Psyc 411: History of Psychology

Psychoanalysis

(Freud's) theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Gestalt

(Max wertheimer and wolfgang Koehler) focuses largely on learning and perception suggesting that combining sensory elements produces new patterns with properties that did not exist in the individual elements.

Behavioralism

( John B. Watson) deals solely with observable behavioral acts that could be described in objective terms.

humanistic psychology

(Abraham Maslow) emphasizes the study of conscious experience and the wholeness of human nature.

Structuralism

(E.B. Titchener) Deals with conscious experience as a dependent on experiencing persons.

cognitive

(Piaget) focuses on the process of knowing, on how the mind actively organizes experiences.

Functionalism

(William James) concerned with the mind as it is used in the organisms adaptation to its environment.

William Wundt

(Zeitgeist) German physiologist during the last quarter of the 19th century, changed the direction of psychology.

What is historiography?

(the study of historical writing) techniques and principles employed in historical research?

1890 and 1918 high schools were being built at what rate?

1 per day

During the war applied psychology was beginning to focus on what? (4)

1. Clinical psychology 2. Engineering psychology 3. Personal selection 4. Psychological testing

What percent of individuals did not see the gorilla (CT)?

83%

School of thought

A group of psychologists who become associated ideologically, and sometimes geographically, with the leader of a movement

________ now has a division called the Society for Psychological Study of Culture, Ethnicity, and Race.

APA; They publish the Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology Journal. The Association of Black Psychologists publishes the Journal of Black Psychology; The Asian American Psychological Association publishes the Asian American Journal of Psychology; National Latina/o Psychological Association publishes the Journal of Latina/o Psychology.

What is Gestalt psychology?

An approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking Gestalt psychology or gestaltism (German: Gestalt - "essence or shape of an entity's complete form") is a theory of mind based on the Principal of Totality - that conscious experience must be considered globally (by taking into account all the physical and mental aspects of the individual simultaneously) because the nature of the mind demands that each component be considered as part of a system of dynamic relationships.

What happened to Abraham Maslow?

At the University of Wisconsin, he was asked to change his name to "something less Jewish."

Where did psychoanalysis begin?

Austria

_______________________ encouraged accepting women and reminded men "not to draw a sex line."

James McKeen Cattell

(pioneer in the mental testing movement)

James Mckeen Cattell

Founder of Behaviorism

John B. Watson

Prior to his death in 1958 (at age 80), he burned 80 manuscripts, letters, and research notes, thus destroying the entire unpublished record of his life and career.

John B. Watson

Denied to attend Cornell based on race; activist after he was arrested for disorderly conduct. In 1940, he was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Columbia University and the first to receive a permanent professorship in the City College of NY. At the age of 78, _________ considered his life to be a aeries of magnificent failures. He said, "I am more pessimistic now than I was two decades ago."

Kenneth Clark

Earned a doctoral degree at Columbia; she faced both race and sex discrimination. She and her husband opened a storefront center to provide psychological services to children, including testing...later known as the Northside Center for Child Development.

Mamie Phipps Clark

___________ writings had been largely ignored until 3 investigators in 1900 discovered his work

Mendel's

Wars helped shape _________ psychology.

Modern

View that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the Zeitgeist, which makes a culture receptive to some ideas but not to others.

Naturalistic Theory Examples: -The times make the person. Pavlov was credited with the "conditioned response" but Robert Whytt, a Scottish scientist, was interested in it in 1763. -Mendel's writings had been largely ignored until 3 investigators in 1900 discovered his work. -It is very difficult for a new idea or discovery to be accepted because the dominant theoretical position in a scientific field may obstruct or prohibit consideration of a new viewpoint. -Findings that may contradict or oppose current thinking may be rejected by journal editors (force conformity, they may function as gatekeepers and dismiss ideas or trivialize unusual interpretations. -John Garcia (1970's psychologist) challenged the dominant stimulus-response learning theory. His work was well-done, and he had received recognition, but major journals refused to accept his articles.

Were women of the 1900's placed on tenue or promoted frequently?

No

Freud believed that he was very popular and accepted by his peers, was this true?

No, Freud felt as if he was ignored during his lifetime, but he was actually a celebrity. Freud minimized and clouded the record himself.

