PSYC of Emotion

The ____ specifically regulates the emotions involved in self-preservation, such as anger, anxiety, and fear. A. amygdala B. hippocampus C. hypothalamus D. reticular formation

A. amygdala

Motivation study concerns itself with those processes that give behavior its:

Energy and direction.

________ act as chemical messengers within the brain's central nervous system; ______ act as chemical messengers within the body's endocrine system

Neurotransmitters; hormones

People with relatively high activity in their right prefrontal lobes ("right-side asymmetry") show a relatively strong sensitivity to:

Potential signals of punishment and negative emotionality

If a rat had a lesioned (surgically removed) amygdala and was then placed in the same room with a cat, what would the rat's behavior likely be? The rat would likely

Appear tame, neutral, perhaps even playful

If a student pays very close attention to the learning materials, puts a lot of effort into the learning, and persists in the learning for an extended period of time, she would be rated as scoring high on ___________ engagement

Behaviora

__________ are short-lived subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena that orchestrate how a person reacts to significant life events

Emotions

If a motivation researcher measured chemicals within a person's blood or saliva (e.g., (epinephrine, cortisol), then that researcher would be assessing which aspect of brain and physiological activity as an expression of the person's motivation?

Hormonal activity

The ____ is a small brain structure that comprises less than 1% of the total volume of the brain. Despite its small size, it is a motivational giant associated with motivations such as hunger and thirst

Hypothalamus

To adapt optimally, people need a motivational repertoire that features:

Just as many avoidance-based motives as approach-based motives

_____ is the time interval between the initiation of a response and its cessation.

Persistence

Assessing a person's heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to infer the presence and intensity of a person's motivational state constitutes which type of measure of motivation?

Physiological

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of self-report measures of motivation?

Self-report measures are inherently unreliable

Active coping attempts with environmental stressors, when successful, generate the release of endorphins, which shut down or quieten the brain's:

Septo-Hippocampal circuit

Which of the following statements best defines motivation? Motivation is

a force that energizes and directs behavior

Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "No, I don't want to do this."?

The amygdala

In contrast to other psychological constructs, such as intelligence and personality, the construct of "motivation" has one great advantage, which is that:

The antecedent conditions to motivational states are frequently known

Given the following scenario, what brain structure would be expected to be highly active? The person looks at a menu, trying to decide which item to order. As she considers the options listed in front of her, her awareness of her past experiences with the various items informs her decision to choose option A over option B.

The anterior cingulate cortex

A motivational psychologist would agree with each of the following statements, except:

To adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives.

Which of the following questions is not a key part of understanding motivation study's basic question, "What causes behavior?"

What is the difference between one type of behavior and another?

In general, motivation researchers rely heavily on _____ measures, but only lightly on _____ measures. a. behavioral and physiological; self-report b. behavioral; self-report and physiological c. self-report and behavioral; physiological d. self-report; behavioral and physiological

a

Which of the following statements is most true? a. A motive is an internal process that energizes and directs behavior. b. Cognitions are short-lived physiological-functional-expressive phenomena. c. External motives (incentives) predict behavior better than do internal motives (needs). d. Internal motives (needs) predict behavior better than do external motives (incentives).

a

If a student pays very close attention to the learning materials, puts a lot of effort into the learning, and persists in the learning for an extended period of time, she would be rated as scoring high on ___________ engagement. a. behavioral b. cognitive c. emotional d. social

a. behavioral

Assessing a person's heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to infer the presence and intensity of a person's motivational state constitutes which type of measure of motivation? a. behavioral b. enactive c. ethological d. physiological e. projective

d

For hunger, which of the following best illustrates the brain principle of "Day-to-day events stir biochemical agents into action." a. Addiction (e.g., to cigarettes) leads to craving. b. Food deprivation (dieting) increases ghrelin. c. Increased ghrelin stimulates the hypothalamus. d. Social pressures lead people to want to diet.

b

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of self-report measures of motivation? a. People often give socially desirable, rather than accurate, verbal responses. b. Self-report measures are inherently unreliable. c. Self-report measures do not work well with either infants or animals. d. Self-report measures frequently rely on memory for their accuracy.

