects in cross-cultural research occur because

people use social comparison to evaluate themselves

Authoritarian parenting

High demands on children with strict rules and little open dialogue between parent and child.

what is a proximal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able to conquer the Incans?

The Spaniards had better weapons than the Incans

Which moral principals will most likely guide sleeping arrangement decisions among the Johnsons, an American family?

Incest avoidance, sacred couple, and autonomy ideal

features of ecology

1) Resource Availability or Abundance 2) Resource Mobility 3) Cultural Isolation 4) Activity Interdependence 5)Dangerous Activities 6) Population Density 7) Simple-Complex Societies 8) Migrations 9) Climate 10) Unpredictability of the Environment 11) Terrain Fragmentation

Which of the following statements regarding height is FALSE?

As a country's wealth inequality increases, the average height of the country's population also increases.

The relation between income and health can be summarized as follows:

Income is largely unrelated to health once you control for dietary practices.

Which statement below BEST captures one of the key features of the course definition of culture?

Culture consists of the "mental" (what's inside the mind) and the "material" (the products that people place into the world)

Transmitted culture

Culture learned socially or by modeling another person.

Socioeconomic Status (SES) & brain development study:

Found kids in low SES had smaller brain regions in volume (hippocampus & amygdala) [due to linguistic environment and stress]

Reproductive value:

-# of children a person is likely to have in the future. -Women's reproductive value declines as they move past age 20.

Universals for physical attractiveness—Bilateral Symmetry: why is this a marker of health? what kinds of things can lead to asymmetrical development?

-Another marker of health is bilateral symmetry: When an organism develops under ideal conditions its right and left sides will be symmetrical. -Genetic mutations, pathogens, or stressors in the womb can lead to asymmetrical development.

One extensive study compared martial satisfaction and the time spent in the marriage between Indian couples who were in either arranged or love marriages (Gupta & Singh, 1982). Results which was more successful? what is so interesting about arranged marriages?

-Arranged marriages -Most arranged marriages end up becoming loving relationships, even if they start out without love.

Universals for physical attractiveness—Average Features Why are average facial features better?

-Faces with averagely proportioned features are more attractive than faces that deviate from average. -Average features are less likely to contain genetic abnormalities and are more symmetrical. -We can process any kind of stimulus that is closer to a prototype easier than one that is further from a prototype (Easy processing is associated with a pleasant feeling that gets interpreted as attractive).

How have our preferences for women's body weight changed over the ages?

-In 1951, anthropologists concluded that heavier women were universally found to be more attractive. -However, there have been big changes in the standards of what constitutes a beautiful female body in the United States. -In some cultures view the ideal female body to be far heavier than what is typically preferred among Westerners. -In Western Africa, the term "fat" is often viewed as complimentary, indicating strength and beauty.

Men's Mate Preferences: Youth how many cultures showed that men prefer younger women?

-In ALL 37 cultures, men preferred younger women (roughly 2.5 years younger than themselves) -Older men are attracted to relatively younger women (Kendrick & Keefe, 1992).

Cultural Variability of physical attractiveness—Body Weight (how does this apply to "average is attractive"?

-It is noteworthy that "average is attractive" does not apply to aspects beyond facial features. -The kinds of body weights that are perceived to be most attractive vary considerably across cultures.

Men's Mate Preferences: Physical Attractiveness Why do men rate physical attractiveness higher than women when choosing a mate?

-Men rate attractiveness as important in a Long Term Mate whereas women rate it as desirable but not crucial. -Why the sex difference? -Women's looks signal their reproductive value and fertility; men's looks do not Hence, men have evolved standards of beauty that correspond to those signals.

Universals for physical attractiveness—Clear Complexion -Why is clear complexion considered attractive (skin)? -what could blemishes and sores signify? - cosmetics industry?

-People are attracted to healthy mates & Skin signals health more directly than any other visible aspect. -Blemishes and sores on their skin could be useful indicators regarding the presence of parasites or disease. -Because of this: The cosmetics industry provides people with ways to make their complexion look clearer.

Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992) How old do you want your spouse (young men, older men, and women)?

-Singles' ads by young men show no preference for younger partners -But older men prefer partners younger than themselves -Women of all ages ask for men around their own age or older -Marriages show a similar pattern

Women's Mate Preferences: Athletic Prowess/Height Do men or women value it more, how much more? what is the ideal height of man? What is the preferred heigh difference? Why is bigger and more athletic preferable?

-U.S. women value physical strength in mates twice as much as men do. -Tall men are more desirable as dates and mates. -"ideal" height is 5'10'' -preferred diff is man 6'' taller Why? bigger man is more likely to be able to protect his wife

(Townsend & Levy, 1990). A number of different men (and women) who were considered both physically attractive and unattractive were selected. Then men and women were put into 1 of 3 costumes: (Armani suit with rolex, white t-shirt and jeans, or burger king outfit)

-Women prefer well-dressed unattractive man to good-looking man in Burger King outfit. -Opposite for men judging women -Conclusion: Across societies women place more emphasis on a mate's potential income and status.

psychodynamic processes

-attachment -positive identification -fear of strangers -negative identification -emotional management

Romantic love why is Romantic love important when having children? is it universal (out of 166 cultures, what % had romantic love?) is marriage based on love universal (why or why not?)

-is an evolutionary adaptation to ensure that children had adequate resources and protection. -Romantic love is a universal - one review of ethnographies of the 166 cultures found clear evidence of romantic love in 89% of them. --However, the idea of marriages being based on romantic love is not universal. --Arranged marriages have been common in many cultures.

Yuexi, a Chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. Based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result?

Her child feels a lack of family cohesion.

Briefly explain the findings of Demir et al. (2013) that investigated the relationships between perceived mattering, friendship quality, and happiness among emerging adults in the U.S. and Turkey. Which function of cross-cultural research was served by this study? (chapter 1)

Among emerging adults in the U.S., Demir et al. (2013) found that the relationships between perceived mattering (PM) , friendship quality (FQ), and happiness (H) was as follows: FQ → PM → H; so ultimately individualist cultures determine happiness with the quality of their relationships. Whereas for emerging adults in Turkey, the study found that the relationship was as follows: PM -> FQ -> H; thus, in collectivist cultures perceived mattering determines happiness.

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends?

Amy and Alyssa, who interact with each other at the bus stop every day

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends?

Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day

Autonomy ideal

An AMERICAN principle, a belief that young children who are needy and vulnerable should learn to be self-reliant and take care of themselves

incest avoidance

An Indian cultural principle that forbids post-pubescent members of opposite sexes from sleeping in the same room.

Respect for heirarchy

An Indian cultural principle that says post-pubescent boys get social status and no longer have to sleep with the parents or young children.

Female chastity anxiety

An Indian cultural principle that says unmarried and post-pubescent women should always be chaperoned to protect them from engaging in shameful sexual activity.

Culture shock

An adjustment curve after moving between cultures. Sojourners can go through the same adjustment phase after they return to their home country.

Research finds that the Big Five model does not provide a complete list of personality traits in all cultures. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the additional personality factors found in various non-U.S. cultures?

An ambition factor was found in Spain

sacred couple

An american cultural belief that says married couples should be given their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy.

Deprivation effect

An effect where deprivation of something, makes a culture value it more. For example, personal safety.

Muller-Lyer Illusion

An illusion involving corners, which is not prevalent in some cultures where people are not exposed to carpentered corners.

Which of the following is the best example of the "salmon bias"? -People tend to congregate close to their heritage cultures due to familiarity and a need for social connection. -Bears on the West Coast of North America have a preference for Pacific salmon more than bears on the East Coast of North America. -An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days. -Salmon tend to congregate in the places where they spawned.

An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days.

Define: Distal Cause

An initial differences that lead to effects over long periods, often indirect relations. e.g. the presence, availability, and potential for domestication of region-locked plants, animals, and soil.

Which of the following statements regarding height is false?

As a country's GINI increases, so does the height of the country's population

We enter the world capable of speaking any language. Why do we have trouble learning additional languages?

As the brain becomes accustomed to a particular language's phonemes, its also loses ability to perceive phonemes not used in this language

Assimilation strategy

Attempt to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of one's heritage culture. Involves possessing positive attitudes in the host culture and negative attitudes to the heritage culture

What are the relationships between parenting styles and academic outcomes across cultures? (chapter 3)

Authoritative parenting has been found to be the best parenting style to yield high academic outcomes across cultures. This is because it predicts higher optimism for life, which leads to positive outcomes, and it provides both love and structure.

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is TRUE?

Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true?

Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true?

Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.

Which moral ethics is "avoiding harm, and protecting fairness?"

Autonomy

Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.

Methods for studying culture

Back translation Translating idioms Response Biases -Moderacy bias (Tendency to choose most moderate responses) -Extremity bias (Tendency to choose most extreme responses) -Aquiscience ( Tendency to agree with most responses) Cultural Priming

In the movie Babies, which child was so tightly swaddled he could not move?

Bayar

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the research findings on cultural influences on primary and secondary control?

Both Japanese and U.S. participants report that primary control experiences feel more powerful than secondary control experiences.

What is the relationship between the propinquity effect and social facilitation?

Both are accessibility universals.

How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one's relationships?

Both are accounted for by relational mobility.

People in Culture A breastfeed their children from birth until at least age 3, and people in Culture B never breastfeed their children and instead feed them formula from birth. People in both cultures think the other culture is feeding their children the wrong way. Which of the following most accurately describes this example?

Both cultures are ethnocentric in their views

Cross-cultural differences in attachment styles (chapter 4)

Cultures differ in what they consider to be "sensitive parenting"; which concerns how parents meet their child's needs. U.S. parents tend to let the child request their needs to be filled, whereas Japanese parents tend to anticipate their child's needs.

In one study Japanese and Canadian participants briefly met a stranger of the same sex and nationality in a lab setting. They then went into separate rooms and completed personality measure. They then were shown what was apparently the personality or social background measure of the stranger and asked how much they liked the stranger. Japanese vs Canadians...

Canadians better liked a stranger they considered very similar to themselves, Japanese attitudes toward strangers were unaffected by perceived similarity

COSI

Causation Operation Sampling Interpretation

Proximal Cause

Causes that have direct and immediate relations with their effects

Permissive parenting

Characterised by parents being very involves with their children, with much expressed parental warmth and responsiveness, but placing few limits and controls on the children's behaviors.

Cross-cultural differences in temperament (chapter 4)

Children will evoke responses, or their temperament, based on their environment. The idea is that if children are born with varying temperament levels, they will respond to the environment differently. Chinese infants were found to be less active and irritable than American infants.

Why is there NOT much cumulative culture among chimpanzees?

Chimpanzees are not very good at imitative learning.

How do Chinese youth experience emerging adulthood? (chapter 4)

Chinese youth experiences emerging adulthood by prioritizing finding a job over going to college, since only 20% are fortunate enough to attend. They are also starting to reflect U.S. culture in that more people are waiting to get married, but they also may be given a shorter period for emerging adulthood. Important criteria for emerging adulthood include: being financially independent, having the ability to accept responsibility for consequences of their actions, and being less self-oriented.

Eastern concept of self

Collectivisitc- People are more likely to attend to interdependent aspects of their self-concepts, such as their close relationships and group memberships.

When comparing Minako, a Japanese person, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true? -Compared to Minako, Erica will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder. -Minako will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder than Erica. -Minako will develop taijin kyofusho. -Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.

Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.

When comparing Minako, a Japanese, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true?

Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.

Subjective self awareness

Concerns are with the world outside of ourselves, and we are largely unaware of ourselves

How would you convince someone that cross-cultural research is important? provide at least two convincing reasons (chapter 1)

Cross-cultural research is important because it can (1) create a vision and opportunity to understand and combine diversity and intercultural relations. Studying cross-cultural psychology allows researchers to understand and explain behavior which an (2) promote personal growth and positive social evolution. Cross-cultural research allows us to test limitations of our knowledge to see if these theories are universal, or true for all cultures, or culture-specific. It can help people be more open-minded and reduce ethnocentrism.

How do cross-cultural researchers generally achieve linguistic equivalence in their research? Please be specific (e.g., steps in the process) (chapter 2)

Cross-cultural researchers generally achieve linguistic equivalence in their research by using back translation and/or the committee approach. Back translation is when researchers take one questionnaire in English, translate it to Portuguese, then translate the Portuguese version to English again. The committee approach involves having several bilingual consultants to collectively translate one language to another.

What do cross-cultural studies on attention suggest? (chapter 5)

Cross-cultural studies on attention suggest that Western countries have analytic perceptual processes; focusing on salient object independent of context in which it is embedded. East Asian countries are suggested to have context-dependent and holistic processes; focusing on object within context (background) and the relationship between the two.

How does cultural distance differ from cultural fit?

Cultural distance refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural fit refers to person-culture matching of variables.

What were the findings of the study conducted by DeVries (1987, 1989) in Kenya? Why is it a good example to goodness of fit? (chapter 4)

DeVries classified kids into an "easy" or "difficult" temperament level and wanted to see which is most successful in the tough environment of Masai. The study followed the infants for two years and found that kids with "difficult" temperaments were more likely to survive than "easy" temperaments. This is a good example to goodness of fit because difficult kids were able to capture the resources of environment because they required more attention and affection for soothing than easy kids.

Market pricing

Definition: a social structure that also emphasizes balance and reciprocity -Unlike equality matching, though, the equal exchange in a market pricing structure occurs on the same turn. -Based on proportionality and ratio -An EXAMPLE of this is usually the buying and selling in the marketplace.

Communal sharing

Definition: members of a group emphasize common identity' -Everyone is treated the same -Resources tend to be pooled for use by everyone -No one person "deserves" more of the resources more than others -EXAMPLE is family

Authority ranking

Definition: people linearly ordered along hierarchical social dimension -Higher on the ranking = more privilege and prestige -Lower on the ranking = entitled to protection and care from those above -An EXAMPLE of this is the military.

Equality matching Common in Western Cultures?

Definition: social structure based on balance and reciprocity -Record keeping is done to keep track of what is exchanged, and people are motivated to pay back what has been exchanged, in turns. -Not common in Western cultures, but quite common in cultures around the word -EXAMPLE of this is exchanging Christmas cards.

Cultural fit

Degree to which an individual's personality is more similar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture

What is dialectical thinking? Are there any cultural differences? (chapter 5)

Dialectical thinking is the tendency to accept what seems to be contradictions in thought or beliefs; it addresses the item from both, or all, sides. Cultural differences in dialectical thinking was found more with Chinese than American cultures.

Reference group effect

Different cultures compare themselves to different reference groups. For example, a five foot man in china might consider his height average, while in the United States, he would be considered short.

A researcher is conducting some of the first health investigations in a society that has not yet been widely studied. There is a minority group that experiences considerable discrimination and social disadvantage and that also has higher rates of hypertension than the majority. Based on existing research, what is the most plausible hypothesis?

Discrimination against people in this minority group leads to stress that in turn creates risk for hypertension.

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of?

Distal cause

Which moral ethics is "attending temple to pray"?

Divinity

Generalizability

Do the findings generalize to populations other than the samples that were studied.

Which dimensions of Dr. Hofstede are related to creativity? (chapter 5)

Dr. Hofstede's dimensions of creativity are (1) uncertainty avoidance and (2) power distance. Cultures with high UA are expected to go through specific procedures before being allowed to express ideas. Cultures with high PD also require more hoops to jump through to get their ideas shared.

Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student. They are both trying to make new friends. Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that

Heidi would try harder to disclose more information about herself in an attempt to reveal shared attitudes or interests.

How have cultures been changing and why are these changes occurring?