Can the data of history be reconstructed or replicated?

No, because it happened sometime in the past and details were not recorded so the situations cannot be replicated.

Sandra Scarr

Now a developmental psychologist

Are older or younger people more likely to be intentionally blind?

Older (they don't see it)

Brilliant scientist (1661-1682); In 2006, over 500 handwritten pages of Royal Society meetings were found in England in a cupboard. They referenced work done with a microscope and included his correspondence with Issac Newton about gravity and plants.

Robert Hooke

His first biographer, Ernest Jones, minimized Freud's use of cocaine. Believed that writing an autobiography creates hypocrisy or bias Some of over 1500 letters to a woman they ´Freud married were published (Vol 1). There is a huge collection of his works held by the Library of Congress; some related to his eldest son will not be published until 2032, letters to his nephew will be held until 2050; no release date for letters to his daughter, Anna, and his sister-in-law.

Sigmund Freud

Who created the field of psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Pre-paradigmatic

The stage in the development of a science when it is divided into schools of thought

Paradigm

a model; an example of a specific way of thinking within a scientific discipline.

Freud, after witnessing the carnage of WWI, proposed _______________ as a significant and motivating force for the human personality

aggression

1890 to 1918, psychologists began to shift from ________________ to more practical issues such as teaching and learning.

experimentation

Psychology is effected by ________ or ___________ forces that shape its nature and direction.

external or contextual

What is intentional blindness?

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

In the early 1900's did women get paid more or less than men?

less

Has psychology reached the paradigmatic stage yet?

no

When did psychology become a discipline with distinct methods of inquiry and theoretical rationales.

the 19th century

What is the idea of studying the history of psychology?

´To become familiar with concepts, ideas, theory, relationships...and recognize how they form a coherent picture.

´By 1941, more than 1000 women had earned graduate degrees in in psychology and _____ who held Ph.D.'s were women.

¼

´Currently, more than ______ of all new Ph.d.'s are women.

75%

What are some contextual factors that shaped psychology. (5)

1. Jobs 2. Wars 3. Prejudice 4. Discrimination

´The times make the person. 1._______ was credited with the "conditioned response" but 2._________, a Scottish scientist, was interested in it in 1763.

1. Pavlov 2. Robert Whytt

What are the 2 theories to view the history of psychology?

1. Personalistic Theory 2. Naturalistic Theory

When _________ (now a developmental psyc.)applied for Harvard graduate school in 1960, _________ (eminent personality psyc.) told her that Harvard loathed accepting women. "Seventy-five percent of you get married, have kids and never finish your degrees and the rest of you never amount to anything anyway!"

1. Sandra Scarr 2. Gordon Allport

How is psychology studied?

1. Surveys 2. Lab experiments 3. Correlations 4. Observe behaviors in the natural environment

´Harvard policy (1920s) - accept no more than __________ of Jews who applied for admission. Even those who were accepted and earned a doctoral degree still experienced anti-Semitism.

10-15% Most could not get teaching jobs, so they worked in state mental hospitals.

By 1906, _______ of the listed psychologists were women in the American Men of Science.

12%

When sis history of psychology courses begin?

1911

Well into the _______, Jews faced admission quotas in colleges and graduate schools. Exclusionary practices were widespread.

1960's

By the beginning of the 20th century, _______ women had earned doctoral degrees in psychology.

20

How many people on campus that were on their smart phones saw the clown?

25%

´African Americans faced prejudice from mainstream psychology for years. In 1940, only ___ black colleges in the U.S. offered undergraduate degree programs in psychology.

4

How many people on campus say the clown that were walking alone?

50%

How many people on campus that walked with other people saw the clown?

70%

What percentage of the population believes that psychology is NOT a science?

70%

Because of the influx of immigrants and the high birth rate, public school enrollments increased ______ percent between 1890 and 1918.

700

Letters were selected and edited to represent this person and their work in a favorable way in order to conform to the image preferred by his family.

Carl Jung

100 years after Darwin's death (1990), notebooks and personal letters were discovered

Charles Darwin

Psychologists construct situations or establish conditions from which ________ can be gathered.