b

Which of the following statements best defines motivation? Motivation is: a. an intense desire to succeed. b. a force that energizes and directs behavior. c. a system of rewards and punishments to influence behavior. positive beliefs about oneself, such as high self-esteem

b

_______ engagement expresses the extent to which the person actively monitors how well things are going and uses sophisticated learning and problem-solving strategies. a. Behavioral b. Cognitive c. Emotional d. Social

b

___ is the so-called stress hormone that is typically released from the adrenal gland to prepare the body for a social-evaluative threat, such as public speaking. a. A-peptide b. Cortisol c. K-peptide d. Testosterone

b. Cortisol

If a student asked questions, offered suggestions, and expressed his preferences for how to learn the lesson, he would be rated as scoring high on __________ engagement. a. behavioral b. cognitive c. emotional d. social

b. cognitive

A motivational psychologist would agree with each of the following statements, except: a. Changes in environmental conditions cause changes in motivational states. b. Motivation includes both approach and avoidance tendencies. c. To adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives. d. To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions.

c

For hunger, which of the following best illustrates the brain principle of "Biochemical agents stimulate specific brain structures." a. Addiction (e.g., to cigarettes) leads to craving. b. Food deprivation (dieting) increases ghrelin. c. Increased ghrelin stimulates the hypothalamus. d. Social pressures lead people to want to diet.

c

If researchers were to implant a small electrode in an animal's brain, send a mild electric current though that electrode, and see the animal show behaviors associated with reward and approach, then the electrode likely stimulated which neural pathway? a. acetylcholine b. amygdaloidal c. dopamine d. serotonin

c

Engagement is a multidimensional expression of motivation. Which of the following aspect of engagement is not central to understanding the person's underlying motive status? a. behavioral engagement b. cognitive engagement c. emotional engagement d. social engagement

d

Pairing "science" and "motivation" in the phrase "motivational science" means that answers to motivational questions require: a. that one's personal beliefs about motivation are confirmed by cultural norms. b. opportunities to reflect on one's personal experiences so as to gain personal insights about the nature of motivation. c. data-based, empirical evidence to validate objectively one's claims about how motivation works. d. that one recognizes that most motivational states cannot be studied scientifically.

c

The time a person delays a response following an initial exposure to a stimulus event (e.g., how much time it takes before one starts studying upon entering the library) is called: a. choice. b. effort. c. latency. d. persistence. e. probability of response.

c

Which of the following brain structures is involved in generating pleasure or the subjective experience of reinforcement? a. the amygdala b. the hippocampus c. the medial forebrain bundle d. the reticular formation

c

Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "Yes, I want to do this."? a. the amygdala b. the hippocampus c. the medial forebrain bundle d. the right prefrontal cerebral cortex

c

Active coping attempts with environmental stressors, when successful, generate the release of endorphins, which shut down or quieten the brain's: a. epinephrine-norepinephrine balance. b. hypothalamus. c. reticular formation. d. septo-hippocampal circuit.

d

For hunger, which of the following best illustrates the brain principle of "Specific brain structures generate specific motivational states." a. Addiction (e.g., to cigarettes) leads to craving. b. Food deprivation (dieting) increases ghrelin. c. Increased ghrelin stimulates the hypothalamus. d. The hypothalamus generates felt hunger.

d

If a motivation researcher measured chemicals within a person's blood or saliva (e.g., (epinephrine, cortisol), then that researcher would be assessing which aspect of brain and physiological activity as an expression of the person's motivation? a. brain activity b. cardiovascular activity c. electrodermal activity d. hormonal activity

d

The function of the right prefrontal cerebral cortex is to generate: a. approach motivational and emotional tendencies. b. arousal. c. behavioral inhibition during unexpected, surprising, or novel events. d. withdrawal of motivational and emotional tendencies.

d

Which of the following brain structures is involved in generating and monitoring arousal? a. the amygdala b. the hippocampus c. the medial forebrain bundle d. the reticular formation

d

_________ are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being. a. Cognitions b. Emotions c. Motives d. Needs e. Presses

d. Needs

Pairing "science" and "motivation" in the phrase "motivational science" means that answers to motivational questions require:

data-based, empirical evidence to validate objectively one's claims about how motivation works

According to the textbook, the current gold standard for looking deeply inside the brain to monitor its activity during a motivational or emotional state is the

fMRI, functional Magnetic resonance imaging

People often say that the best way to motivate others is to increase their self-esteem, as in "Find a way to make people feel good about themselves, and then all sorts of good things start to happen." In response to this approach to motivation, the textbook concluded that:

practically no evidence supports this approach to motivation