Psyc 462 Exam 3 Baiamonte Selu
How fast can AMPA receptors move from base to tip
15 minutes
How long does it take for LTP to grow new dendritic spines to increase surface area
15-19 hours after classical conditioning forming synaptic. connections
How long does LTP1 last
7-9 months
what are the major outputs of the hippocampal formation
CA1 field and subbiculum
What will move AMPA receptors from the base to tip of dendrites
Calcium
How does calcium move receptors
Calcium calmodium kinase
Every time the tone is presented before the puff of air the synapse will strengthen this is an example of
Hebb rule
Hebb rule
If a synapse repeatedly becomes active at about the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires, changes will take place in the structure or chemistry of the synapse that will strengthen it
What type of LTP is the translation of RNA into proteins more frequently than usual so proteins can make more AMPA receptors
LTP2
What type of LTP is the production of more RNA so more proteins are produced to make AMPA receptors
LTP3
what is the most popular spatial learning animal model
Morris water maze
what is the major component of LTP
NMDA receptor
place coding
The perception of higher-pitched sounds
Korsakoff's syndrome
a disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story and confabulation
NMDA receptor
a specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in long-term potentiation
what is the phase pairing of a NS and US during which a CR is established
acquisition
dendritic spike
all positive charge washes back to the dendrites and the entire cell depolarizes causing NMDA receptors to open and allows Ca to come into the neuron and create synaptic changes
where is the sense receptor of the vestibular system fitted
ampulla
where does the enorinal cortex receive inputs from
amygdala, the limbic cortex, association reigns of the cortex
what is responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals to be perceived as soung
audition
what is the target zone of the auditory pathway
auditory cortex of temporal lobe
the base or foot of the organ of corti
basilar membrane
what are the parts of the organ of corti
basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, hair cells, cilia
when does transaction occur in auction
by opening an insertional plaque
describe the relationship between anterograde amnesia and learning
capable of perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor learning
the ____ is inside of the ____ in the semicircular canal
capula, ampulla
gel mask that holds hair cells and cilia where sense receptor is for semicircular canal
capulla
synaptic plasticity
changes in the structure or biochemistry of synapses that alter their effects on postsynaptic neurons
nitric oxide
communicate messages from one cell to another, only lasts a short amount of time and travels short distance before it is destroyed
_____and_____ produces the sound waves that are percieved
condensation, rareification
The conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated
declarative memories
What memories was H.M. unable to form
declarative memories
what are ways to increase synaptic plasticity
decrease size of synaptic cleft, increase the amount of receptors, increase the amount of neurotransmitters released
what is the retrograde change in action potential
dendritic spike
The hippocamal formation includes
dentate gyrus, CA3 and CA1 field, subbiculum
ventral stream
determines "what" of a stimulus
anterograde amnesia
difficulty learning new information
What are neurotransmitters for reinforcement
dopaminergic neurons
what are the two parts of the association cortex
dorsal stream, ventral stream
what is the most important input of the hippocampal formation
entorhinal cortex
neurons in cell bodies in _____ send projections to ____
entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus
stimulus response learning
establishing of connections between circuits involves in perception and motor movement
relational learning
establishment and retrieval of memories of events, episodes, and places
what occurs when previous conditioned response decreases in frequency
extinction
a weak synapse only releases a small amount of
glutamate
the NDMA receptor needed to open a calcium channel requires
glutamate as ligand and -50mv voltage
moving away from the tallest cilium creates a ____ moving toward creates an ____
graded potential, action potential
what are the receptors for hearing
hair cells inside the organ of corti
after spontaneous recovery when the behavior comes back its about ____________ the strength of as it was originally and
half, goes through extinction faster
What are does relational learning happen in
hippocampus
what is the main mechanism responsible for anterograde amnesia
hippocampus
where are the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus housed
hippocampus
what are is responsible for spatial memory
hippocampus in the right hemisphere
pitch
how frequent the vibration occurs in a given time Fram
primary function of perceptual learning is to
identify and categorize objects and situations
LTP1
immediate changes in synaptic strength by insertion of AMPA receptors
as the oval window pushes ___ the round window will push ___
in, out
long-term potentiation
increases the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high frequency activity at that input
middle ossicle that vibrates with the first ossicles
incus
damage to the _________which houses the _______ disrupts the ability to discriminate between stimuli and ability to perceive particular kinds of visual information
inferior temporal cortex, ventral stream
connecting point at which tip link is connected to each cilium
insertional plaque
what do the insertional plaques act as
ion channel
what is true of the hippocampus
it is involved in consolidating short term memories to long term memories
what will happen if a behavior is reinforcing
it will strengthen the perceptual system and motor system connection