Data

Gordon Allport

Emininent personality psychologist

Antiwar activist and personality theorist, became interested in abnormal behavior after exposure to fanaticism in Germany during the war.

Erich Fromm

WWII altered the face of _____ psychology.

European, especially in Germany and Austria

What did West Washington University Psychologist Ira Hyman.

Experimented with intentional blindness. A clown was placed on campus to see if students would notice it.

True or False: What we read in history today is a 100% fact, and none of the events are biased by the person who selected the papers to be made public or the individual themselves.

False

True or false: In the early 1900's it was thought that women could manage both a teaching career and a husband.

Falso

Enrolled in graduate at Clark University, he had a separate table for eating.

Francis Sumner

Where did experimental psychology begin?

Germany WWII

Who was interested in learning, memory, thought, perception, motivation, and abnormal behavior. Considered the prehistory according to Kurt Danzinger, of modern psychology.

Greek philosophers (Plato, Aristotle)

In 1983, 10 large boxes of his dairies were discovered dating from 1828 to 1879

Gustav Fechner

Who developed psychophysics?

Gustav Fechner

How many people had seen the gorilla (basketball)?

Half had seen the gorilla

Approximately 75 years after his death, papers related to learning and memory were found in 1984.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

___________ University in Washington, DC was the major university providing psychology instruction for black students.

Howard

When did we first figure out that we have a hard time paying attention to multiple things at a time?

Over 150 years ago

How many divisions are in APA?

Over 60

What stage is when there are no more competing schools of thought and where most agree on theoretical and methodological issues. Thus it defines the whole field.

Paradigmatic stage

What happened with the gorilla experiment?

People were asked to pay attention to the amount of times that 2 teams passed a basketball back and forth.

View that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the ideas of unique individuals.

Personalistic Theory Examples: -The will and charisma of unique persons redirected the course of history. - The person makes the times. - Without these monumental , events would have never occurred figures. - This theory is insufficient to explain the development of a science or society. Even the greatest thinkers have been constrained by the Zeitgeist, the spirit or climate of the time.

Prior to the last quarter of the 19th century human nature was studied by who? Via speculating, intuition, and generalizing based on their own experience.

Philosophers

______________ influenced who could become a psychologist and where they could find employment.

Prejudice

From 1920 to 1966, the 10 most ____________ psychology departments in the US awarded 8 doctorate degrees to blacks out of the 3,700 doctoral degrees granted.

Prestigious

History is always in ______.

Progress; it's never finished or complete. So understanding it is a dynamic process.

The framework that binds enormous diversity, divisiveness and fragmentation, in professional and scientific specialization and its subject matter (cognition, unconscious forces, overt behaviors, physiological and biological processes) and gives them a coherent context...becoming what we now called.....

Psychology

For psychology to thrive, psychologists needed to focus on _________.

Real world problems; Example: Solving social skills, educational and industrial concerns.

What tends to happen when we translate one language to another? Examples...

The translations tend to be faulty. Ex: This mistranslation of Freuds theory turned the terms cold and technical" Id- Es (it), Ego- Ich (I), Superego-Uber-Ich (Above I) Freud's theory of Free Association vs. Einfall (it means an intrusion or invasion). Freud's idea was to denote something from the unconscious mind that is uncontrollably intruding into or invading conscious thought. Not trying to describe a linking of things, but trying to explain the denotation (indicate) of intrusive/invasive thoughts

During WWII many researchers fled and settled where?

The united states

Who accelerated the growth of paradigm in their 1970's book "The Structure of Scientific Revolution."

Thomas Kuhn

Is psychology more fragmented today of 100 years ago?

Today

True or False: A scholar restricted selected information in order to enhance Wolfgang's Kohler's image.

True

True or False: By the 1900's there were 3 times as many psychologists as there were labs to employ them?

True, this lead to an influx in teaching jobs.

Are white or black people more likely to be intentionally blind?

White people (less likely to see it)

Who invented Gestalt?

Wolfgang Kohler

Director of Admissions at ______ (1922) wrote a report titled "The Jewish Problem."

Yale

What does Zeitgeist mean?

the spirit of the time; general trend of thought or feeling characteristic of a particular period of time.