Due to changes in technology and innovation cultures are becoming much less interconnected. Information is spread all over the world at a much faster pace leading to globalization. Another change in culture is the way it has transformed from being more collectivistic to being more individualistic. Heine believes this change could be due to the increasing pressures of money and time that compete with peoples time for being social or the increase of suburbanization in America which results in people being in their own homes and in their cars more often. The biggest culprit behind this change is technology such as television, which leads to younger generations isolating themselves and becoming more passive. I believe the change in technology and the importance people place on it is what has changed culture in the most in the world. People become so attached to material objects and their phones, which creates a huge social barrier between people. Already in the US I have seen changes in the way people interact with each other. When I was younger everyone talked on the phone with family members and friends from all over and now it is very limited to texting. Sometimes younger generations are annoyed or confused over why someone would call or stop by rather than just shooting them a text.

Within-group manipulation

Each participant receives more than one level of the independent variable. These do not involve random assignment because every participant receives all the levels of the independent variable

Which of the following is best captures what we know about the "noun bias" phenomenon?

Early communication with infants plays a key role. East Asian mothers more effectively communicate actions while North American mothers more effectively communicate objects

Which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools?

East Asian mothers spend more time teaching their kids math before their kids start kindergarten

East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process; but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.

According to research, which of the following could at least partially explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools?

East Asian teachers tend to use more concrete examples when teaching math than American teachers.

Which of the following about social anxiety disorder is TRUE?

East Asians score higher on trait measures of social anxiety disorder than do North Americans.

Which of the following statements about social anxiety disorder is true?

East Asians score higher than North Americans on trait measures of social anxiety.

Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that

East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems.

East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality.

Derp has lived a privileged life and has always had very high subjective well-being. He is ready to change - he wants to be unhappy and have low subjective well-being. Based on the dynamic social impact theory, which region of the United States should Derp move to if he wants to become less happy and have low subjective well-being?

East South Central

Describe how ecological and geographical factors can affect cultural evolution

Ecological factors - The presence of large native animals can dictate whether or not a culture is one of hunting versus foraging. Geographical factors - The environmental conditions can influence a culture's reliance and glorification of certain types of behaviours. - e.g. bravery is favoured in a culture where food has to be contended and fought for.

Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in communication style? -Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail. -Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other. -Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than his American friend, Claudia. -Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his friends than is Itao, who is Japanese.

Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail.

Which of the following examples most accurately portray research on cultural differences in communication style?

Endo, who's Japanese, can't reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voicemail.

Define ethnocentrism, give an example, explain cross-cultural differences, and list correlates of it as discussed in class. (chapter 1)

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters, and ultimately viewing their ethnicity and/or culture superior. An example of ethnocentrism is an obvious one in WWII. When Nazi Germany started imprisoning Jewish people into internment camps because they were deemed inferior to Hitler's "Aryan" race. Variable correlated with ethnocentrism include (1) Intercultural competence, (2) Willingness to communicate, (3) Intercultural communication sensitivity, and (4) Participation in study abroad programs. Between the U.S. and Japan, Japan had higher levels of ethnocentrism.

Comparisons of Asian-Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on Raven's Progressive Matrices reveals that

Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet.

Describe the (2) ways in which geography can shape a culture

Evoked Culture - is the culture built upon the behaviours that had been elicited due to environmental demands. This is also assuming that these behaviours would otherwise be universally accessible to others within different cultures, but aren't exhibited to the same degree because of the differing environmental conditions. - e.g. to value physical attractiveness over other qualities in parasite-rich cultures. Transmitted Culture - is the culture manifested by social learning or modeling by those around an individual. - e.g. modelling a neighbours behaviours of farming that has yielded them food security.

After conducting a survey of every culture around the world, you find that only the Iberians say that snakes and tigers cannot be evil and mean-spirited and share no qualities with humans. From these results, what can you conclude?

Excluding the Iberians, anthropocentrism would be an existential universal or above.

Existential Universal

Exists in multiple cultures, although the tool is not necessarily used to solve the same problem , nor is it equally accessible across cultures - In all cultures but occurs with differing frequencies across cultures

Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

Response biases

Factors that distort the accuracy of a person's responses to surveys and become especially problematic when coparing groups that differ

Patients with schizophrenia living in less-developed societies should move to more developed societies if they want to have the best prognosis. Is this true or false?

False: The prognosis for schizophrenia is better in less-developed societies than in more developed societies.

Patients with schizophrenia living in undeveloped societies should move to developed societies if they want to have the best prognoses. True or false?

False—prognosis for schizophrenia is better in undeveloped societies than in developed societies.

Stereotype threat

Fear that one might do something that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one's group

Felipe is more likely than Satoru to recognize that Mariana is angry.

What are the parenting goals among Kenyan and American mothers? (chapter 3)

For Kenyan mothers, one parenting goal they emphasize is protecting their infants through soothing behaviors and keeping their infants near them at all times. A parenting goal for American mothers emphasizes developing their infants active engagement and social exchange through stimulation and conversation, or "baby-talk".

Lloyd is politically very conservative, scores highly on the "loyalty to ingroup" moral institution, and greatly respects hierarchy. Thus, there would be a good cultural fit between Lloyd and a culture that is characterized by

Gemeinschaft.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which genes and memes differ?

Genes can replicate horizontally and vertically, whereas memes can only replicate vertically.

Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than does her American counterpart, Lisa. According to research discussed in the text on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa?

Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners.

After examining surveys that you collected from Culture X, you notice that everyone's responses tend toward the mid-points of the response scale (e.g., "Neither agree nor disagree"). How can you correct for this?

Give respondents forced-choice response options (e.g., "Agree/Disagree").

What is goodness of fit? (chapter 4, (p. 86, 107)

Goodness of fit suggests if the characteristics that you possess fit the environment, you will experience the most positive outcomes. It is a key the the development of personality based on the parental reactions of temperament and whether they promote stability or instability in the child's responses to the environment.

Which of the following statements about subjective well-being across cultures is true?

Greater equality of opportunity in a country is associated with greater subjective well-being.

Social brain hypothesis

Greater social cognition and understanding leads to higher likelihood to attract mates, secure resources, and protection from danger.

Children's physical experiences differ across cultural contexts. Which infants have the most face time (i.e., over 60% of time in face-to-face contact) with their parents?

Greek

He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant? -He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north. -He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west. -His mother language has a writing system that goes from left to right. -He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west.

He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

Mr. X is a member of a stamp-collecting group. he cares a great deal about this group and identifies highly with it. which of the following most likely characterizes Mr. X

He has lived in the same residence all his life

In playing a public goods game, Horatio keeps punishing Yorick, who had previously punished Horatio, despite Yorick being a cooperator. The goal is for everyone to get as much money as possible. Which of the following is a predictor of Horatio's behavior?

He is from a culture with weak rule of law

Yuexi, a Chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. Based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result?

Her child feels a lack of family cohesion

Please compare the scores for U.S. to the following countries on every dimension of Dr. Hofstede: Canada, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Brazil, Greece, Sweden, Egypt, Nigeria, and Ghana (e.g., which country has higher scores on masculinity: U.S. or Greece?) (chapter 1)

Highest to Lowest Power Distance= Bangladesh (80), China (80), Nigeria (80), Ghana (80), Egypt (70), Brazil (69), Greece (60), Japan (54), Canada (39), US (40) Sweden (31) Individualism= US (91), Canada (80), Sweden (71), Japan (46), Brazil (38), Greece (35), Nigeria (30), Egypt (25), China (20), Bangladesh (20), Ghana (15) Masculinity= Japan (95), China (66), US (62), Nigeria (60), Greece (57), Bangladesh (55), Canada (52), Brazil (49), Egypt (45), Ghana (40), Sweden (5) Uncertainty Avoidance= Greece (100), Japan (92), Egypt (80), Brazil (76), Ghana (65), Bangladesh (60), Nigeria (55), Canada (48), US (46), China (30), Sweden (29) Long-Term Orientation= Japan (88), China (87), Sweden (53), Bangladesh (47), Greece (45), Brazil (44), Canada (36), US (26), Nigeria (13), Egypt (7), Ghana (4) Indulgence: Nigeria (84), Ghana (84), Sweden (78), Canada (68), US (68), Brazil (59), Greece (50), Japan (42), China (24), Bangladesh (20)

Holistic vs. analytic thinking (chapter 5)

Holistic thinking involves using the context to identify relationships and/or meanings, while analytic thinking involves focusing on an object independent of the context.

Hosea is an orthodox Baptist, and his neighbor, Henry, is a progressive Baptist. They are watching news coverage of China's ban on internet pornography. According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?

Hosea is likelier than Henry to say, "That ban is moral because it prevents people from succumbing to the sin of lust."

According to the textbook, which of the following is a challenge that faces the evolutionist perspective of cultural diversity?

How does one objectively find a way by which to evaluate psychological phenomena?

As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with defining what constitutes a psychological disorder? -What if a behavior is considered abnormal elsewhere but not in the West? -What if a condition does not manifest psychologically? -When does one consider a behavior that interferes with one's life a disorder? -How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?

How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?

Theory of mind

Human understanding that other people have minds too, and therefore also have different perspectives.

Prestige Bias

Humans copy the people they admire. (Those with more prestige)

Cultural worlds

Humans live in cultural worlds consisting of information that has accumulated throughout our history.

H.O.M.E.R

Hypothesis, operationalize, measure, evaluate, revise or replicate

While traveling in China, a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China's Great Firewall to access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube. Which of the following is NOT something that he would invoke in making the decision, based on Kohlberg's model of moral development?

I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because the only law I abide by is that which was created by God.

You work for a North American company and are about to send your negotiator to East Asia. What advice do you give him or her to ensure the best outcome?

I would advise my negotiator to be of strong morals and guide others in a high moral way to ensure being a good role model and leader. Being a good leader and team-orientated would show them that you are willing to work hard as a group to get things done.

Independent View of Self

Identity is experienced as largely independent from others. Important aspects of identity are personal characteristics. Identity remains largely constant across roles and situations. Considerable fluidity between ingroups and outgroups.

Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor. They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during office hours. Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their case to get some extra points for their essay. Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine?

If the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm"

Women's Mate Preferences: Older Men how many cultures saw this trend? approximately how much older did women like their men to be? Why are older men more preferable?

In ALL 37 cultures, women preferred older men (roughly 3.5 years older than themselves) Why? With age comes: -resources -physical strength -hunting prowess -Wisdom -maturity

Parenting goals and beliefs of mothers in Germany and India. (chapter 3)

In India, one parenting belief is that parents do not direct their children's development, but instead focus on enjoying their relationship.

Independent variable

In a cross-cultural study, culture is the Independent variable and if researchers contrast two similar cultures, they would not have as much variance in their independent variable as if they had compared two very dissimilar cultures.

What is the relationship between ethnocentrism and having an accent? (chapter 1)

In a recent study (2013), it was found that ethnocentrism does affect how an individual perceives an accent. In the study, a professor gave a lecture in their American accent and a Chinese accent and then asked the students to rate the lecture. It was found that students who scored higher in ethnocentrism disliked the lecture given with a Chinese accent, even though both lectures was presented the same.

Functional Universal

In all cultures but occurs with differing frequencies across cultures- It is used to solve the same problem across cultures, yet it is more accessible to people from some cultures than others. In the case of functional universals, the cognitive tool serves the same function everywhere, although it may not be used that much in some cultures.

A research study by Williams and Best (1990) examined gender equality by asking men and women from 14 different countries to answer questions about how each gender should act. Which of the following statements is an accurate description of their findings?

In most of the countries surveyed, men had more traditional views on gender than women.

an understanding of which stage distinguishes the U-shaped from the L-shaped acculturation curve

In reverse cultural shock he U-shaped occurs after you return home. The L Shape occurs when there is no adjustments

Your health psychology professor says, "Suppressing intense emotions will negatively affect your health." Do you agree?

It depends; research shows that suppression is associated with poorer health for North Americans, but unrelated to health for East Asians.

Your friends are debating whether culture has been changing or not over the last few decades. Which of the following responses is NOT supported by research?

It has not been changing—collectivistic cultures have, overall, remained just as collectivistic as they were decades ago.

Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy?

It is an existential universal.

According to the Jones (1994) article (the "African American Duality Dilemma" article), what does the author say about how African Americans might experience racism?

It lurks constantly as a force that has meaning for who you are and what you will become. It is stimulating, tragic, dangerous, wonderful, and important.

Which of the following statements best describes the sleep pattern in medieval Europe?

It matches the pattern found for American adults in a room that is kept dark the majority of the time.

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?

Jack disobeys his father's commands

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?

Jack disobeys his father's commands.

The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective?

James-Lange theory of emotions

Which of the following statements best reflects research on cultural differences in sleep patterns among European-Canadians, Asian-Canadians, and the Japanese?

Japanese people sleep less than European-Canadians.

Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.

Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions.

Two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (Latin American) and Sayako (Japanese), are visiting club booths at school to decide what clubs to join. Based on research regarding preferences for emotions, which of the following scenarios is likeliest to happen?

Jorge will choose a choir club that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.

Jorge will choose a choir that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.

According to the so-called epidemiological paradox, which of the following people is likeliest to have the best health outcome?

Juan, who immigrated to the US mainland from Mexico two years ago

Ethnocentrism

Judging people from other cultures by the standards of one's own culture.

Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American

Jun would feel more shame than Jerry

Define and give an example to the four types of equivalence as covered in class. (chapter 2)

Linguistic = Semantic equivalence of research protocols (questionnaires, instructions) across various languages; back translation for example Measurement = Degree to which measures different cultures are equally valid and reliable; Procedural = Equivalence in procedure used to collect data in different cultures; Sampling = Degree to which samples are representative of their culture and equivalent on non-cultural demographic variables;

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: Relies more on the factual accuracy of a message than its emotional resonance. This may relate to the historical purpose of the written word -- to record, preserve, and transmit. They also favor evidence, reasoning, and analysis over the less rational, more intuitive approach.

Literate

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: tend to place more meaning in the language code and very little meaning in the context. For this reason, communication tends to be specific, explicit, and analytical (Ting-Toomey, 1985). In analyzing messages, tendency to focus on "what was said" and give literal meaning to each word.

Low-context

Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) find that

Lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral

Cultural priming

Making certain ideas more accessible to participants and to the extent that those ideas are associated with cultural meaning systems, we can investigate what happens when people start to think about certain cultural ideas. You prime your participants to tthink a certain way You activate cultural ideas and then they start thinking in ways that are more similar to other cultures.

quasi experimental design

Manipulation of independent variable, observation of dependent variable, but no random assignment

Which of the following is TRUE about arranged marriages?

Many pre-industrial societies rely on love marriages rather than arranged marriages.

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"?

Marisol, who immigrated to the US from Mexico, has a lower socioeconomic status, but better health than her friend who was born in the US

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"?

Marisol, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico a year ago, is healthier than her uncle, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico 10 years ago.

Which of the following (historically inaccurate) examples best demonstrates the process of the ratchet effect?

Marx creates a new political ideology, Lenin builds on that ideology, and Stalin further expands on it.

which of the following (historically inaccurate) examples best demonstrates the process of the ratchet effect

Marx creates a new political ideology, Lennon builds on this ideology, and Stalin further expands on it

Jason gets excited every time he walks into his physics class. However, Jason has never really liked science, so he does not think that his excitement is due to the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jason's misattribution of his arousal in an attempt to explain the excitement he feels is consistent with which theory of emotion?

Maslow's

Benny and Matthew are good friends. Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant. Given this information, which of the following should one expect to be true regarding the two friends?

Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that people can stop themselves from thinking about playing baseball.

