PSYC 107 - Chapter 11

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture

Contemporized-Themes

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

balance between extroversion and introversion

Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?

both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy

_______ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

congruence

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes

external; internal

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional love

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics

heritability

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive

id

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Julian Rotter

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.

The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________

low self-efficacy

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against peopl

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life

the self-realization process

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns

B.F. Skinner

Twin studies indicate that genetics (i.e., nature) accounts for only 5% of the presence and expression of personality traits.

False (60%)

Psychoanalytic theories originate from the ideas of Alfred Adler.

False (Sigmund Freud)

A personality questionnaire consists of individual items to be answered using multiple choice.

False (agree or disagree)

The "superego" takes in information, from the world around us, for use in determining strategies for obtaining those things we want.

False (ego)

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles

Rorschach

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

A defense mechanism is an unconscious process the mind uses to protect us from feelings of anxiety.

True

Freud believed that the reasons we act in certain ways are hidden from our awareness.

True

Inter-rater-reliability is a common measure used to ensure those individuals doing the rating are in fairly common agreement as to their measurements.

True

Temperament is the biologically based tendency to behave in a certain way.

True

The evolutionary principle of adaptation states that life forms continue to exist as long as they solve the "problems" of surviving and reproducing.

True

The humanistic approach focuses on the idea that people are born with the desire to realize their full potential.

True

The main idea behind the biological theory of personality is that differences in the DNA makeup of a person result in differences in arousal level for different situations people encounter in life.

True

The shorter DRD4 version of the gene is associated with "thrill seeking" because it produces high levels of dopamine in the brain.

True

The term "personality," refers to the unique and consistent behaviors, feelings, thoughts and motivations expressed by a person

True

To love someone only when they do the things we want and like is to love them "conditionally."

True

Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?

William H. Sheldon

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________

beliefs and expectations

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold

choleric

Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?

climate of sexual repression

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

collective unconcious

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: _______

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?

generativity vs. stagnation

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent)

genital

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________

high self-efficacy

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment

humanism

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings

indigenous

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society

inferiority

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions?

integrity vs. despair

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?

moving away from people

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?

moving with people

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex

Self-efficacy is _______

our level of confidence in our own abilities

An archetype is a ________.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt

persona

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person

phlegmatic

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

reaction formation

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs

selective migration

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation.

the word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity"

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving

trait

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.

The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education

"Friendliness" is an example of a personality trait.

True

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

an individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetype

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality