PSYC M22

Infants by age ___ months will imitate acts modeled on television.

14

_____ is the researcher who discovered the function of mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys.

Giacomo Rizzolatti

Jason's parents and older friends all smoke, but they tell him not to. Juan's parents and friends don't smoke, but they say nothing to deter them from doing so. Will Jason or Juan be more likely to smoke?

Jason because observational learning studies suggest that children tend to do as others do and say what they say

Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment EX:after exploring a cave, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Which of the following factors would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning? a.models who commit violent acts but go unpunished b.models perceived as somehow different from the observer c.models who are not respected by the observer d.the socioeconomic status of the observer

a.models who commit violent acts but go unpunished

Disliking the taste of chili after being violently sick a few hours after eating chili.

biological predispostions

Repeated exposure to graphic violence in movies, television, and violent video games may increase the likelihood of imitation of violent behavior and also tends to:

cause desensitization to observed violence

Theory of Mind

children's brains enable their empathy and their ability to infer another's mental state

Salivating when you smell brownies in the oven.

classical conditioning

There is more to learning than associating a response with a consequence, there is also ___________.

cognition

Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because she formed a(n) _____ of the area.

cognitive map

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior.

cognitive processes

Our learning results not only from our environmental experiences but also from ______and ________influences.

cognitive;biological

Monkeys who were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults. This is evidence for the _____ transmission of aggression.

environment

Robert Rescorla's research demonstrated that in classical conditioning the more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response. It's as if the animal learns a(n) _____, which is how likely it is that the US will occur.

expectancy

Vicarious learning

experienced indirectly through others

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for ______________.

frontal lobe, observational learning

violence-viewing effect

imitation and desensitization toward pain of others

The violence-viewing effect, with respect to television viewing, seems to stem from at least two factors: _____ and _____.

imitation; desentization

The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable ______________and _________________.

imitation;empathy

Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is to extrinsic motivation as behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is to _____ motivation.

intrinisic

You condition a rat to press a lever in an operant conditioning chamber for the positive reinforcement of food. The next day, after being fed a reduced diet, the rat is more interested in smelling the cedar on the cage floor than pressing the lever. This is an example of:

intrinsic drift

Excessive rewards can destroy________.

intrinsic motivation

_________can be prevented by using continuous reinforcement.

intrinsic motivation

____________ is learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.

latent

Knowing the way from your bathroom in the dark.

latent learning

observational learning

learning by observing others

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an emphatic response to this observation?

mirror neurons

Researchers discovered that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers are investigating:

mirror neurons

Researchers discovered that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut, was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers are investigating _____.

mirror neurons

Which of the following neurons fire both when action is performed and when action is simply observed?

mirror neurons

_____ fire both when action is performed and when action is simply observed.

mirror neurons

Johnny is "hammering" a nail with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:

modeling

Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This unfortunate incidence is learned through _____ and the area of the brain that models this behavior involves the _____.

observation; mirror neurons

Five-year-old Debbie watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Debbie's mother saw Debbie singing while brushing her dog. Debbie was modeling her mother's behavior that she acquired through:

observational learning

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates:

observational learning

Your little brothers getting in a fight after watching a violent action movie.

observational learning

Your dog racing to greet you on your arrival home.

operant conditioning

pro-social behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

The difference between Robert Rescorla's view of classical conditioning and that of John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov is the importance Rescorla placed on organisms to actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and to determine if the stimulus has _____ value.

predicative

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe.

prosocial

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been _____ for his or her actions.

punished

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by the classical conditioning phenomenon called _____.

taste aversion

A guest will be spending time in your classroom. To make sure your students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who:

the children think is similar to them.

modeling

the process of observing and limiting a specific behavior

In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

the tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats

As we observe another's actions, our brain generates an inner simulation, enabling us to experience the other's experience within ourselves. Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as _____.

theory of mind

Four-year-old Katie observed Maggie, two years younger, begin to cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Maggie and patted her on the back and told her everything would be alright. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Maggie's mental and emotional state is an example of:

theory of mind

_________reinforcement and punishment means our choices are affected as we see others get consequences for their behavior.

vicarious