As an American exchange student in Japan, Michael is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend, Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European-American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice? -His European-American friends experience both shame and anger more than Michiru. -Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect. -Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European-American friends. -Michiru experiences more respect than his European-American friends.

Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect.

Moderacy and Extremity Bias

Moderacy and extremity biases are responsive styles as they affect how an indiv. Responds to an item independent of the content of the item. Such response styles are problematic for cultural comparisons because if cultures vary in how people respond to question, this is going to affect any conclusions that we can draw when comparing average scores across cultures ie.. rating a psychological statement on a 1- 7 scale. (moderacy bias) choosing 5 (extremity bias) 7 even with equal feelings on statement. African Am and Hispanic---more extreme, East Asians, more moderate.

A cat teaches another cat in the same alley to hold a mouse a certain way so that the mouse can be more easily eaten. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said to be "culture"?

More than one of the choices is true.

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true? -Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not. -Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Morita therapy encourages one to exercise pri-mary control. -Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise pri-mary control. -Naikan therapy is more difficult and more expensive than Morita therapy due to different demands on the therapist.

Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.

Buss (1989) -37 samples of people -10,047 subjects -drawn from 33 countries -located on 6 continents Rated 18 characteristics on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 = irrelevant 3 = indispensable His study looked at Preferences that both sexes prefer in a long term mate. Some include:

Mutual attraction-Love, Dependability, Emotional stability & maturity, Exciting personality, Healthy, Pleasing disposition, Kindness & understanding, Education & Intelligence, Sociable, Refinement-Neatness, Wants children, Easy going, Creative & artistic

You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude and guilt toward those around him. What type of treatment is this?

Naikan therapy

You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, to accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude toward those around him. What type of treatment is this?

Naikan therapy

Host culture

New culture

What role does pluralistic ignorance play in the persistence of ideas?

Pluralistic ignorance is a mechanism that leads to cultural persistence. It is the tendency for people to misinterpret the thoughts that underlie other people's behavior. Many people believe they can figure out what those around them are thinking but really all they truly know is based on the observations of these people. Many people do not always display their thoughts and emotions correctly. They may act how they think is most socially desirable in that situation to maintain a good impression. This is important because it shows that people are influenced by what they think or believe is socially desirable rather than what people actually feel. People are shy about expressing certain ideas and may go on to spread ideas they don't necessarily believe in.

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: Because time is not linear or segmented, matching specific activities with specific time frames is not done. Times and activities are fluid. There can be a circular or cyclical quality to time ("what goes around, comes around", "life is a circle"). Punctuality and scheduling is done but rarely with great fervor.

Polychronic

In the movie Babies, which child has the most bodily contact during the first months?

Ponijao

In this course, Urban and Rural settings are considered cultural contexts. Which Babies (from the course film) shared rural background experiences growing up?

Ponijao & Bayar

Researchers found that, when averaging Japanese faces with Australian faces together (creating Eurasian faces), these Eurasian faces were seen as more attractive than their component faces. Why?

Possibly because biracial faces may represent the best average of faces the participants have encountered in their lives.

Power

Power refers to the capability of your study to detect an effect (which in study designed so that it is usually a cross-cultural difference) to the extent that such an effect really exists. Power reflects the quality of the design of your study

Co-sleeping

Practice of sleeping together

Acculturation

Process by which people migrate and learn a culture that is different from their original (heritage) culture

Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would you expect to occur?

Rahul, an Indian, feels that attending a friend's birthday celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.

Which of the following is a difference between between-groups and within-groups experimental designs?

Random assignment is not necessary for within-groups designs

Rates of bullying & frequency 5+ symptoms: country with the highest rates for boys and girls. (chapter 3)

Rates for Boys -Highest: Lithuania (41.4%); Lowest: Sweden (6.3%); USA: (16%) Rates for Girls - Highest: Lithuania (38.2%); Lowest: Sweden (5.1%); USA (11.3%) The 5 symptoms are (1) headaches (2) anxiety (3) pain (4&5) ???

Neocortex ratio

Ratio of neocortex (the outermost layer of the brain) mass compared to total brain mass. Higher neocortex mass may lead to greater problem solving and intelligence.

Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with bilateral facial symmetry.

Relational vs. categorical categorization: differences between China and the U.S. (chapter 5)

Relational categorization involves suggesting an object-context or subject-object relationship. Categorical categorization involves suggesting shared features or category membership. Both china and the US focus on categorical categorization.

Multicultural approach

Respecting and attending to different groups cultural beliefs. (Not ignoring them)

____ is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that enable them to participate as more or less effective members of their community.

Socialization

Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions? -Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her. -Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool. -Ryan thinks he is happy because it is one of the basic emotions. -Ryan thinks he feels sadness because his long-time pet had just passed away.

Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.

Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.

Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for 15 years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than 10 years. Based on research by Gupta and Singh, which person is likely to be happier?

Sanjay

Ovulatory Shift Hypothesis

Shifts in sexual and social motivation during peak fertility (24 hours ovulation) on an unconscious level

According to Henrich's mathematical model, why would complex cultural knowledge deteriorate, as was the case in eighteenth-century Tasmania?

Shrinkage in the population leads to a lack of skilled models for people to copy.

Women's Mate Preferences: High Social Status what is this a cue to?

Social status is a universal cue to control of resources.

A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, they are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect their respective cultural development to be like

Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture

A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, species members are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. Conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. Based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect each species's respective cultural development to be like?

Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture.

Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that Stephen's primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon's symptoms, on the other hand, are dis-comfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering? -Stephen is concerned about how others might see him, while Jon is not. -Jon's anxiety disorder is less severe than Stephen's. -Jon's anxiety disorder is more severe than Stephen's. -Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

According to the textbook, which of the following is true about culture and parenting styles?

Strong parental control is more associated with positive outcomes in East Asia than in the West.

Comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that

Surinamese and Turkish immigrants expressed more relational concerns than Dutch citizens.

Comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that...

Surinamese and Turkish immigrants expressed more relational concerns than Dutch citizens.

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States; true or false?

TRUEEEEEEE

Acquiescence Bias

Tendency to agree with most statements. If people in some cultures have a pre disposition to see the truth in more statements than those in another culture, this will lead to cultural differences in responses, independent from the content of the items. Ex. A holistic person might see some truth in any statements.

Jordan received a botox injection for the area around her eyes, meaning that the muscles around her eyes would be paralyzed and look emotionless for a period of time, while the rest of her face can still move. Before the paralyzing effect of the botox has worn off, she has dinner with an American friend and a Japanese friend. Jordan smiled throughout the night, indicating that she had a good time. Will Jordan's friends believe her smile?

The American friend likely will believe Jordan's smile, but the Japanese friend likely will not.

What is a proximal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able to conquer the Incan empire?

The Spaniards had better weapons than the Incans

Which of the following statements is true? -The best-supported evidence for the positive health outcomes for Hispanic-Americans is that only Hispanics who were healthy enough to make the long trip to the United States migrated there. -European-Americans have better outcomes for the leading causes of death than Hispanic-Americans, unless you control for socioeconomic status, and then Hispanic-Americans fare better. -The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States. -If you control for socioeconomic status, European-Americans and African Americans do not differ in their health out-comes.

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States.

A researcher wants to study hikikomori in Japan, France, Russia, and Canada. She starts with the Japanese criteria and translates them into French, Russian, and English. What is the main problem with this approach?

The hikikomori category may not have the same meaning outside Japan.

Color-blind approach

The idea that people are the same, and we shouldn't differentiate/discriminate based on anyone's ethnic background.

Russian cultural historical school

The idea that people interact with their environment through the tools and ideas that have been passed to them through history.

What is the key difference between an integration and an assimilation acculturation strategy?

The integration strategy has more positive attitudes toward the heritage culture than the assimilation strategy.

interdependent view of the self

The interdependent view of the self is a relational entity that is fundamentally connected to important relationships and has the following characteristics: •Defined by social relationships and roles •Flexible across situations and roles •Not bounded or separate from others and context •Clear ingroup-outgroup distinction

Müller-Lyer illusion

The line on the left looks longer than the line on the right. People who are raised in cultures where they are not exposed to carpentered corners are not susceptible to this illusion.

Dependent variable

The more variance in the independent variable, the more likely that an effect will be detected in the dependent variable.

Evoked culture

The notion that all people have certain biologically encoded behaviors that occur under certain conditions.

Define: Flynn Effect

The pattern of increasing IQ seen through subsequent generations within a culture.

A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research covered in this textbook about the economic effects, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains?

The people in that country will get taller, on average.

A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook by Christmas, after which he will be paid $15,000. What is this an example of?

The relationships in Gesellschaft groups

Leticia knows Spanish as her native language and learned English as a very young child. Amy knows English as her native language and learned Spanish as an adult. Which of the following will be true?

The same location of Leticia's brain will be activated when she processes English or Spanish.

Functional Universal

The second level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures and is used to solve the same problem across cultures, but is more accessible to people from some cultures than others. An example is the amount of energy they put into punishment. Some put a lot of their earnings to punish those who were unfair while others do not as much.

Is serial position effect universal? (chapter 5)

The serial position effect is the tendency to remember something better if it is either the first (primacy effect) or last (recency effect) thing said. This is not universal, instead it is dependent on rehearsal.

Ten children are sitting on a bench while an adult, Tom, speaks to them. Tom tells them that he will count to three, after which all the children must yell "Hello." The louder they yell (as measured by a decibel meter), the more money they get. After Tom counts to three, you see that one child off to the side is engaging in social loafing. Which of the following would explain the child's behavior?

The task was too easy.

noun bias

The tendency for children in North America to learn nouns before they learn other types of words like verbs.

Pluralistic Ignorance

The tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thought that underlie other people's behaviors

Pluralistic ignorance

The tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thoughts that underlie other people's behaviors.

noun bias

The tendency in young children to have a vocabulary with more nouns relative to the number of verbs and other relational word

Which kind of therapists would most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?

The therapist who is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients

Explain the two facets of socially desirable responding, and their relationships with individualism and collectivism. (chapter 2)

The two facets of socially desirable responding are (1) Self-Deceptive Enhancement (SDE), which is the tendency to see oneself in a positive light, have inflated self-descriptions, and is found to be linked with narcissism. This is more prevalent in individualism. The second facet is (2) Impression Management (IM), which is the process of maintaining a favorable or desirable image to the world. It is linked to faking and its goal is to impress the researcher. This is more prevalent in collectivism.

Dependent variable

The variable that you measure. For example, the differences between cultures.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?

Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cul-tural perspective of his clients.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?

Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients.

A 2.5-year-old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task: they must figure out how to use a tool to reach the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. Based on the findings of Herrmann and colleagues (2007), which of the three participants will outperform the others?

There will be no significant difference in performance across the three participants.

Regret (types & similarities/differences across cultures) (chapter 5)

Types of regret include counterfactual thinking; hypothetical beliefs about the past that could have happened to avoid or change a negative outcome. Regrets of inaction are more prevalent in individualist cultures since they are autonomous agents, they'd wish they could do more. In collectivist cultures, regret over action is more prevalent because the individuals' responsibilities are prioritized over internal attributes. But in recent studies, the emotion of regret appears to be universal and regret over inaction was more prevalent across multiple cultures.

Melting pot model

US, where each ethnic group's distinct characteristics are melted away as they learn to assimilate to the dominant culture.

Some aspects of physical attractiveness have been found to be universal (3) while others were found to be culturally variable (1)

Universal: 1) Clear complexion 2) Bilateral symmetry 3) Average features Culturally Variable: 1) Body weight

Unpacking

Unpacking cultural findings means identifying the underlying variables that give rise to the cultural difference

Which of the following statements is true about parent-child interactions across cultures?

Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants, as compared with rural mothers

which of the following statements is TRUE about parent-child interactions across cultures

Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants, as compared with rural mothers

according to research using the Sex Role Inventory, which of the following does NOT agree with the research findings

Uruguay, a country south of the equator, has more egalitarian gender values than Eritrea, a country north of the equator

You want to study how large people's faces are in Cultures X and Y. To do this, you simply ask people, "On a scale of 1 (small) to 10 (large), how large is your face?" To your surprise, most people in Culture X think they have small faces, even though their faces are much larger than those in Culture Y. Conversely, most people in Culture Y think they have large faces. How can you address this problem of trying to assess cultural differences in how large people's faces are?

Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options

Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options.

Situation sampling

Utilizes the fact that cultures do not affect us in the abstract, they affect us in particular, concrete ways, If we can see how people respond to situations that are regularly experience by people in another culture, we can get a viewpoint into how cultures shape our way of thinking. You get participants form at least two cultures who are asked to describe a number of situations that they have experienced in which something specific has happened. (ex. self esteem either increased or decreased). Second step, different groups of participants are asked to participate in the study, You use the list of the situations from before and then they are asked to imagine how hey would have felt if they had been in those situations themselves. This allow shut to get ideas of how they would respond if they were participating in another groups culture.

transmission of culture (3 ways)

VERTICAL (parent to offspring) HORIZONTAL (mutual; kids play w e/o) OBLIQUE (institution to young ppl eg. uni to students)

The "healthy migrant hypothesis" is conceptually most similar to which of the following?

WEIRD people phenomenon

What is the problem with relying too much on WEIRD societies for samples in psychology research?

WEIRD samples represent a very narrow slice of the world's population

Objective self awareness

We are conscious of how we are being seen and evaluated by others

Psychology is WEIRD

Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic

WEIRD societies

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

What does the acronym "WEIRD" stand for?

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

Natural selection

When a trait gives you an advantage, and it helps you to survive and mate, and does the same for your offspring.

Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most euphoria?

When he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

Separation strategy

When you love your heritage culture and dislike host culture.

Salad bowl model

Where each ethnic group maintains its distinct characteristics, and adds unique flavor to the whole.

William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find? -Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more similar over time attending to an object. -William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei. -Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually looking at the objects quite similarly. -William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

Research on the rise of individualism shows that books published in the United States over the past 200 years have shown an increase in words such as

XXX "individualism," "collectivism," and "division."

Which of the following correctly compares cultural evolution and biological evolution?

XXX Biological evolution chooses what trait has a selective advantage to pass on; cultural evolution does not.

You work at your university's tutoring center, where you are tutoring two students taking the same Nursing course: Kimberly, a European American student, and Meilin, an Asian American student. Both students are studying for a first aid exam where they will be required to assess and treat different types of injuries by applying a multi-step process. Given what you know about cultural differences in thinking aloud, what study advice would you give to each student?

You would encourage Kimberly to verbally describe how she is assessing and treating each injury but you would encourage Meilin to remain silent as she assesses and treats each injury.

Your sample has negative attitudes toward dogs.

Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio is for legalization, while Gil is against it. It has been said that, separately, Horatio's argument is strong, while Gil's argument is weak. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him?

Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true.

Any changes in biological characteristics within a culture must have occurred through long periods due to genetic evolution because cultural changes cannot account for biological changes. Do you agree with this statement? a) No—obesity rates have risen faster than can be explained by changes in the genetic makeup of a population. b) Yes—the epidemiological paradox suggests that genetic changes primarily drive biological changes. c) No—the fact that European-Americans have better health than Hispanic-Americans is evidence that cultural changes can account for biological changes. d) Yes—the French paradox suggests that the lower obesity rates in France relative to the United States can be attributed to genetic differences between the two populations. e) No—the fact that Melanesians live in different locations than people from Equatorial Africa but still have similar skin colors means that culture cannot account for biological changes.

As a Naikan practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say, a) "It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them." b) "Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms." c) "It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence." d) "Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control." e) "Therapists must help clients to bring the clients' ara, emi, and ori into alignment."

