psyc 260 ch 12
hate groups norms (4)
out group derogation is norm and is considered moral; deep values and opposite is immoral
Team members rarely contact members of other social groups. This would strengthen?
outgroup homogeneity
You are part of an active group that helps victims of natural disasters. Being a member of such a meaningful social group increases your sense of worth. This sense of worth is felt because of _____.
social identity
You feel high self-esteem when you belong to a group such as a victorious football team. This feeling of self-esteem that you experience by being a part of a group is referred to as _____.
social identity
A five year old girl thinks that it is not appropriate for her to behave aggressively like boys do. This is an example of a _____.
stereotype
Performances of African-Americans are low in a test because of their anxiety about a stereotype. is what?
stereotype threat
Automatic cognition (devine dissociation model)
stereotyped info and category info are all automatic cognition
social categorization activated by
stimulus, salient cues-- all automatic
black sheep effect
strong devaluation of in group members who threaten image and identity of group
Some westerners believe that all individuals from China, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam know Kung Fu. This comment illustrates
the out-group homogeneity effect
stereotype threat experiment name and gist
Steele and Aronson; math test for women and asians, important, made their identity salient
Why does Stereotype Threat happen?
Stereotyped individuals are afraid that their behavior may "prove the stereotype"
prejudice abc
affect
situations and cognition for stereotyping
affect how we think-- how we use our social categories
Which of the following is a necessary condition for the success of inter-group contact in reducing prejudice? a. contact must occur under friendly informal conditions b. mutual interdependence c. equal status d. common goals e. all of the above
all of the above
According to Tajfel & Turner's (1979) social identity theory, we have a tendency to ______________ the in-group, and ______________ the out-group
bolster; derogate
social identity theory and prejudice
categorization leads to in groups (favoritism, heterogeneity) and out groups (derogation, homogeneity)
if you change social norms you ...
change prejudice
stereotype what abc
cognition
interdependence and cooperation lead to
common in group identity which leads to favorable inter group attitudes
predictors of prejudice/discrimination SITUATION FACTORS (3)
conformity, group think, group polarization
qualities of hate groups (2)
deindividuation of members and self perception that they are on the side of good
situation factors of prejudice and discrimination depend on
depend on prevailing group norms
what to do about cognition to reduce stereotyping (devine dissociation model) (2)
diversify social category, exert controlled cognition;
in group favoritism develops
early on; 3 year olds display it
social categorization is beneficial b/c (3)
evolutionarily adaptive; simplifies/speeds up decision making; works well with things that dont change much
devine dissociation model basic understanding
explains stereotyping and prejudice; -- automatic and controlled cognition affects it
Prejudice can also be reduced for people who have friends or who are friends with members of the outgroup, even if the individual does not have direct contact with the outgroup members. This is known as the _____.
extended contact hypothesis
You friend tells you about a female friend who drives extremely well. This reduces your stereotype about women drivers. This is an example of ________.
extended contact hypothesis
Members of a group tend to support each other when they face problems. This is an example of the black sheep effect.
false
Social categorization is an undesirable tendency with which individuals are born.
false
hate groups def.
group with institutionalized stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
predictors of prejudice/discrimination PERSON FACTORS (4)
high authoritarianism, belief in social dominance orientation, collectivism, low humanism/egalitarianism
contact hypothesis
idea that intergroup contact will reduce prejudice
super ordinate goals
important goals that requires effort and resources from two outgroups to cooperate-- leads to common in group identity
Mary thinks that the women in her office are friendlier than the men. This is an example of _____.
in group favoritism
The black sheep effect is likely to occur when an _____.
ingroup member violates group norms
to predict prejudice and discrimination
it is a function of both person and situation factors
The "_____" is an approach to learning in which students from different racial or ethnic groups work together, in an interdependent way, to master material.
jigsaw classroom
jigsaw classroom aims at doing what
long term prejudice reduction
ultimate attribution error
make trait attributions in ways that benefit their in groups
Which of the following is the basic purpose of using the bogus pipeline procedure?
measuring stereotypes and prejudice
contact hypothesis depends on what factors (6)
mutual interdependence, common goal, equal status, informal contact, multiple contacts, social norms of equality
social categorization
natural cognitive processes that cause us to put individuals in to social groups
realistic conflict theory (2)
theory to explain why we are prejudiced; we were conflicted over limited resources in evolutionary past
those with experiencing stereotype threat are afraid
they will confirm stereotype
social categorization can be ineffective with
things that change/not simple like people and animals
4 factors that influence how we categorize people in situations
time pressure, cognitive load, stress, motivation
A contact hypothesis is effective if the hypothesis is inversely proportional to an individual's stereotypes.
true
A university sends its students to other countries to reduce the impact of prejudices on them. The university's decision is based on the contact hypothesis
true
Stereotypes are beliefs about the characteristics of the groups around us.
true
The bogus pipeline procedure is an indirect approach to assessing prejudice.
true
Ultimate attribution error results in the tendency for competing groups to perceive each other extremely and unrealistically negatively.
true
authoritarianism and social dominance orientation are examples of
types of personality
The _____ results in the tendency for each of the competing groups to perceive the other extremely negatively.
ultimate attribution error
prejudice
unjustifiable negative attitudes toward and outgroup or individuals
discrimination
unjustified negative behavior towards members of an out group based on group membership
Steele and Aronson findings (2)
women who were made aware of their gender performed worse; Asians made aware of their gender performed better
one thing that can combat stereotype threat
self affirmation
Studies on the effects of categorizing individuals into social groups have shown which of the following?
simply dividing people into "minimal" groups may result in in-group favoritism.
Which of the following is a valid observation of our social categorization?
Social categorization occurs spontaneously, without much thought on our part.
Which of the following is a test that can measure implicit (i.e., non-conscious) racism?
IAT
Monica is the CEO of a private company. In a meeting, she criticizes Team A for their poor performances and threatens them that she will disband the team. In the meeting, she also praises Team B for their commendable work. Choose the correct answer based on this situation.
In this situation, Team A is more likely to show ingroup favoritism than Team B.
Why do people face difficulties in changing their stereotypical beliefs?
Such beliefs are often part of people's everyday lives and culture.
stereotype threat creates
anxiety and nervousness that affects behavior
jigsaw classroom
approach to learning where students of different races work together to create interdependence
common in group identity
attempt to reduce prejudice by creating superordinate categorization
discrimination abc
behavior
stereotype threat
performance decrements caused by knowledge of cultural stereotypes
authoritarianism
personality dimension that characterizes people who prefer to be simple rather than complex and tend to hold traditional values
social dominance orientation
personality variable -- tendency to see and accept inequality among different groups
stereotype
positive or negative beliefs we hold about characteristics of social group
Calvin hates the members of a certain religious community. The negative attitude that Calvin displays toward the community is an example of _____.
prejudice
extended contact hypothesis
prejudice reduced if they have friends who are friends with the out group
self affirmation (2)
reaffirming values and abilities; moderates threat performance
The strategy of busing, initiated after the Supreme Court's decision in the case Brown versus Board of Education in 1954, helped in
reducing the number of segregated schools in the U.S.
in group favoritism
respond more positively to those in our in groups than we do to people from our out groups
controlled cognition (devine dissociation model)
take in information for individuals-- adjust and inhibit categories
out group homogeneity
tendency to view others of an out group as more similar to each other than we see in group members
