psyc 2314 chap 1

A method that involves systematically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as ______ research. observational experimental correlational standardized

A

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods. ethologists social cognitivists information-processing theorists observational-learning theorists

A

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize ______. continuity in development stages in development psychosexual stages in development biology in development

A

In Dr. Crawford's research study, he and his colleagues spend time in a sixth-grade classroom watching teacher-student interactions. The type of research that Dr. Crawford's team is doing is most likely ______. observational research standardized testing cross-sectional research survey research

A

Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of ______. the unconscious genetics experiences later in life free will

A

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as ______ theoretical orientation. eclectic behavioral cognitive humanistic

A

What term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people? culture race ethnicity socioeconomic status

A

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems? Bronfenbrenner Lorenz Erikson Bandura

A

______ age refers to an individual's ability to adapt to change as compared to other people who have lived the same amount of time. Psychological Social Biological Chronological

A

Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory? Select all that apply: There is a crisis that must be resolved. A person must experience disequilibrium in order to move to the next stage. There is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. The stages must be passed through without overgratification or undergratification, or fixation will occur.

A C

A person's _____ age refers to connectedness with others and the roles that individuals adopt. cognitive social biological psychological

B

According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage. Piaget Erikson Bowlby Skinner

B

Developmentalists believe that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes ______. depend on environmental contexts interact as people develop operate independently as people develop are not all present at the same time as people develop

B

Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins ______ and continues ______. at birth; through the human life span at conception; through the human life span at birth; until adulthood in early childhood; through adolescence

B

The "nurture" portion of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______. a biological and genetic perspective on how people develop an environmental perspective on how people develop a socioeconomic perspective on how people develop the prominent position on this issue today

B

The prenatal period is the time from ______. the time the fetus is viable until birth conception to birth conception to the second trimester of pregnancy conception to when the fetus becomes viable

B

When does Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development occur? Early childhood Late infancy Adolescence Adulthood

B

______ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes. Behaviorist Psychoanalytic Ethological Cognitive

B

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? (Select all that apply.) Erikson's psychosocial theory Information-processing theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Piaget's developmental theory

B C D

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? Biosystem Chronosystem Macrosystem Microsystem Exosystem Mesosystem

B C D E F

What are the five stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud? Trusting Phallic Identity Latency Anal Genital Oral

B D E F G

According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage. Bowlby Skinner Erikson Piaget

C

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a/an ______ approach to life-span development. behavioral and social cognitive ethological eclectic theoretical orientation psychoanalytic

C

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that ______. there are critical and sensitive periods in development personality is formed in early childhood as a child is passing through psychosexual stages development does not occur in a stage-like fashion development is discontinuous

C

Which of Erikson's stages involves infants and toddlers beginning to assert their sense of independence? Initiative versus guilt Trust versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame and doubt Identity versus identity confusion

C

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? (select all that apply) It ends once one enters late adulthood. It begins at birth. It occurs throughout life. It involves growth and change.

C D Reason: The life span perspective begins at conception, which is around 9 1/2 months before birth.

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of _______. a longitudinal study experimental groups a cross-sectional study random assignment

C Reason: A longitudinal study would study the same persons over a period of several years or more.

Which of the following statements is true in regard to conducting ethical research with human subjects at a college or university? As long as all the participants who might be involved in the research study sign a waiver, then the study does not need any other approval. Experienced researchers do not need to have their studies approved by a research ethics committee prior to implementation. An institutional review board must approve a study prior to its implementation. Only studies involving medications/medical research need approval by an institutional review board.

C Reason: Research such as this requires the approval of an institutional review board (or a human rights committee) before it can be conducted.

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach. longitudinal segmented developmental cross-sectional

D

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories. psychoanalytic behavioral ethological cognitive

D

The "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______. the prominent perspective in the controversy at the present time a psychological and environmental perspective a socioeconomic and psychological perspective a biological and genetic perspective

D

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as ______ theoretical orientation. behavioral cognitive humanistic eclectic

D

Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life? The oral stage Shame versus doubt The preoperational stage Trust versus mistrust

D

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of research designs? Descriptive research Correlational research Experimental research Standardized research

D

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects what is important in the study of life-span development? Life-span development is more concerned with the impact of genetics on development than any other area. Researchers focus more on adolescents and adults than they do on children. Researchers focus more on children than they do on adolescents and adults.

D It is important to study growth as well as decline when studying the life span.`

Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language. Which developmental period is Waylon mostly likely in? Early childhood Middle childhood Late childhood Infancy

D Reason: By early childhood, Waylon would already have begun to develop language.

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood. True False

F Reason: The focus of life-span development is from conception to death.

Blank 1 of 1 encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

culture

Life-span Blank 1 of 1 is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception.

development

The Blank 1 of 1 theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods

ethological

Blank 1 of 1 is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

infancy

Melissa is intrigued with how people change from infancy through late adulthood. She could learn about the subject by studying the field of human development called Blank 1 of 1 development.

lifespan

Freud's 5 psychosexual stages of development are: Blank 1 of 1, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

oral

Match the process of development with its example. relationships with others - physical stature - language and intelligence biological cognitive socioemotional

physical stature language and intelligence relationships with others

The Blank 1 of 1 period of development is the time from conception to birth. (Watch your spelling!)

prenatal

The Blank 1 of 1 method consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.

scientific

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of Blank 1 of 2 versus Blank 2 of 2

trust mistrust