At an academic debate, you overhear one researcher say, "Based on Iyengar and colleagues' work on choice across cultures, Asian Americans have a stronger preference for everyone else to make choices for them rather than making choices for themselves." Do you agree? a) Disagree. Asian Americans prefer choices that are chosen for them by an in-group member, but not by an out-group member. b) Disagree. Asian Americans prefer to make choices for themselves rather than have someone else choose for them. c) Agree. Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that someone else is—because they are high in agreeableness. d) Agree. Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that someone else is—because they are high in collectivism. e) Disagree. Asian Americans prefer to make choices for others rather than for themselves.

According to the definition offered in the textbook, which of the following would NOT be a good example of culture?

a child creates a piece of art she has never seen before while, at the same time, listening to her sister sing songs

what child(re) below demonstrate(s) the existence of theory of mind

a child who hides his toys so his mother won't find them

Based on the biases self-enhancers have, which of the following is someone who self-enhances most likely to say after failing a chemistry test? a) "Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics." b) "I failed this chemistry test, so I have to study even harder in this class." c) "This test was fair; I just did not work hard enough." d) "Chemistry is still very important to me." e) "Lex did so well! I need to work to be more like him."

Comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that a) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants expressed more relational concerns than Dutch citizens. b) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants display their emotions more intensely than Dutch citizens. c) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants are less happy than Dutch citizens. d) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants who were more acculturated had more similar emotional experiences to Dutch citizens than did those immigrants who were less acculturated. e) None of these statements is true.

Davina was walking on the street when she happened to glance into a flower store. Upon seeing a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. To her, an increased heart rate means that she is excited, so she concluded that she must be feeling excited right now. A two-factor theorist would _____________ with her conclusion because _____________. a) disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions b) disagree; she lacks the experience to determine what her psychological reactions mean c) disagree; increased heart rate has nothing to do with being excited d) agree; increased heart rate is always indicative of excitement e) agree; seeing flowers always leads one to have excited feelings about them

Depression is a condition that is a) found in every culture that has been explored. b) largely absent in China. c) a culture-bound disorder. d) found at similar rates in the population in all industrialized societies. e) largely absent in rural societies.

Derp has lived a privileged life and has always had very high subjective well-being. He is ready to change—he wants to be unhappy and have low subjective well-being. Based on the dynamic social impact theory, to which region of the United States should Derp move if he wants to become less happy and have low subjective well-being? a) East South Central b) West North Central c) West South Central d) the Mountain West e) New England

Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student. They are both trying to make new friends. Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that a) Heidi, more so than Homare, would like a new person who is similar to her. b) Homare, more so than Heidi, would travel longer distances in an effort to find new friends. c) Heidi, more so than Homare, would persist in her friendship-making efforts longer, even when her efforts are not successful. d) Homare, more so than Heidi, would be more likely to be attracted to people with average faces. e) Heidi, relative to Homare, would be less motivated to form new friends, given her loyalty to her older friends

Idra, a European university student, has moved to another country indefinitely to start a new career. He is currently experiencing anxiety, helplessness, and homesickness. Based on research on acculturation curves, what do you expect to happen with Idra next? a) He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is homogenous. b) He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is extraverted. c) He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is homogenous. d) He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is extraverted. e) The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

Kosuke is a Japanese student who just won a drawing competition. Kent is a Canadian student who also just won a drawing competition. Immediately after their victories, they were asked to create another drawing. Compared to Kosuke, what is Kent more likely to do? a) spend more time drawing than Kosuke b) stop drawing earlier than Kosuke c) draw for about the same amount of time as Kosuke d) spend less time drawing than he would if he had not won e) move on to a different task

Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a European-Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is a) more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event. b) more likely to chase after the person who shoved him. c) less likely to understand what happened to him. d) less likely to understand why the man shoved him. e) more likely to raise the issue with security guards on duty.

Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that a) East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems. b) Westerners are less likely to use analytic reasoning strategies than East Asians when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions. c) East Asians are more likely than Westerners to reason on the basis of abstract rules. d) when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions, Westerners are likely to make judgments based on similarity. e) East Asians are unable to engage in analytic reasoning strategies.

Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the most desired kinds of emotional states among East Asians are a) low arousal positive states. b) feelings of group pride. c) feelings of interpersonal connection. d) future positive emotional states. e) purely positive affective states.

Romantic love was evolutionarily advantageous because it a) brought parents closer together to ensure survival of the child. b) allowed people to exercise their personal agencies. c) was a necessary foundation for marriages to have in order for the marriage to succeed. d) promoted relational mobility. e) led to greater social complexity.

meme

a cultural "gene". a unit. an idea. something a human does that gets passed down to another

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects...

a ritualized display

Romantic love, discussed within the context of monogamous human relationships in the textbook, exists because it was evolutionarily advantageous for our ancestors. True or false? a) True—more children from parents who experienced romantic love survived to pass on their genes, compared to parents without romantic love. b) False—romantic love hindered an individual's ability to spread one's genetic material. c) True—romantic love led people to become more skilled hunters and gatherers, allowing for greater survivability. d) False—someone experiencing romantic love was more likely to hunt more dangerous prey than someone not experiencing romantic love. e) True—romantic love meant more sex with more partners, and this meant one would have a greater number of viable babies.

Ryosuke, a Japanese-Canadian born in Vancouver, Canada, is high on bicultural identity integration. This means that, due to his high bicultural identity integration, he a) is able to quickly switch between his Japanese frame and his Canadian frame. b) will engage in an assimilationist acculturation strategy. c) will experience a U-shaped curve. d) will not experience stereotype threat. e) demonstrates a lot of blending in his responses on psychological tests.

The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the students' performance? a) East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly. b) Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, or if they recite their own names repeatedly. c) Verbally articulating their thought processes enhances the performance of East Asian students on the problems. d) Reciting their names repeatedly enhances the performance of Western students on the problems. e) Any student who verbally expresses anything unrelated to the problems will do poorly on them

The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme to allow them to digest milk reflects that a) cultural practices can affect human evolution. b) cultural practices are shaped by the local geography. c) people from different cultures differ more in terms of their genes than they do in terms of their cultural practices. d) this inability is due to a proximal cause. e) genetic differences are difficult to overcome.

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true? a) Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not. b) Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise primary control. c) Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Morita therapy encourages one to exercise primary control. d) Naikan therapy is more difficult and more expensive than Morita therapy due to different demands on the therapist. e) Both Naikan therapy and Morita therapy have been successfully utilized in Western cultures to reform prison inmates.

When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians a) choose family-resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments. b) on average, have much difficulty with them relative to Westerners. c) typically provide holistic answers. d) are usually unable to solve them. e) tend to be poorer at using analytical skills than Westerners.

Which of the following characteristics would one think is attractive, regardless of what culture he or she is from? a) blemish-free skin b) athletic body types c) people who are moderately similar to each other d) people who are greatly different from each other e) a body that is very average in terms of how much body fat one has

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa? a) The age at which people first develop the disorder has gotten younger over recent years for both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. b) The prevalence rates for both disorders are consistent across cultures. c) Bulimia nervosa is associated with ascetic medieval saints, while anorexia nervosa is not. d) Bulimia nervosa has consistent prevalence rates across cultures, while anorexia nervosa has culturally variable prevalence rates. e) The age at which people first develop bulimia nervosa has remained the same over recent years, but it has gotten younger for anorexia nervosa.

Which of the following is the best example of the "salmon bias"? a) An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days. b) People tend to congregate close to their heritage cultures due to familiarity and a need for social connection. c) Bears on the West Coast of North America have a preference for Pacific salmon more than bears on the East Coast of North America. d) Salmon tend to congregate in the places where they spawned. e) Chinatowns are established in cities around the world.

Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence? a) someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task b) someone who is better at the absolute-line task than the relative-line task c) someone who is good at both the relative-line and the absolute-line tasks d) someone who cannot do well on either the relative-line task or the absolute-line task e) someone who performs inconsistently on the relative-line and absolute-line tasks across trials

Which of the following people is most likely to experience an L-shaped acculturation curve? a) Crystal-Joy, who has moved to a culturally homogeneous society b) Lydia, who has an interdependent self-concept, while people in the host culture have an independent self-concept c) Magda, who is feeling a lot of cultural distance between her heritage culture and the host culture d) Timothy, who identifies with his heritage culture but not his host culture e) Noriko, who habitually engages in frame-switching

Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you? a) You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer. She does not want you to, but she says, "I guess so," with a very subtle disapproving expression. b) Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat, and you reply, "I will think about it," because you are unsure. c) Your roommate does not want you to practice dancing in the living room, so she leaves you a note on your door to let you know. d) You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by telling you exactly what she is thinking, providing the whole context for you to understand. e) Your roommate does not plan on coming home for dinner and calls ahead of time to tell you.

The case of lactase persistence is an example of culture-gene coevolution because -a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) led to the creation of a cultural practice (dairy farming). -of a genetic mutation (lactase persistence), despite there being no selection pressures, but it allows people to engage in a cultural practice (digest milk into adulthood). -the genetic mutation for lactase persistence constitutes a form of transmitted culture. -a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations.

a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations.

which of the following depicts an evoked culture

a culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation but the scarcity of animals and fish in the area

According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest?

a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality

pluralistic ignorance

a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

essentialized gender

a gender identity that is believed to reflect an underlying and unchanging nature

Shakers

a group of ppl who didnt believe in reproducing and having biological evolution; instead they adopted kids and engaged in CULTURAL Evolution by spreading their ideas and 'memes'

five factor model of personality

a model of five core traits underlying human personality, including the traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

independent view of self

a model of the self in which identity is thought to come from inner attributes that reflect a unique essence of the idividual and that remin stable across situations and across the lifespan

interdependent view of self

a model of the self in which individuals are perceived not as separate and distinct entities but as participants in a larger social unit where identity is contingent upon key relationships with ingroup members

sensitive period

a period of time in an organisms development that allows for relatively easy acquisition of a set of skills (new language)

extraversion

a personality trait that indicates how active or dominant an individual is

agreeableness

a personality trait that indicates how warm or pleasant an individual is

existential universal

a psychological phenomenon is said to exist in multiple cultures, although the phenomenon is not necessarily used to solve the same problem, nor is it equally accessible across cultures

Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that a) the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older. b) very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language, whereas older infants can distinguish them. c) from birth, infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize, until they have learned all of the phonemes in their language. d) infants from one language group cannot understand the phonemes used by an unfamiliar language group.

a) the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.

Shuang is a chinese mother. compared with shuang, alex, an american mother is more likely to

acknowledge her children's perspective

Shuang is a Chinese mother. Compared with Shuang, Alex, an American mother, is more likely to

acknowledge her children's perspectives

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin colors is an example of

acquired biological differences

The relation between income and health can be summarized as

absolute income predicts health outcomes for low levels of income, whereas income relative to those around one predicts health outcomes for high levels of income.

participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves. after a while, a mirror magically appears on a wall in each room. comparing their self-descriptions before and after the mirror appeared, how much they differ

american participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared, and Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared

Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that

americans are more satisfied with their math marks than are east asians

autonomy ideal

americans. says, young children who are vulnerable need to be self-reliant and take care of themselves

which of the following is an example of a proximal cause

an Egyptian pharaoh brought in horse-drawn chariots, which allowed his army to outmaneuver and defeat his enemy in battle

seperation strategy

an acculturation strategy that involves efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture while making little or no effort to participate in the host culture (263/264)

The encephalization quotient (EQ) is defined as

an animal's brain weight relative to the predicted brain weight for a comparable animal of the same body size.

An example of communal sharing is

an office with a water cooler, where each worker can take as much water as he or she likes.

A human, a giraffe, and a car. Which one doesn't belong?

analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe

Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car? -analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human -analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe -analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car -analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car

analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe

Which of the following defines culture, according to the textbook?

any information learned from other members of one's species that can influence an individual's behavior

What is culture?

any kind of idea, belief, technology, habit, or practice that is acquired through learning from others

Arranged marriages

are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families.

According to research by Atran, Medin, and colleagues, Yukatek Maya children

are more likely than Euro-American children to project features from animals to humans.

the kinds of ideas that are best remembered over time are those that

are mostly intuitive, with the occasional counterintuitive idea included

The kinds of ideas that are best remembered over time are those that

are mostly intuitive, with the occasional counterintuitive idea included.

Comparisons of Asian Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on Raven's progressive matrices reveals that a) Asian Americans tend to outperform Euro-Americans. b) Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet. c) Euro-Americans consistently do better on the task if they are saying something than if they are silent. d) Asian Americans do better on the task if they are reciting the alphabet than if they are silent. e) thinking and talking are largely unrelated for Euro-Americans.

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT a) Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older. b) cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults. c) Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error. d) Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older. e) All of these statements are true.

Different languages from around the world a) all have words that correspond to the basic emotions, but often not for the nonbasic emotions. b) sometimes do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions. c) may have words for the same emotions as in English, but do not necessarily experience those emotions similarly to English speakers. d) all have hundreds of words to express different emotions. e) all have a word for disgust.

Don is from an individualistic culture, and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study by Suh and colleagues on the relationship between life satisfaction and positive affect, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected? a) Having more money makes Don happier than it makes Juan. b) Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan. c) Experiencing less negative affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan. d) Having more extreme emotional experiences makes Don happier than it makes Juan. e) Having more harmonious interpersonal relations makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries and ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House? a) the doctors from other countries b) the ordinary American citizens c) Neither will agree with him. d) Both groups will equally agree with him. e) The answer cannot be determined from the given information.

During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice. According to analytic versus holistic thinking styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen? a) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's family problems. b) East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality. c) East Asians will blame Tony's nasty personality, and Westerners will blame Tony's family problems. d) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's nasty personality. e) East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's teammates.

How does cultural distance differ from cultural fit? a) Cultural fit refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural distance refers to person-culture matching of variables. b) Cultural distance refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural fit refers to person-culture matching of variables. c) Cultural fit refers to cultures that endorse an assimilative acculturation strategy. d) Cultural distance refers to cultures that endorse a separation acculturation strategy. e) The two are different ways of communicating the same concept.

If a person basks in the reflected glory of his or her group, which of the following is most likely? a) The person will not engage in self-serving biases. b) The person has a stronger endowment effect than East Asians would exhibit. c) The person has a prevention orientation. d) The person has an entity theory of the world. e) The person is not someone who engages in self-enhancement.

Marina is going on a first date with someone who has moved to many different cities in the last few years. Marina's date will like her the most if she a) exhibits a lot of simpático. b) dislikes local coffee shops in favor of national chain ones. c) has a heavier body shape. d) is low on relational mobility. e) has an interdependent self-construal.

Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research by Kitayama and colleagues on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions? a) respect b) shame c) positive interpersonally disengaged emotions d) negative interpersonally engaged emotions e) happiness

One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rain forest, culturally quite distant from the mainstream culture. The Brackens live along the coast and now have very few connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies and have always been culturally very similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains and have greatly maintained connections to their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues' research on Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides? a) the Kohlrabis b) the Brackens c) the Horabs d) the Lithes e) Chandler's research does not address this issue.

