Psyc 107 Exam 4 Schumacher

In binocular rivalry, you see one image in the left eye and an incompatible image in the right eye. What do you perceive?

an alternation between one image and the other

IQ scores

are positively correlated with success on a variety of jobs

Which of the following correlations is generally the highest?

between the IQ of an adopted child and the IQs of that child's biological parents

In which of these does a person have the LEAST amount of brain activity and responsiveness?

brain dead

Which of the following is characteristic of a "minimally conscious state"?

brief periods of purposeful action and speech comprehension

In which condition does the brain show a low, steady rate of activity and no response to any stimulus?

coma

What is one important function of sleep?

conserving energy

Which of the following often produces spatial neglect for half of the body?

damage in the right hemisphere of the brain

A test that has low predictive validity produces scores that

do not correlate strongly with performance on some other task.

Research examining the content of dreams in American and Japanese college students found that

dream content was similar in both cultures.

The process of establishing rules for administering a test and for interpreting its scores is known as

standardization.

Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain often leads to which of the following?

tendency to be unconscious of the left side of the body and the world

What is the mean IQ score on the Stanford-Binet test?

100

The Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet tests were both devised to have a mean score around __________ and a standard deviation around __________.

100...15

When researchers measured brain activity during a binocular rivalry task, what did they find?

A consciously perceived image activated large portions of the brain.

How would the activation-synthesis theory explain why people dream of an inability to move?

It really is difficult to move the muscles during REM sleep.

What does it mean if you wake up and find yourself temporarily unable to move?

Part of your brain is awake and another part is asleep.

After a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, what happens to the brain?

Some neurons are active but others are as inactive as in sleep.

Although the mean IQ score is 100, the distribution of scores is not symmetrical around 100. Why not?

An extra number of people have scores well below the mean.

Why do cats sleep more than sheep?

Cats are in less danger while they sleep

Which of the following best describes the relationship between light-dark cycles (from the rising and setting sun) and circadian rhythms?

Circadian rhythms are generated by the body, but reset by light-dark cycles.

Suppose someone develops a new test of "occupational interests." How could we measure the VALIDITY of the test?

Determine how well the scores predict which people will enjoy various jobs.

A new personality test claims to measure how much two people love each other. How could you measure the reliability of the test?

Have couples take the test repeatedly and see whether their scores are steady.

What evidence indicated that a woman in a vegetative state may be conscious?

Her brain activity responded to commands such as "imagine playing tennis."

Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the belief that differences among people in their IQ scores are related in part to differences in heredity?

IQ scores correlate highly between monozygotic twins reared in separate families.

Which of the following is true of brain activity during sleep?

Increased inhibitory messages prevent excitation from spreading in the brain.

What evidence suggested that some people in a vegetative state are conscious?

Instructions to imagine something activated the same brain areas as in intact people

How does dreaming differ from other thinking?

It has less sensory input and less voluntary control.

What is true of an item on the Stanford-Binet IQ test designated as "age 8"?

Most 8-year-olds answer it correctly.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

Most of the body's muscles are tense and active

A worker at International Amalgamated, Inc., is currently working from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The company wants to shift her to a different work time. For the sake of her physical and mental health, which of the following would be best?

Move her to the 4 p.m. to midnight shift, then to midnight to 8 a.m. shift

Which of these would provide the strongest evidence that a test is biased against some group?

People in this group do better on other tasks than these test scores predict

During which stage of sleep is the brain most active?

REM

The terms "light sleep" and "deep sleep" are not very useful because

REM sleep is deep in some ways and light in others.

Why do deaf and foreign-born people get a fairer score on the Raven's Progressive Matrices than they do on the Wechsler or Stanford-Binet test?

Raven's Matrices include only nonverbal questions and answers

What is meant by the "Flynn effect"?

Raw scores on IQ tests have been increasing from decade to decade.

What is one way to decrease the impact of stereotype threat?