operant conditioning
learning procedure whereby effects of a particular behavior reinforce or punish the probability of the behavior
Perceptual learning
learning to recognize a particular stimulus
If you continue to stimulate the LTP pathway, overtime it will require
less stimulation to produce significant changes in the post synaptic neuron
LTP2
local protein synthesis, dendrites contain molecules of RNA that are translated into proteins
rate coding
low frequencies
how does the mesocortical system play a role in reinforcement
makes a loop back to the VTA releasing more dopamine and feeling even more pleasure
outermost ossicle that vibrates in the same pattern and connects to tympanic membrane
malleus
the tightening of a tip link will open and ion channel
mechanically
where is the hippocampus housed
medial temporal lobes
what are the changes that take place from learning
memories
what is the major system for operant conditioning
mesolimbic system
LTP3
most durable, production of molecule RNA in the nucleus that are transported to the dendrites where protein synthesis takes place
presynaptic changes cause a release of ____ from ___neuron that goes back to the ___
nitric oxide, postsynaptic, presynaptic
what area produces a euphoric pleasure feeling that is projected to the _____ which is responsible for firing motor movement
nucleus accumbens, ventral part of basal ganglia
discrimination
occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a CR but the other does not q
phase and intensity differences
only deal with sounds coming from the right or left
when you rotate your head in a certain direction fluid moves in the ____ and pushes on ____ inside of gel mask
opposite direction, cilia
located inside the Scala media and holds all receptive cells
organ of corti
middle ear
ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
____ lag behind any movement which bends cilia to signal direction of movement
otoconia
What keeps the stapes from coming in contact with the cochlea fluid
oval window
How do you determine sounds from above, behind, or in front of you
over time and experiences learn how to detect where sounds come from depending on the pattern
what will change by changing neurons and structure of the brain
overt behavior
once a stimulus is detected the ________ lets the organism know operant conditioning is possible and then sends signal to ______ to produce behavior that will be punished or reinforced once it is produced
perceptual system, motor system
parts of the outer ear
pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane
how does the cochlea detect pitch
place coding, rate coding
CA1 field is to ____ as CA3 feels is to ____
postsynaptic neuron, presynaptic neuron
entorhinal cortex is the _____ neuron whereas the dentate gyrus is the_____ neuron
presynaptic, postsynaptic
if a spatial memory study is not set up correctly what type of memory may you target instead
procedural memory
what is the main goal of the vestibular system
provide balance and keep head upright to account for adjustments in eye movement to compensate for head movement so you will not get dizzy
sensory information enters short term memory, ____ keeps it there, and then it makes its way into long term memory where it is permanently stored
rehearsal
how to we learn the best
reinforcement
A more complex form of learning that we engage in the most is
relational learning
what seems to be the type of memory most affected by brain damage, Alzheimers, neruodegenerative disorders
relational learning
detects vertical acceleration
saccule
sits on the wall of vestibular sacs
saccule
what are the divisions of the cochlea
scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani
according to intensity differences of sound
see highest rate of excitation at the ear closest to the sound
what allows you to rotate your head without becoming dizzy
semicircular canals
dorsal stream
sends information from primary auditory cortex to posterior parietal cortex
How are cilia arranged?
short/tall
according to stimulus generalization when trained to produce a response to a specific stimuli, another stimuli will produce the same response if
similar enough
cochlea
snail shaped structure in the ear that is filled with fluid and the oval and round windows
the doming of the round window allows
space in the cochlea for fluid to move
what are we born with, referring to sound
spatial location of sounds from left and right
bilateral temporal lobe lesions produce most profound impairment in
spatial memory
reemergence of and extinguished CR after delay
spontaneous recovery
innermost ossicle that vibrates
stapes
top of the organ of corti
tectorial membrane
loudness
the amplitude of the wave
what causes an action potential that produces the perception of sound
the basilar membrane will bend cilia by pushing up toward the tectorial membrane
learning
the process which experiences change out nervous system and hence our behavior changes
extinciton
the reduction and elimination of the CR after the CS is repeatedly presented without the US
How are the vibrations of the middle ear continued into the inner ear
the stapes will imbed itself inside of cochlea
By changing the shape and size of dendritic spines to make more fat and mushroom shape
the surface are of dendrite will increase to move more AMPA receptors
what is one major implication of operant conditioning
there is no universal punisher or reinforcer because varied between and within individuals
cilia are connected by
tip links
spatial learning
type of relational memory, ability to recognize and remember where you are in space
detects horizontal acceleration
utricle
sits of the bottom of the vestibular sacs
utricle
what are the vestibular sacs
utricle, saccule
what is responsible for detecting changes in the tilt of head
vestibular sac
what is the major component of perceptual learning
vision
generalization
when a stimulus similar to CS elicits CR
the inner ear
where the sense receptors are located inside of the cochlea