Quang Giáp is from a society where people tend to attribute the behaviors of others as being the result of external pressures. After living in the United States for many years, however, Quang Giáp often finds himself increasingly attributing the behaviors of others as being the result of internal factors. What is this an example of? a) cultural fit b) blending c) marginalization d) frame-switching e) cultural distance

Romantic love is a) a recent phenomenon in some human cultures. b) something that appears to exist in all cultures. c) a product of individualism and a concern with meeting an individual's unique needs. d) something that grows with age until the birth of children. e) a product of collectivism and a concern with accommodating both parties in a relationship

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people a) sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria. b) attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations. c) who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions. d) with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with interdependent views of self. e) have an accurate understanding about the link between their physiological states and their emotions

Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud. The most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets is that Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to a) recommend strong punishment of the agents. b) view the real estate companies to be at fault. c) predict similar events will happen in the future. d) remove their assets from the companies involved. e) perceive the agents as having exercised choice.

Stereotype threat occurs because a) it is damaging to a person's self-esteem if others share negative stereotypes of his or her group. b) people are at risk for sometimes acting in ways consistent with stereotypes and thereby proving the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. c) all believe in the content of stereotypes, even if they will not consciously admit it. d) people apply stereotypes to groups that they do not like. e) stereotypes are vulnerable to being disproved by counter-stereotypical information.

The First Nations tribe that has been most successful (of the ones studied) at adjusting to mainstream Canadian settler traditions has been the a) Eastern Cree. b) Tsimshian. c) Carrier. d) Haida. e) Mohawk.

Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in communication style? a) Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other. b) Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail. c) Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than his American friend, Claudia. d) Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his friends than is Itao, who is Japanese. e) Tetsuya, who is Japanese, prefers to write to his friends more so than does his American friend, Mike.

Which of the following people would NOT be considered universally to be physically attractive? a) a person whose face does not have features of abnormal size b) a person with an average-size body c) a person whose left side of the face is the same as the right side of the face d) a person with blemish-free skin e) All of these people would be considered universally attractive.

Which of the following products or services does NOT capitalize on universal bases of attraction? a) makeup that covers skin blemishes b) photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together c) creams that get rid of acne and pimples d) laser procedures that remove scars e) photo-editing software that can mix different faces together

Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to Basdeo using frame-switching more than Mel? a) if Basdeo adopts a separation strategy while Mel adopts an assimilative strategy b) if Basdeo were a bicultural and Mel were a monocultural c) if Basdeo were low in bicultural identity integration and Mel were high in bicultural identity integration d) if Basdeo were more extraverted than Mel e) if Basdeo were more conscientious than Mel

Which of the following statements best reflects research on cultural differences in sleep patterns among European-Canadians, Asian-Canadians, and the Japanese? a) Japanese people sleep more efficiently than European-Canadians. b) Japanese people sleep less than European-Canadians. c) European-Canadians report feeling more tired during the day than Japanese. d) Asian-Canadians sleep less than European-Canadians. e) Asian-Canadians sleep more efficiently than European-Canadians.

Which of the following statements regarding height is FALSE? a) As a country's GDP increases, so does the height of the country's population. b) As a country's GINI increases, so does the height of the country's population. c) Genes are important in explaining individual differences in height. d) As a country's diet becomes more nutritional, the height of its population also increases. e) As a country's GNP increases, so does the height of the country's population.

Which of the following was NOT a belief to emerge from the Protestant Reformation? a) People have an individualized relationship with God. b) People are inherently good. c) It has been decided, before someone is born, whether he or she will go to heaven or to hell. d) People have specific purposes to fulfill during their lives. e) People must work hard at their callings.

With which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated? a) implicit communication b) explicit communication c) incremental theory of the world d) entity theory of the self e) incremental theory of self

Yamazonia is a society dominated by homosexual women. Based on this information alone, which of the following people living in Yamazonia is most likely to identify with his or her group membership? a) Jayden, a member of the ruling class b) Jared, a male worker c) Justice, a homosexual female d) Jordan, a social worker e) Jamie, a nonvisible minority

You are a teacher who assesses your students' science knowledge by having them play one of many science games available on the computer, so you want them to take this task seriously. Your class is comprised fully of Asian American and Euro-American children. How would you maximize their motivation to play these science games? a) Allow all the children to choose the game that they want. b) Let other classmates choose the game for the Asian American students, but let the Euro-American students choose for themselves. c) Let the Asian American children's mothers choose the game for them, and let the Euro-American children's classmates choose for them. d) Let the Euro-American students choose for themselves, and ask students from another school to choose for the Asian American students. e) Let both the Euro-American and Asian American parents choose for their children.

Your friend Pedram is planning to immigrate somewhere and wants to go to a place where he will have the best chance of adjusting to the new culture. Which of the following should you recommend as being the best place for him? a) a society that is homogenous, where everyone has a well-defined role b) a society that espouses values that match Pedram's personality c) a society in which he will be a visible minority d) a society that encourages people to code-switch e) a society in which he will be a nonvisible minority

ostracism

being excluded. this is when ppl present most rituals (they'll do ti to be a part)

according to Atran and Norenzayan's idea about minimally counterintuitive ideas persisting, which of the following phrases would be the most likely to persist in the reader's memory

blinkning newspaper

deprivation effect

contrast between what people actually have or value, versus what they would like to have. (Safety example?)

The boss of a company in the United States has instituted a new policy requiring all interactions between workers, who are predominantly white Americans, to take a culture-blind approach. This means that the

boss wants the workers to treat each other as individuals, with individual experiences and individual histories.

why are reference group effects used in cross-cultural research?

because people use social comparisons to evaluate themselves

A key distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is that

bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome.

Compare anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Which of these disorders is culture-bound, and why?

bulimia nervosa, because it requires a surplus of food and privacy

Heine and colleagues (2011) studied immigrants in Vancouver, Canada, who came from Hong Kong. They found that identification with Canadian culture depended on how long immigrants had lived in Canada,

but only if they came as children.

A classroom is full of European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians, and they are all watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one would expect a) differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences. b) the Chinese-Canadian students to not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European-Canadian students will. c) differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline. d) that the Chinese-Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European-Canadian students. e) that the Chinese-Canadian students' physiological responses will fluctuate much more than the European-Canadian students' physiological responses.

A person says, "I do not need to maintain my friendships. I know that they will always be friends with me, and I will always be friends with them." According to the textbook, this person is likely to a) engage in market pricing relationships. b) have more friends than enemies. c) not care so much whether a friend is like him or her. d) be naïve and immature. e) be in a relationship characterized by equality matching.

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time? a) the assumptions that Ed makes about past experiences with his previous bosses b) how Ed interprets his profuse perspiration upon seeing his boss c) the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss d) how Ed appraises an event, but only if the event is relevant to other people e) the disgust that Ed experienced upon seeing his boss

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends? a) Jaedong and Fox, who live in neighboring apartment units b) Betty and Bulma, who work in different departments of the same company c) Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day d) Malcolm and Maurice, two people who both drive the same model of car e) Lara and Lindsay, who are both psychology majors

According to the so-called epidemiological paradox, which of the following people is likeliest to have the best health outcome? a) Maribel, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Puerto Rico one year ago b) Hans, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Germany three years ago c) Juan, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Mexico two years ago d) Simone, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Puerto Rico three years ago e) Marisol, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Mexico three years ago

According to the textbook, which of the following has NOT been noted as a result of becoming more acculturated to North American culture? a) increased rate of obesity b) increased delinquency behavior c) decreased risk of coronary heart disease d) decreased discrimination e) decreased school performance

Among people who immigrate before they are adults, self-esteem is related to acculturation in that a) the more acculturated an individual is, the higher his or her self-esteem. b) people with high self-esteem tend to acculturate more quickly than people with low self-esteem. c) people's self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they acculturate. d) separation attitudes are associated with the highest self-esteem. e) greater self-esteem hinders one's ability to acculturate to the host culture.

An American student, Ronald, and his Chinese friend, Rui, are looking up at the clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds. According to cultural differences in attentional style, which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario? a) Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than Ronald. b) Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald, who will give fewer descriptions in general. c) Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud. d) Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald, who will give more mundane answers. e) Rui will give more colorful descriptions than Ronald, whose descriptions will be more black and white

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with a) field dependence. b) family resemblance reasoning. c) dispositional attributions. d) high horizons in drawings. e) None of these answers is correct.

As a Moritist practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say, a) "It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them." b) "Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms." c) "It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence." d) "Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control." e) "Therapists must help clients to bring the clients' ara, emi, and ori into alignment."

As an American exchange student in Japan, Michael is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend, Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European-American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice? a) Michiru experiences more respect than his European-American friends. b) Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European-American friends. c) Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect. d) His European-American friends experience both shame and anger more than Michiru. e) Michiru reports feeling more intense positive feelings than his European-American friends.

Because Juan Daniel, who is Latin American, scores very highly on a measure of simpático, a) only other Latin Americans will enjoy smooth social interactions with Juan Daniel. b) its impact will not be evident in Juan Daniel's workplace. c) he socializes with people more than his European-American friends do. d) he is more likely to have an independent self-construal than an interdependent self-construal. e) he will exhibit a Protestant work ethic when he is in social situations.

Claudia and Hideki are math students. Claudia has a self-enhancement orientation, whereas Hideki has a self-improvement orientation. The best way to make them both continue to put in effort to learn math is to give a) both students a very difficult math test that is rigged to make them do poorly. b) both students a very easy math test that is rigged to make them do well. c) Claudia a very easy math test so she is rigged to do well, but give Hideki a very difficult math test so he is rigged to do poorly. d) Claudia a very difficult math test so she is rigged to do poorly, but give Hideki a very easy math test so he is rigged to do well. e) both students a very easy math test, but do not tell them their scores.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. True or False? a) True—they are all untreatable. b) False—they share no underlying similarities at all. c) True—they all share the element of anxiety. d) False—some result in death while others do not. e) True—they all carry religious connotations.

Eric's medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most likely to do in response to these results? a) perform an exorcism b) prescribe vitamins and lots of rest c) recommend antibiotics or surgery d) seek help elsewhere for the cause of the infection e) seek the help of a shaman

Given current research on acculturation and health, which of the following would you expect? a) Jessica acculturated more quickly than Jasmine to the host culture, which means Jessica will likely live longer. b) How much acculturative stress Maggie experiences is unrelated to her overall health. c) Candice has acculturated to the host culture with poor diets, which means she may develop unhealthy habits that lead to adverse health outcomes. d) John has decided to completely take on the host culture while ignoring his heritage culture, which means he will have the most positive health outcomes. e) The more friends Harold has, the more acculturated he will be, and the better his health will be.

Group-enhancing biases are a) more pronounced among East Asians than Westerners. b) more pronounced among Native Americans than Euro-Americans. c) more pronounced among Westerners than East Asians. d) weaker than self-enhancing biases for people from all cultures. e) evident with equal levels in all cultures.

Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio has a strong argument for legalization, while Gil has a weak argument against it. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him? a) Zhang would be less confident that either argument is true. b) Zhang would become more convinced that each argument is true. c) Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true. d) Zhang would become more committed to his initial position, whatever it may be. e) Zhang would become more convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become less convinced that Gil's argument is true.

If I told you that Jamie, an African American from New York (i.e., a member of a visible cultural minority within the United States), experienced identity denial yesterday, this means that, of the following situations, he experienced a) a man asking to see Jamie's ID when he went to the liquor store. b) a woman doubting whether Jamie actually likes watching movies. c) someone of European descent not believing that Jamie was born in New York, insisting that he must have been born somewhere in Africa. d) his African American friend insisting that they listen to some German rock music. e) his mother making him food that his grandmother used to make.

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better? a) seek professional help b) seek the help of her close friends c) remind herself of her connections with others d) introspect and solve the problems herself e) drown her sorrows in alcohol

Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism scores are. Jeremy's individualism score is 9 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 11 out of 18. Jason's individualism score is 12 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 8 out of 18. Which of the following statements is true? a) Jeremy is likelier than Jason to engage in analytic reasoning. b) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to engage in field dependence. c) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions. d) Both are equally likely to engage in naïve dialecticism. e) Both are equally likely to engage in anthropocentrism.

What is Adams's argument for why West Africans are more concerned about enemies than North Americans? a) Africa is a more physically dangerous environment than is North America, so that any harmful behaviors of enemies are potentially more dangerous to the individual. b) Africans have more of a prevention orientation than North Americans. c) North Americans only create relationships if they stand to benefit from them, and enemies are not a benefit to them. d) North Americans are more self-enhancing and are convinced that everyone loves them. Even though people often have enemies, they incorrectly perceive them to be their friends. e) None of these answers is correct.

When comparing Minako, a Japanese person, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true? a) Minako will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder than Erica. b) Compared to Minako, Erica will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder. c) Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots. d) Minako will develop taijin kyofusho. e) Compared to Erica, Minako will be more likely to seek professional help if she develops social anxiety disorder.

Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal? a) arranged marriage b) simpático c) the mere exposure effect d) market pricing e) love marriage

Which of the following people may have particularly bad health outcomes? a) Crystal, who just immigrated to the United States from Mexico b) Lisa, a nursing-home patient who is allowed to have control over the decorations in her room and her visiting hours c) Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood d) Fernando, who moved from New York to Florida e) Varun, who lives a stress-free life in California

Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain face? a) "I go along with what other people want to do, and make myself enjoy it." b) "I really like to make myself feel good about myself." c) "I prefer to avoid negative outcomes from happening." d) "I cannot change who I am—I am who I am." e) "I like to compare myself with those who are worse off than I am."

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is most accurate? a) There is very little variation in self-esteem across cultures. b) In interdependent cultures, interdependence is negatively related to self-esteem, whereas in independent cultures, interdependence is positively related to self-esteem. c) Independence is positively related to self-esteem. d) Interdependence is positively related to self-esteem. e) Self-esteem is higher among children than adults in Eastern cultures; however, self-esteem is higher among adults than children in Western cultures.

Which of the following statements is true of face? a) People can increase their face by focusing on their positive qualities. b) All people have roughly the same amount of face. c) Face is more easily lost than it is gained. d) Face is negatively correlated with self-esteem. e) The importance of face is unrelated to collectivism.

Which of the following statements is true? a) European-Americans have better outcomes for the leading causes of death than Hispanic-Americans, unless you control for socioeconomic status, and then Hispanic-Americans fare better. b) If you control for socioeconomic status, European-Americans and African Americans do not differ in their health outcomes. c) The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States. d) The best-supported evidence for the positive health outcomes for Hispanic-Americans is that only Hispanics who were healthy enough to make the long trip to the United States migrated there. e) There is no relationship between ethnicity and health.

Which of the following would be an example of secondary control? a) You work hard at your studies in the beginning of the term so that you do not have such a busy time at the end of the term. b) You try to convince your friends that they should move their planned hiking trip to the following weekend because that would fit better with your schedule. c) You convince yourself that taking the bus to work is not so bad after all. d) You return the sweater that you just bought because you decide it does not look very good on you. e) You start showing up at work before your boss does in an effort to get a raise.

You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency and you have been asked to create a TV commercial for a new condominium, targeting people from Korea. Based on Kim and Markus's research on advertisements in Korea and the United States, which of the following would you most likely use in your commercial? a) "No need for stockpiled money—Condo X is cheap and affordable!" b) "Condo X—there's nothing else quite like it." c) "The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it." d) "This condo was designed by an architect who has a unique style." e) "Need a place to live? Try our condo!"

two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (Latin American) and Sayako (Japanese), are visiting club booths at school to decide what clubs to join. Based on research regarding preferences for emotions, which of the following scenarios is likeliest to happen? a) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness. b) Jorge will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness, and Sayako will choose a rollerblading club that endorses rollerblading at a leisurely pace. c) Jorge will choose a choir club that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books. d) Jorge will choose an action movie club that features a lot of fast-paced action movies, and Sayako will choose a club that teaches its members to self-criticize and feel bad about themselves. e) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a high-tempo Salsa dance class that promotes excitement and exhilaration.