Simply educate people about stereotype threat

If a person goes without sleep for several days, what happens?

Sleepiness decreases at the end of each sleepless night, as morning arrives

Which of these is an advantage of the Wechsler IQ tests over Raven's Progressive Matrices?

The Wechsler tests identify strengths and weaknesses on a variety of abilities

What happens to the brain's representation of a sensory stimulus on occasions when people are conscious of it, that does not happen when they are unconscious of it?

The activity spreads through much more of the brain.

Someone with right-hemisphere damage ordinarily neglects the left side of objects. What happens if the person closes his/her eyes and tries to describe a scene form memory?

The description neglects the left side.

Why is it impossible for sleepwalking to occur during REM sleep?

The postural muscles are so relaxed that they would not support a person

According to the concept of stereotype threat, what happens when people take a test on which they believe that people of their group (ethnic, gender, etc.) usually do poorly?

They fail to do as well as they could

What problem do people with sleep apnea experience?

They often stop breathing while they are asleep.

Researchers wanted to present a stimulus that would become conscious on some trials and not on others, while keeping the stimulus itself the same. Which of these methods did they use to make the stimulus unconscious?

They presented interfering stimuli before and after the stimulus

How strongly do monozygotic twins resemble each other in IQ scores if they were reared in separate families?

They resemble each other more closely than dizygotic twins reared together.

What evidence suggests that we sometimes consciously perceive a stimulus afterward, instead of simultaneously with it?

We don't perceive a brief masked stimulus, but a slightly longer one seems to last the whole duration.

What does the abbreviation WAIS stand for?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Someone develops a new test of mechanical abilities. Which of the following (if true) would be the strongest evidence that the test is biased against women?

Women with a particular test score are better mechanics than men with the same score.

If you were on a submarine with constant artificial light and no sunlight, what would happen to your sleep-wake cycle?

You would alternate between sleep and wakefulness on a 24-hour cycle

Our tendency to feel wakeful and sleepy on a 24-hour basis depends mainly on

a cycle generated by a mechanism in the brain

Narcolepsy may be caused by

a deficiency of the brain chemical orexin.

Someone who stays in a cave with no light alternates between sleepiness and wakefulness on about a 24 hour cycle. Why?

a rhythm generated within the person's own brain

Which of the following is impossible?

a test with low reliability and high predictive validity

Aptitude tests attempt to measure _____. Achievement tests attempt to measure _____.

ability to learn... skills and knowledge already learned

During REM sleep,

dreaming is likely to occur

After staying awake late many nights, Gloria has become accustomed to going to sleep late and awakening late. Now she tries to shift to going to bed earlier and waking up earlier. This shift is similar to the difficulties people face when they travel

east

A new test determines your score by dividing your telephone number into your social security number, and then multiplying by 100. This test probably has

high reliability and low validity.

What does the validity of a test indicate?

how well it predicts some kind of performance.

Two possible explanations for the Flynn effect are

increased cognitive stimulation and improved nutrition.

Children taken from extremely impoverished environments have shown significant lasting benefits in their intellectual performance from what kind of intervention?

intensive programs that last many hours per week for several years

A professor gives the same test twice. Most of those who failed it the first time get scores close to the class average the second time. Most of those who did very well the first time also get scores close to average the second time. Therefore the test has

low reliability.

For most people, REM sleep occurs

mostly toward the end of the night's sleep.

Irving has answered 92 questions correctly on a new test. To decide whether this score is above average or below average, psychologists must determine the _______ of the test.

norms

Raven's Progressive Matrices are especially appropriate for testing the intelligence of

people who do not speak English.

The brain activity associated with REM sleep is most similar to that associated with

stage 1 sleep

When a normal, healthy person falls asleep, REM sleep is least likely when

the person has been asleep less than an hour

Why have psychologists periodically revised and reworded the IQ tests over the years?

to prevent the mean score from rising above 100