East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that they propel these cultures to prosperity in the future, What is this scenario an example of? a) proximal causes b) transmission of cultural tools c) distal causes d) the ratchet effect e) epidemiology of culture

c) distal causes- initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations

Russian cultural-historical school

people interact with their environment through the tools or human-made ideas that have been passed down to them through history

Which should not be expected to have good health outcomes? a. Crystial, who just immigrated to the US from Mexico b. Lisa, a hospital patient who is allowed to control over the decorations in her room/visiting hours c. Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood d. Fernando, who moved from NY to Florida

c. Ronaldo

Which of the following is not part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning? a. ethic if autonomy b. ethic of justice c. ethic of community d.ethic of divinity

c. ethic of community

Proximal cause

causes that have direct and immediate relations with their effects

proximal causes

causes that have direct and immediate relations with their effects

According to research, what cultural shift has been directly associated with changing rates of eating disorders?

changes in norms about the ideal body as reflected in cultural products

analytic thinking

characterized by a focus on objects and their attributes

why isn't there much cumulative culture among chimpanzees

chimpanzees aren't very good at imitative learning

when it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians -are usually unable to solve them -typically provide holistic answers -choose family resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments -on average, have much difficulty them relative to westerners

choose family resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he

chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so.

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT -cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults. -Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error. -Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older. -Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.

cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that

cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fats in diets

One advantage of experimental methods over survey methods in cultural psychological research is that

cultural differences in response biases are controlled better with experimental methods than with survey methods.

The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme that allows them to digest milk reflects the fact that

cultural practices can affect human evolution.

A key difference between "cultural" psychologists and "general" psychologists is that

cultural psychologists believe that the mind is interdependent with context and content, whereas general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content.

A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find? a) Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more similar over time attending to an object. b) William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei. c) Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually looking at the objects quite similarly. d) William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei. e) The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to Weiwei.

According to Gupta and Singh's research on marriage in India, after being married for ten or more years, which of the following most accurately portrays people's happiness in these marriages? a) females in love marriages females in arranged marriages males in love marriages males in arranged marriages b) females in love marriages males in love marriages males in arranged marriages females in arranged marriages c) males in love marriages females in arranged marriages males in arranged marriages females in love marriages d) males in arranged marriages females in arranged marriages males in love marriages females in love marriages e) males in arranged marriages males in love marriages females in love marriages females in arranged marriages

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome? a) Vanness, who lives with his family in a developed society b) Jordan, who lives by himself in a developed society c) Malcolm, who has paranoid schizophrenia d) Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society e) Maria, who has catatonic schizophrenia

An example of communal sharing is a) people exchanging Christmas gifts with each other. b) buying something from eBay, where the seller's relationship with the buyer is independent of price. c) a family in which each person takes turns taking out the garbage. d) an office with a jar of coins, where workers can take or put in as many coins as they like. e) the elder of a community giving away his wealth.

Andrelle is a therapist who wants to be culturally competent in treating her client, L. C. This means that Andrelle must a) examine L. C. purely from the perspective of L. C.'s cultural background. b) always perceive L. C. as being a typical member of L. C.'s cultural group. c) interpret L. C.'s symptoms from Andrelle's own cultural perspective. d) consider how L. C. manages multiple cultural influences. e) completely not consider her own cultural background in preparing for her interactions with L. C.

Based on Rozin and colleagues' reasoning that environment affects portion size, what are people most likely to say if asked how many nuts people want to eat? a) a specific number of nuts b) none c) depends on the specific type of nuts d) a specific number of containers or packages e) None of these choices are correct.

Based on Sanchez-Burks's research on relational styles and work, how does religion affect relational styles? a) Protestantism leads people to work harder, regardless of condition, than non-Protestants. b) Protestants work harder than non-Protestants, but only when they are reminded of their religion. c) Protestantism leads people to work as hard as non-Protestant people do; however, they do so without attending to their relationships, regardless of condition. d) Protestantism leads people to attend less to relationships than do non-Protestant religions when engaged in a work task. e) Protestants have less fun than non-Protestants when engaged in a casual task.

Bjorn is a nonvisible minority member, while Trang is a member of a visible minority. Trang is more likely than Bjorn to a) experience an L-shaped acculturation curve. b) have his acculturative stress be influenced by his initial experiences in the host culture. c) have a personality with poor cultural fit. d) have separation acculturation strategies. e) use blending.

Leslie is going on a date and wants to maximize the likelihood of her date, Jessica, feeling happy about her. Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy from the film, but attributes her happiness to Leslie. Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie? a) James-Lange theory of emotion b) linguistic relativity of emotional experience c) universal emotions d) two-factor theory of emotions e) facial feedback hypothesis

Brittany is arguing with Michael about his article in the school newspaper, in which Michael advocates raising student tuition. Michael claims that Brittany is committing the fundamental attribution error. This means that Brittany did which of the following? a) assumed that Michael was not really pro tuition increase, and agreed that Michael only wrote the article because the editor asked him to write the article b) thought that Michael wrote the article equally because he is pro tuition increase and because he is personally pro tuition c) thought that Michael's perspective on tuition increase depended on the perspectives of people around him d) ignored the fact that Michael was asked by the editor to write the article, and asserted that Michael wrote it only because he is personally pro tuition increase e) thought that Michael's perspective on tuition increase was due to both situational and dispositional attributions, in equal amounts

Clarice is a patient in a hospital, and the doctors are hoping to give her good health outcomes while she stays in the hospital. Which one of the following options is an example of something that has been shown to lead to positive health outcomes? a) giving her chocolates and candies b) providing immediate surgery c) sending for a tribal doctor d) giving her control of visitation hours e) providing unsolicited social support

Color terms from different cultures around the world a) vary in arbitrary ways. b) are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-green spectrum. c) vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas other cultures only have color words for blue and yellow. d) all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms. e) do not consistently contain a word for "black."

How is the Protestant Reformation relevant to the question of why Westerners self-enhance so much? a) The Christian doctrine that all of God's creations should be respected requires that people respect themselves and come to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms. b) Because God loves everybody, it follows that people should also love themselves. c) Catholicism emphasizes confession, which involves a recognition of one's faults. The shift to Protestantism led Protestants to avoid thinking about their faults. d) People are motivated to believe that they are predestined to go to heaven, and this leads them to interpret their behavior in an unrealistically positive light. e) None of these statements are relevant.

Imagine that Georgi moved to Canada from Bulgaria about a year ago. We might expect that he a) is having a more difficult time acculturating than his neighbor, who moved from a small tribe from the Amazon. b) is adjusting to Canadian life and is fully integrated into the community. c) is having the time of his life and is reveling in his new and exotic home. d) is struggling, as he feels a bit homesick and has not yet made many Canadian friends. e) has already picked up curling as his favorite sport.

In a study, five people are asked to taste test three dishes, one of which tastes like garbage. They must then judge which dish was the best. However, four of the people are confederates and are told to always say that the garbage dish is the best. The real participant (the fifth person) is then asked to give his or her judgment. This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture. Based on the results obtained using Asch's paradigm across cultures, what do you expect to happen in this case? a) Participants from the individualistic culture would most likely not say that the garbage dish is the best one. b) Participants from both cultures would be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one. c) Participants from the individualistic culture would be more likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one if the first four participants were friends. d) A lot of participants from the individualistic culture would say that the garbage dish is the best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture would say the same. e) No participants from either culture would say that the garbage dish is the best one.

Jade, a European-Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market's outlook. Compared to Jade, Jing will a) have predictions that are consistently more pessimistic. b) have predictions that are consistently more optimistic. c) have predictions that follow smoothly more from past patterns. d) have predictions that are less linear given past patterns. e) not be able to have predictions because multiple alternatives could be possible for East Asians

Jeremiah has moved around to ten different states in the United States within five years due to his job. This means that, compared to someone who has not moved around at all before, Jeremiah will a) see his personality traits as more fluid and dependent on specific relationships. b) be more open to trying out different local coffee shops. c) be more unconditionally committed to the local sports team. d) buy more things from national chain stores. e) experience less similarity-attraction effect.

Jinro walks along the same street every day and sees the same red tree swing during his walk. The more he is exposed to this tree swing, the a) more likely he will become bored with it and find it unattractive. b) more he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is from an individualistic culture. c) more likely he is to recognize it correctly. d) more pleasant affect he will experience when processing it. e) less he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is from an individualistic culture.

Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset? a) Person A, who is American b) Person B, who is also feeling upset c) Person C, who is able to ignore contextual cues d) Person D, who is Korean e) Person E, who is expressing sadness

Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means $30,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy? a) They should live approximately equally long. b) Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer. c) Larry d) Lara e) The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

When will you NOT see an adjustment phase after experiencing culture shock? a) when the person endorses an integration acculturation strategy b) when the person endorses an assimilation acculturation strategy c) when the person is introverted d) when the person moves to a homogenous society e) when the person has an interdependent self-construal

Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than does her American counterpart, Lisa. According to research discussed in the textbook on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa? a) There is more conflict in their lives, so Ghanaians need to be more wary about enemies. b) Ghanaians have more relationships than Westerners, so it follows that they will also have more enemies. c) Enemies are desirable in Ghanaian contexts, so people there seek them out. d) Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners. e) Lumusi may report having more enemies, but she actually does not.

Miley is an extremely agreeable person who is very considerate and polite to others. She thinks that her agreeableness will make her well-suited for adjusting to any culture to which she goes. Based on research, how true is her rationale? a) False—Miley's agreeableness actually makes her annoy people, hindering her acculturation b) True—Miley's agreeableness will allow her to make more friends, helping her with her acculturation c) False—There is no correlation between agreeableness and adjustment to any type of host culture d) True—Miley's agreeableness aids acculturation by promoting bicultural identity integration e) False—Miley's agreeableness will only be useful for host cultures that generally endorse being agreeable

Patients with schizophrenia living in undeveloped societies should move to developed societies if they want to have the best prognoses. True or false? a) True—developed societies have better therapeutic techniques to manage schizophrenia. b) False—that is only the case with catatonic schizophrenia. c) True—recognition of the biological components of schizophrenia allows developed societies to better handle schizophrenia. d) False—prognosis for schizophrenia is better in undeveloped societies than in developed societies. e) True—both Naikan and Morita therapies from developed societies are more effective at treating schizophrenia than religious therapies from undeveloped societies.

Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would a) recommend surgery. b) prescribe high dosages of pharmaceuticals. c) recommend that he avoid germs. d) recommend vitamins and rest. e) recommend more baths.

Recent fieldwork suggests that the Saami people (an indigenous people living in parts of northern Europe) have almost 100 words to describe various kinds of reindeer. English, on the other hand, has only a tiny fraction of words used to describe reindeer. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, what cultural difference between English and Saami speakers would result from this disparity in reindeer-related vocabulary size? a) English speakers are better able to identify the different odors of reindeer. b) Saami speakers engage in spatial reasoning differently than English speakers. c) English speakers have less numerical cognitive abilities than do Saami speakers. d) Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers. e) English speakers view time as flowing in a different direction than do Saami speakers.

Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply? a) Shawn had to practice a lot to be able to make this display. b) Shawn did not need to learn to make this display. c) Shawn dampened his expression of excitement so as to not upset those around him. d) People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that he is excited. e) This display is one of the expressions identified by Ekman and his colleagues.

Taijin kyofusho differs from social anxiety disorder in that a) it is a more debilitating condition than social anxiety disorder. b) social anxiety disorder is only found in the West, and taijin kyofusho is only found in East Asia. c) it is a psychotic condition, whereas social anxiety disorder is a neurotic condition. d) it involves some imagined physical symptoms that social anxiety disorder does not. e) it involves therapists known as rentaru oneesan

The fact that people who move to New York City are at increased risk of heart disease is an example of which of the following? a) nonuniversal b) existential universal c) acquired biological differences d) proximal cause e) distal cause

The founder of a new society wants to create a social system in which arranged marriages are the norm, rather than love marriages. In order for this founder to be successful, which of the following must this new society have? a) strong ties within nuclear families b) a great deal of relational mobility c) higher levels of marital satisfaction than love marriages after ten years of marriage d) large kin groups with strong ties within them e) a system of relationships characterized by market pricing

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects a) feelings of sadness. b) a basic emotion. c) a reflexive emotional expression. d) a ritualized display. e) an accessibility universal.

The textbook discusses that the likelihood of developing schizophrenia has clear genetic factors. So according to the textbook, if Maria has schizophrenia, what are the chances that her twin sister, Anca, will also have schizophrenia? a) 0 percent b) 50 percent c) 50 percent d) 50 percent e) Rates change depending on the type of schizophrenia.

Trust toward strangers a) is unusually low among Americans. b) steadily decreases across the life span in all cultures. c) is correlated with feelings of self-esteem. d) is weaker in collectivistic cultures. e) fluctuates across the life span in all cultures.

Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child. You are a judge who uses holistic reasoning, and must determine which family is the correct one. This is before the days of DNA analysis, so you must use family resemblance as your guide. Based on research about reasoning styles, what do you do to establish a familial relationship? a) ask the child which group of people look the most familiar, to activate the child's implicit memory b) focus on one feature that is shared between one family and the child c) consider what is best for the child and choose the family that looks wealthier d) look at which family has approximately the same combination of features as the child e) decide that the case cannot be determined because the two conflicting claims make them equally convincing

Which combination of different ways of thinking is most conducive to developing learned helplessness? a) low entity theory of the self; high primary control b) high self-esteem; high need for many choices c) high tendency to engage in self-serving biases; low in ability to exert secondary control d) high entity theory of the world; low in ability to exert primary control e) low incremental theory of the self; low entity theory of the world

Which of the following about social anxiety disorder is true? a) Social anxiety disorder appears to be a culture-bound disorder. b) East Asians receive more treatment for social anxiety disorder than do North Americans. c) Symptoms of social anxiety disorder among East Asians include fears that one is making others uncomfortable because of his or her sweating and body odor. d) East Asians score higher on trait measures of social anxiety disorder than do North Americans. e) In East Asians and North Americans, interdependence has been shown to lower social anxiety.

Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions? a) Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her. b) Ryan thinks he is happy because it is one of the basic emotions. c) Ryan thinks he feels sadness because his long-time pet had just passed away. d) Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool. e) Ryan thinks he feels fearful of sharks because his heart was racing after he encountered a shark during his dive, and he knew that the shark was dangerous.

Which of the following is true about arranged marriages? a) Within every culture that has them, they are more successful in the long run, on average, than love marriages. b) In preindustrial societies, the most common form of marriage is parents choosing the partner, with the individuals unable to object. c) Rates of arranged marriages have been increasing over the past several years in India. d) Many preindustrial societies rely on love marriages rather than arranged marriages. e) Arranged marriages do not allow for love to develop because love in a relationship is dependent on the personal choice of partner.

Which of the following people is the best example of blending? a) Loni is able to jump back and forth between her Hawaiian heritage cultural views and her Texan host cultural views. b) Dongraegu has embraced both the cultural values of his Korean heritage culture as well as those of his Canadian host culture. c) Bjorn is from a Swedish town where many people immigrate, leading to a very multicultural atmosphere. d) Sarah gained a much more interdependent self-construal after spending the last ten years in China, albeit less than that shown by the Chinese. e) Jürgen has decided to accept the cultural values of his American host culture to fit in better, disregarding values from his German heritage culture.

Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture? a) Alex's parents are doing very well in their business. b) Alex feels a great deal of excitement. c) Alex has a vast network of friends. d) Alex abides by his culture's norms. e) Alex receives a prize from his school's prize draw.

Which of the following would be the best example of primary control? a) You and your friends decide as a group to spend a day at the amusement park. b) You choose to paint your house yellow after your partner tells you about her strong preference for yellow. c) You cook spaghetti and meatballs because your parents are in town and it is their favorite dish. d) You return a computer game to the local computer store because it did not excite you as much as you wanted it to. e) You buy a dog as a pet.

Yasmin is an executive at a company, and she wants to hire the most creative applicant for a new position. She decides to hire someone from an individualistic culture because she feels that individualists are more creative than collectivists. You _____________ with her statement because _____________. a) agree; the higher need for uniqueness among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists b) disagree; being more concerned about improving the lives of others makes collectivists generally more creative than individualists c) agree; the higher level of analytic thinking among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists d) disagree; individualists and collectivists are better at different types of creative thinking e) agree; having less naïve dialecticism makes individualists generally more creative than collectivists

People from all cultures use umbrellas, but in some cultures umbrellas are used only to block rainwater, whereas in other cultures umbrellas are used to only block the sun. The use of umbrellas across culture would thus be classified as a(n) a) statistical universal b) nonuniversal c) accessibility universal d) existential universal e) functional universal

d) Existential universal

LEV VYGOTSKY

only way child learns is thru caregiver & then broad culture in infants life;

OPERATIONALISM (COSI)

operationally define variables

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome a. Vanness, who lives with his family in a developed society b. Jordan, who lives by himself in a developed society c. Malcom, who has paranoid schizophrenia d. Latiri, who lives with her family in a non developed society

d. Latiri

According to the textbook, which of the following has NOT been noted as a result of becoming more acculturated to North American culture?

decreased risk of coronary heart disease

the textbook describes the relationship between IQ changes across time and television viewing as showing

decreases in verbal intelligence but increases in problem-solving intelligence

The textbook describes the relationship between IQ changes across time and television viewing as showing

decreases in verbal intelligence but increases in problem-solving intelligence.

natural selection and sexual selection are similar in that they both

depend on the number of surviving offspring an individual has

Natural selection and sexual selection are similar in that they both

depend on the number of surviving offspring an individual has.

you meet a new chinese friend, huang. you find that huang is responsible, optomistic, and trustworthy. after having just learned about chinese personality constructs in class, you decided to figure out which construct he scores highly on. which of the following constructs best encompasses the three traits that you know about Huang

dependability

Based on the studies reported in the textbook on depression among Chinese, if Huang Bo is diagnosed with neurasthenia in China, how can one alternatively conceive of his diagnosis?

depression with somatization

You review all the studies you have done in your career and realize that they all you WEIRD samples. Based on these characteristics of your samples, which of the following challenges in the most applicable to your work?

determining universality

cultural mediation

particular cultural symbols that are particularly meaningful and used between parents and children to transmit cultural meanings

A classroom is full of European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians, and they are all watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one would expect -that the Chinese-Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European-Canadian students. -differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline. -differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences. -the Chinese-Canadian students to not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European-Canadian students will.

differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline.

disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions

Syd was walking on the street when she happened to glance into a flower store. When she saw a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. She decided that her increased heart rate meant that she liked the flower, so she bought the flower. A two-factor theorist would __ with her conclusion because __.

disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions

store. When she saw a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. She decided that her increased heart rate meant that she liked the flower, so she bought the flower. A two-factor theorist would ______ with her conclusion because ______.

disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions

You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that a person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in? -an argument -dispositional attribution -inferential judgment -conclusion making

dispositional attribution

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of which of the following?

distal cause

given bosterup's thesis about agricultural methods centuries ago affecting gender attitudes now, what is this type of relationship between agricultural methods and gender attitudes an example of

distal cause

East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with man easily domesticated plants and animals (the Fertile Crescent). These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that agriculture allowed for enough food production and enabled some people to devote their time to non-food producing activities. These activities propel these cultures to prosperity in the future. What is this scenario an example of?

distal causes

Question text East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that they propelled these cultures to prosperity today. What is this scenario an example of?

distal causes

east asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. these early conditions benefit east asian cultures such that they propel these cultures to prosperity in the future, what is this scenario an example of

distal causes

Whereas _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.

distal causes; proximal causes

Whereas the term ________ describes explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, the term ________ describes explanations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.

distal causes; proximate causes

army recruiters are assigned randomly into specific quarters, where they do a lot of socializing during break time and at night. the political and religious attitudes of the recruits were surveyed before they were assigned sleeping quarters, and then again after several weeks of training. the generals found that recruits' political and religious ideas tended to form clusters based on sleeping quarters. which of the following can explain this situation

dynamic social impact theory

A person is building a road to connect two towns, but the road is stopped by a mountain. The person can either build the road so that it follows the side of the mountain and continues on from the other side, or the person can just tunnel through the mountain. This person decides that people should not get pushed around by nature, so decides to tunnel through the mountain. Which of the following terms best describes this way of thinking? a) secondary control b) self-enhancement c) maintaining face d) self-serving bias e) incremental theory of the world

A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant? a) His mother language has a writing system that goes from left to right. b) He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west. c) He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west. d) He uses two spatial markers on his body—his head and his feet—to indicate how time passes. e) He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy? a) It is an accessibility universal. b) It is a naïve pursuit. c) It is a nonuniversal. d) It is a functional universal. e) It is an existential universal.

Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most excitement? a) when he is with someone who is trying to get him to feel giddy b) when he eats a sugar pill that he was told would make him feel aroused c) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would make him feel aroused d) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would not affect his arousal e) when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

Based on the studies reported in the textbook on depression among Chinese, if Huang Bo is diagnosed with neurasthenia in China, how can one alternatively conceive of his diagnosis? a) latent catatonic schizophrenia b) koro c) mild social anxiety disorder d) paranoid schizophrenia, so Huang Bo will respond to antipsychotics e) depression with somatization

Because Mariana, a Brazilian woman, had a terrible morning, she was very angry when she got to work at the office. As a result, her facial expression greatly resembled the basic anger expression. She walked by two coworkers on her way to her desk: Felipe (who is Brazilian) and Satoru (who is Japanese). Which of the following is most likely to occur? a) Both coworkers are equally likely to recognize that Mariana is angry. b) Neither coworker will recognize that Mariana is angry. c) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to focus on Mariana's eyes in determining her emotional state. d) Satoru is more likely than Felipe to recognize that Mariana is angry. e) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to recognize that Mariana is angry.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that a) obesity is largely the result of genetics. b) obesity rates are unrelated to a country's GDP. c) cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets. d) people from "heavier" cultures tend to have more children than those from "lighter" cultures. e) None of these statements is correct.

Empirically, arranged marriages are terrible because no one is ever satisfied with their marriages. True or false? a) False—they at least start out with more marital satisfaction than people in love marriages. b) True—arranged marriages signal a lack of personal agency, leading to unhappiness. c) False—only women have marital dissatisfaction in arranged marriages. d) True—arranged marriages have always been rare in human history because our ancestors understood that it leads to marital dissatisfaction. e) False—arranged marriages that last over ten years have greater marital satisfaction than love marriages.

Four single Japanese people are participating in a dating TV show. Three of them serve as targets, and they each spend time with the remaining person (the chooser). The chooser must then decide which person he or she wants to date. Which of the following people is the chooser most likely to choose? a) If the chooser is male, he will choose the one who is most similar to him. b) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with the average body. c) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person who is most similar to him or her. d) If the chooser is female, she will choose the person who is most similar to her. e) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with the most bilateral facial symmetry.

Given the current research on personality and acculturation, you can predict that a) Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully than his friend Sehoon, who is extraverted. b) Jaedong, who is extraverted, will acculturate more successfully than his friend Sehoon, who is introverted. c) Jaedong, who is extraverted, will proceed through a more severe period of culture shock on the acculturation curve compared with his friend Sehoon, who is introverted. d) Jaedong, who is introverted, will fare worse early on in the acculturation process, whereas his friend Sehoon, who is extraverted, will fare worse over the long run. e) Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully in an introverted country than Sehoon, who is extraverted.

Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report experiencing negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. Which of the following most accurately characterizes Gregory's experience? a) He is lying. b) lack of insight c) psychologization d) antipsychologization e) somatization

If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that the a) American would trust the stranger less than the Japanese. b) American would only trust the stranger more than the Japanese if the American had an acquaintance who knew the stranger. c) Japanese would trust the stranger more than the American only if the stranger were of the same sex as himself or herself. d) American would trust the stranger more than the Japanese only if the American had heard about the stranger previously. e) Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.

Steven is a new English-speaking cultural psychologist who only uses questionnaires. He wants to first establish methodological equivalence when studying cultural differences in "happiness" between rural Nigerians and urban South Koreans. To do that, he must

have all the Nigerians and South Koreans in his sample practice taking questionnaires.

Kartika is a professor in Germany who is trying to decide which applicant to accept as a graduate student. She wants a graduate student who will come up with creative ideas. Which of the following applicants should have the most creative ideas? a) Meanne, who is highly agreeable b) Kharah, who has visited and observed many cultures around the world c) Laura, who comes from a culture that has no cultural distance from Indonesia d) Kate, who is very extraverted e) The attributes listed cannot predict which of these applicants will have the most creative ideas.

Mandia met a friend called Martina in university. Martina's boyfriend likes to go to bars to drink, and makes Martina go to bars with him. Mandia knows that Martina's boyfriend makes her go to bars, but still thinks that Martina goes because she likes to go to bars. The term that best describes Mandia's thoughts is a) situational attributions. b) naïve dialecticism. c) dispositional attributions. d) articulatory suppression. e) fundamental attribution error.

Over the last fifty years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook, which of the following is likeliest to be associated with this increase? a) an influx of genetically tall people into the country b) genetic changes over the last fifty years c) the country undergoing an industrial revolution d) more people moving into cities, leading to more calories being consumed per person e) improved diet during infancy and adolescence

Raquel habitually engages in self-enhancement. She recently did poorly on a sociology exam. Which of the following would you NOT expect her to do? a) disregard the importance of sociology b) blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam c) think about how the student with the lowest score in class did d) focus on how other classmates from her track and field team did really well e) compare herself with how the best student in her class did

Research conducted on East and West Germany found that a) West Germans employed more secondary control strategies than did East Germans. b) although they had fewer choices available to them, East Germans were happier than West Germans. c) East Germans preferred having choices made for them by their governments, whereas West Germans preferred having choices made for them by their families. d) East Germans showed more achievement motivation than West Germans. e) East Germans displayed more behaviors associated with learned helplessness than West Germans.

Research discussed in the textbook reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health is linked to a) cognitive deficits. b) relative deprivation regarding income. c) stress. d) education. e) all of these options are correct.

Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that Stephen's primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon's symptoms, on the other hand, are discomfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering? a) Jon's anxiety disorder is less severe than Stephen's. b) Jon's anxiety disorder is more severe than Stephen's. c) Stephen is concerned about how others might see him, while Jon is not. d) Stephen is East Asian, and Jon is North American. e) Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

Stereotype threat is a) largely in people's minds and does not affect actual behavior. b) limited to the experiences of racial groups that are discriminated against. c) the result of people being unaware of the stereotypes that exist for their groups. d) experienced most acutely by people low in bicultural identity integration. e) measured using dependent variables such as task performance and physiological signs.

Studies of rates of schizophrenia across nations find that a) incidence rates of schizophrenia do not vary much from country to country. b) patients with schizophrenia in less developed countries tend to fare better over time than those from more developed countries. c) people who present psychotic symptoms that were inconsistent with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were not included in the studies. d) subtypes of schizophrenia vary substantially from country to country. e) All of these statements are true.

Suicide rates a) vary across cultures as much as they do because definitions of suicide similarly vary. b) among adolescents is the highest in the world in Japan. c) in the United States are among the highest in the world. d) in most cultures tend to decrease as people get older. e) increase among the elderly in many cultures.

The Kingdom of Zorblax is about to colonize a bunch of aboriginal tribes living on a foreign continent. The culture of Zorblax is characterized by a system in which people live on collective farms and take what they need from those farms. Which of the following foreign aboriginal tribes will experience the LEAST amount of acculturative stress under the Kingdom of Zorblax? a) the Ngouma, a coastal tribe that is accustomed to fishing for food b) the Divan, a tribe that lives in the forest and subsists on hunting large animals c) the Moche, an individualistic tribe that engages in social facilitation d) the Remala, a tribe that is very extraverted e) the Poranga, a tribe that heavily engages in communal sharing

The relation between money and happiness is that a) there is no relation between money and happiness. b) people who are richer than their neighbors are happier, but absolute levels of money do not predict happiness. c) money does predict happiness consistently across all levels of income. d) money is positively related to happiness in poor countries, but negatively related to happiness in rich countries. e) money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but becomes less related in developed countries

What is one distinction between "predestination" and "calling"? a) They are synonyms of each other. b) "Predestination" refers to a goal that one works toward in one's lifetime; "calling" refers to the way by which one achieves the goal. c) "Predestination" refers to what one has to do to go to heaven; "calling" refers to the fact that one is preordained to go to heaven. d) "Predestination" refers to when one will die; "calling" refers to what a person does in life to prepare for his or her death. e) "Predestination" refers to something after death; "calling" refers to something before death.

Methodological equivalence

having methods perceived in identical ways across different cultures

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"? a) Ideas usually stick around in areas of high density, but some ideas perpetuate even in areas of low density due to the lack of introduction of new ideas. b) Illnesses can be deadly for some populations, but are of no concern to other populations. c) Although some remedies work well to stop communicable diseases in some regions, they are powerless in other regions. d) Even though diseases generally have higher incidence rates in hotter regions of the world, Australia sees relatively few epidemics per year. e) Marisol, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico, has a lower socioeconomic status, but better health, than her friend who was born in the United States.

Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress? a) extraversion b) an interdependent view of self c) an independent view of self d) conscientiousness e) cultural fitness

Which of the following people have kufungisisa? a) Before sailing by sea, Person A forgot to pray to the local sea gods and is later overcome by drowsiness and sickness. b) After having been scared, Person B felt as though his soul had become dislodged from his body. c) After having been scared, Person C fell into a transient state and began barking like a dog. d) Upon feeling anxious, Person D felt a burning sensation, a loss of breath, and difficulty sleeping. e) Person E thinks that he has overused his brain by thinking too much and is now experiencing panic attacks and irritability.

You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car, so that your company can submit a patent. Based on cultural differences in creative thinking, which of the following is the most likely to happen? a) Japanese researchers' preference for the status quo will lead them to think that current car designs are sufficient; American researchers will focus on making only slight adjustments to make cars more functional. b) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs. c) Japanese researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs; American researchers will want the status quo and keep current car designs. d) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making minor adjustments to current car designs to make cars more functional. e) Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.

You try to portray people's attitudes about dogs using a Chernoff figure. After averaging all their responses, you find that the Chernoff figure for your sample has a very small face with very small and unhappy features. What does this figure represent? a) Your sample prefers smaller dogs. b) Your sample cares very little about dogs. c) Your sample does not like smaller dogs. d) Your sample is annoyed by the questions. e) Your sample has negative attitudes toward dogs.

Your friend Basdeo would like to become more creative. Which of the following would you recommend to him? a) go observe another culture b) be more extraverted c) adopt an L-shape acculturation curve d) go to a culture that is culturally distant from his current culture e) You would not recommend any of these choices.

Your friend feels that there are few opportunities for him to make new friends and that he is permanently connected to the friends he has. Knowing this, you can expect that your a) friend only has positive relationships. b) friend's social circle is much larger than it would have been if he felt that there were many opportunities for him to make new friends. c) friend is choosier about the friends he makes than if he felt there were many opportunities for him to make new friends. d) friend only has negative relationships. e) friend does not prefer friends who are similar to him over friends who are less similar to him.

Your friend is experiencing stomachaches and goes to see a doctor. The doctor tells your friend that the problem is the result of forces being out of balance in his body, and gives him a remedy that is designed to bring those forces back into balance. What type of doctor is she most likely to be? a) sub-Saharan African b) tribal c) American d) French e) Chinese

ichiro, a Japanese student, wants to sell his used book that he's had for a decade. Kent, an American student, wants to sell the exact same book, which he has also owned for a decade. They price their respective books depending on how much they think the books are worth. The books themselves are valued at $50. Which of the following best predicts what the two price tags will most likely be? a) Ichiro: $50; Kent: $50 b) Ichiro: $20; Kent: $15 c) Ichiro: $60; Kent: $50 d) Ichiro: $70; Kent: $20 e) Ichiro: $30; Kent: $60

one group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater, while another group has not, but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an example of? a) distal cause b) innate biological variation c) accessibility universal d) sexual selection e) acquired biological variation

social-cognition approach

e.g.) priming by having ppl circle all the "me/my" type pronouns versus "us/we/our"

If an independent variable has more variance, is it more difficult or easier to detect an effect on the dependent variable?

easier

east south central

Ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that:

egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired.

you grew up learning that nodding your head means "yes," and most people you know do the same; however, recently learned that people in some cultures nod their heads when they mean to say "no." Nodding your head would thus be characterized as a(n)

existential universal

existential universal.

Which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated with?

explicit communication

With which of the following is a low-context culture most closely associated?

explicit communication

with which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated? -implicit communication -incremental theory of the world -explicit communication -entity theory of the self

explicit communication

Arranged marriages are more common in cultures with ______ family systems. what holds the relationship together in arranged marriages?

extended family systems *Some have argued that social pressures from an extended family system keep a relationship together.

Depression is a condition that is

found in every culture that has been explored

ambrose has an independent self, and hayden has an interdependent self. which of the following is TRUE about hayden

he activates the same brain regions when thinking about himself and his mother, whereas ambrose doesn't

anxious-ambivalent attachment

frequent distress when mother is and isn't present

All cultures congratulate their members' achievements to make them feel good about themselves, but some cultures do it more than others. Which extent of universality is shown?

functional universality

A key difference between cultural psychologists and general psychologists is that

general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content, whereas cultural psychologists believe that the mind cannot be separated from context and content.

which of the following is NOT a way in which genes and memes differ

genes can replicate horizontally and vertically, whereas memes can only replicate vertically

genes and memes differ in that

genes vary randomly, but memes often vary from planned innovations

Your study doesn't have enough power. To maximally increase power in your study, which of the following should you do?

get a more sensitive independent variable and a more sensitive dependent variable

What can you do to increase power in your study?

get more sensitive independent and dependent variables

situation-structure approach

give situation to japanese and canadian ppl. then give to NEW set of jpn+cdn ppl and ask them

giving her control of visitation hours

Xing, a chinese stock broker, and Joe, a canadian stock broker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past 3 years. Xing likely thinks the stock will ______, and Joe likely thinks the stock will _______.

go down; continue to go up

Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she will appear to be smiling for the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is Mary most likely to experience as a result?

happiness

Megan's baby is crying and she is trying to understand why. Megan would be making the fundamental attribution error if she were to conclude that her baby

has a cranky temperament while disregarding the fact that the baby has a soiled diaper.

You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he's just caught. You'd love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you're carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of?

market pricing

In the Sambian context, the cultural emphasis on boys to go through rituals such as piercing their noses and thrashing them with sticks suggest that, for the Sambia,

masculinity is something that boys gain from certain behaviors.

one thing that the findings from research by Kashima and colleagues constraining men and women reveals that

men and women score similarly on agency

Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal?

mere exposure effect

The relation between money and happiness is that...

money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but becomes less related in developed countries

People holding a pen between their teeth tend to find cartoons __ than peole holding a pen between their lips

more amusing

The self-serving bias is ________. This explains why Spencer, an American college student, is likely to recall more ________ compared to Hirohito, a Japanese college student, who is likely to recall more ________.

more common among Westerners than East Asians; success memories; failure memories

incremental theories of the self are

more common among east asians than westerners

Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a European-Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is

more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.

Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a European-Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is...

more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-bound syndrome?

neurasthenia

Which of the following is not an example of a culture-bound syndrome?

neurasthenia

the finding that the prevalence of parasites in a region correlates positively with the degree that people value physical attractiveness is argues to be evidence for

none of the choices are correct

the big five personality traits

none of these statements are true

A culture-bound syndrome is, by definition (universals)

nonuniversal

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as

nonuniversal

Antisocial punishment is an example of a(n)

nonuniversal

A culture-bound syndrome is, by definition, a(n)

nonuniversal.

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n)

nonuniversal.

Men's Mate Preferences, An adaptive problem (How did our ancestors attempt to observe reproductive value when choosing a mate?)

not all women are capable of bearing children: -Our male ancestors had to marry women who were capable of bearing children.- -Couldn't directly observe reproductive value. -Had to indirectly observe it. How? By looking for features that are correlated with it (like youth and physical attractiveness)

A person says, "I don't need to maintain my friendships. I know that they'll always be friends with me, and I'll always be friends with them." According to the textbook, this person is likely to

not care so much whether a friend is like him or her.

Love marriages are more likely in cultures with ______ family structures. What serves as the glue to maintain the relationship? (in the absence of social or family pressures)

nuclear family structures *In the absence of social pressures from family, love serves as the glue that maintains a relationship.

Research on obesity rates and genetically based skin color illustrate different types of biological change because

obesity rates demonstrate an evoked cultural response; genetically based skin color does not.

which of the following is TRUE about cultural change in the United States

on average, americans are less likely to belong to formal organizations than they were 40 years ago

according to the ideas as replicators model, which of the following rumors is the WORST replicator

one that is about one's peers, but not about one's parents

In a gardening competition, the Martian's steel tools allowed them to easily defeat the Earthlings, who used wooden tools. Which of the following best describes why the Martians defeated the Earthlings?

proximal cause

In a gardening competition, the Martians' steel tools allowed them to easily defeat the Earthlings, who used wooden tools. Which of the following best explains why the Martians defeated the Earthlings?

proximal cause

The fact that people who move to New York City are at increased risk of heart disease is an example of which of the following?

proximal cause

Functional universal

psychological phenomena that exist in multiple cultures, are used to solve the same problems across cultures, yet are more accessible to people from some cultures than others

Homer sharpens a rock and uses it to shave. Schick adds a handle to the rock for better grip. gillette then changes the rock to a titanium blade for durability. the progression of improvements made to the shaving utensil is an example of

ratchet effect

Eric's medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most likely to do in response to these results?

recommend antibiotics or surgery

Eric's medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most likely to do in response to these results? -seek help elsewhere for the cause of the infection -perform an exorcism -recommend antibiotics or surgery -prescribe vitamins and lots of rest

recommend antibiotics or surgery

Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would

recommend vitamins and rest.

Sensitive Period

span of organism's life when it can gain a new skill relatively easily. Usually during the first 10-12 years of life.

you work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles. based on cialdini's research, which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations

remind americans of their past donations, but remind poles of their peers' donations

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better?

remind herself of her connections with others

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better? -seek the help of her close friends -seek professional help -remind herself of her connections with others -introspect and solve the problems herself

remind herself of her connections with others

situation sampling allows:

researchers to see how people in different cultures would respond if they were in the other groups' cultural worlds.

dynamic social impact theory can explain why

residents of one community have more conservative political attitudes than residents of a nearby community

After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions, regardless of the content. How do you deal with this problem in the future so this does not recur?

reverse-code half of the items

One way of correcting for problems associated with an acquiescence bias is to

reverse-score half of the items

are infants more likely to imitate instrumental or ritual behaviours?

ritual

what formed modern humans?

rituals (they're a sign of LOYALTY)

Bulk and Wills

say culture and social learning is unique and really strong in humans because we learned these through cultural acquisition

Food-diversity hypothesis

says when we come across a food source/mate, we have 2 fundamental motives that drive our behaviours. 1. exploit the source & continue to exploit it (go to berry bush) 2. explore (leave bush and explore to elsewhere)

social learning (4 ways)

scaffolding mimicing (imitating) instruction collaboration

Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research by Kitayama and colleagues on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions? -negative interpersonally engaged emotions -shame -positive interpersonally disengaged emotions -respect

shame

shame`

on planet X, you observe that a primate-like species is undergoing rapid evolution, with their brains having grown significantly in volume. based on the textbook's discussion about a similar process that took place in human evolution, what physiological changes to this alien species would you NOT expect to accompany this growth in brain volume? assume that body size has not changed

shorter fingers and limbs

according to Henrich's mathematical model, why would complex cultural knowledge deteriorate, as was the case in 18th-century Tasmania

shrinkage in the population leads to a lack of skilled models for people to copy

transmitted culture

social learning and modelling those around you! This is a way we gain cultural variation. This is how we gain our CULTURE.

individualistic cultures

societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success

Kroeber & Kluckholn, 1952

sociologists by training: patterns/cultural behavior is acquired and transmitted by symbols, ideas, and especially their attached values

Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however he does not really report experiencing negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. What is he likely to experience?

somatization

Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report experiencing a negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. Which of the following most accurately characterizes Gregory's experience?

somatzation

Jamie, an Asian American from New York (i.e., a member of a visible cultural minority within the United States) experienced identity denial yesterday. This means that, of the following situations, he experienced

someone of European descent not believing that Jamie was born in New York and insisting that he must have been born somewhere in Asia.

Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence?

someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task

Romantic love is

something that appears to exist in all cultures.

distal cause

something you implemented and don't see the effect of until later (sometimes generations)

Different languages from around the world

sometimes do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions.

Different languages from around the world...

sometimes do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions.

One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rain forest, culturally quite distant from the main-stream culture. The Brackens live along the coast and now have very few connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies and have always been culturally very similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains and have greatly maintained connections to their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues' research on Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides?

the Brackens

One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rainforest, culturally quite distant from the mainstream culture. The Brackens live along the coast, and have very few connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies, culturally very similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains, and have greatly maintained connections to their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues' research on Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides?

the Horabs

If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that

the Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.

field independence

the ability to separate objects from their background fields

Arranged marriages may be puzzling to Westerners because this goes against many Western assumptions about love and marriage. However, arranged marriages are often quite successful. There is a positive correlation between... Arrange marriages are almost always as happy as love marriages except for ...

the amount that a culture emphasizes love as the basis of marriage and its divorce rate. -Studies find that arranged marriages are at least as happy as love marriages (except for women in China and Japan).

among three newly discovered species of primates, Species A's diet is based fully on fruits, Species B's diet is based fully on food the requires extractive foraging methods, and Species C's diet is highly social. Which species should have the largest encephalization quotient (EQ)

the answer cannot be determined with the available information

Molly and Marvin live in two different societies and they both want to eat some nuts. Based on Rozin and colleagues' research on portion size, what is the best predictor of how much they will eat?

the average size of the nut packages that are sold in local stores

you and a small handful of people have split off from a large and technologically advanced society to settle on another island. according to hornet's mathematical model, what will most likely happen to the development of cultural technology in your splinter group

the cultural technology of your group will likely devolve due to a lack of skilled models

The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to report valuing food more than those living in conditions where food is abundant is an example of

the deprivation effect.

american and chinese children were recruited for a study. all children were either 13 years old or 5 years old. they were first told that a child is always happy...

the difference in predicted likelihood between chinese and american children is much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds

the considerable cultural differences between the Nuer and Dinka of southern Sudan indicates that

the effects of transmitted culture are substantial

The considerable cultural differences between the large Nuer tribes and the smaller, less powerful Dinka tribes of southern Sudan indicates that

the effects of transmitted culture are substantial.

a key difference between the epidemiological view of cultural evolution and the "ideas as replicators" view is that

the epidemiological view involves people recreating what they have learned, whereas the ideas as replicators view involves the replication of ideas

Confucian scholars in seventeenth-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature. This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of

the ethic of divinity

The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with

the ethic of divinity.

subjective well-being

the feeling of how satisfied one is with one's life

the term "noun-bias" means that

the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words

The term "noun bias" means that

the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words.

Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies about WEIRD

the have low generalization

a group of Japanese and North Americans are in a restaurant late at night. some people ordered for themselves, an some people ordered for friends who had not arrived yet. because the restaurant was about to close, it ran out of everything they ordered. instead, they had to choose between the only two dishes that remained, both of which were deemed to be average dishes by everyone. which of the following is most likely to result from this scenario

the japanese would end up liking the "average dish" they picked more than the "average dish" that they didn't pick when ordering for others, whereas north americans would feel this way when making the choice for themselves

Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that

the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older

research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that

the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older

Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that

the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.

yuan, a chinese mother, and Alexis, a Euro-Canadian mother, both decide to read their children's diaries. how might the memories of Yuan's child differ from the memories of Alexis's child

the memories of yuan's child have more third-person imagery in which she is the center of attention than the memories of Alexis's child

In one study, participants were asked to pull on a rope, and their efforts were measured. Conditions varied in how many people appeared to be pulling the rope. In actuality, it was always only the participant pulling the rope—the others were confederates.

the more confederates there were the less the actual participants pulled on the rope

which of the following is TRUE of the relationship specifically between human brains and group size, according to Dunbar

the neocortex ratio in humans gives them the capacity to keep track of about 150 relationships

Transmitted culture

the notion that people learn about particular cultural practices through social learning or by modeling the behavior of others who live near them

The Blurgs, an alien family from Neptune, want to build a new house. this family consists of a father, a mother, an older brother, a younger brother, and a baby sister...

the older brother sleeps in his own room

Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries and ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House? -Neither will agree with him. -the ordinary American citizens -the doctors from other countries -Both groups will equally agree with him.

the ordinary American citizens

Sensitive Period

the period of time that is optimal for the development of particular capacities, or behaviors, and in which the individual is particularly sensitive to environmental influences that would foster these attributes

Pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to

the persistence of particular cultural practices.

what shapes our culture?

the physical environment shapes our culture

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?

the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences on seeing his boss

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?

the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following qualifies as an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?

the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss

Homer sharpens a rock and uses it to shave. Schick adds a handle to the rock for better grip. Gillette then changes the rock to a titanium blade for durability. The progression of improvements made to the shaving utensil is an example of

the ratchet effect.

In one experiment investigating anger responses, European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians differed in

the rate at which their physiological response returned to baseline.

Leslie is going on a date with Jessica. While planning the date, Leslie thinks, "I really want Jessica to feel happy with me." Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy because the film was so funny but attributes her happiness to Leslie instead. Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie?

two-factor theory of emotions

Hofstede's value dimension of ____ refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown or ambiguous situations, and have developed beliefs, institutions, or rituals to evade them

uncertainty avoidance

The claim that all cultures have the concept of marriage, because people from all cultures recognize exclusive sexual access rights among certain, enduring relationships between men and women, despite the fact that in some cultures people practice monogamy, others practice polygyny (one husband, multiple wives), and others practice polyandry (one wife, multiple husbands), is an example of which perspective?

universalism

What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference-group effect?

use concrete response options

- KOHLBERG'S stages of moral development

very few ppl reach level 6

The four parenting styles described by Western psychologists are combinations of which of the following dimensions?

warmth and parental control

CAUSATION (COSI)

watch for 3rd variable factors control condition may be required

the selfish gene

we have biological and cultural evolution (genetic evolution)

Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most excitement?

when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

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