Psyc211_Ch14

cerebrovascular accident

A "stroke"; brain damage caused by occlusion or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. Most common type is blood flow deprivation → causing cells in region to die.

Arcuate fasciculus

A bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; dmage cuases conduction aphasia.

brocas aphasia

A form of aphasia characterized by agrammatism, anomia, and extreme difficulty in speech articulation.

Wernicke's aphasia

A form of aphasia characterized by poor speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech. Very severe Wernicke's aphasiacs suffer from poor comprehension. - Damage to superior temporal gyrus

Direct dyslexia

A language disorder caused by brain damage in which the person can read words aloud without understanding them. - Identical to TSA but just for reading. - Damage to left frontal and temporal lobes.

Content words

A noun, verb, adjective, or adverb that conveys meaning. (i.e., cookies, candy, down). - Broca's aphasiacs can manage to say these.

Function words

A preposition, article, or other word that conveys little of the meaning of a sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure. - Broca's aphasiacs have trouble with these.

Developmental dyslexia

A reading difficulty in a person of normal intelligence of perceptual ability; of genetic origin or caused by prenatal or perinatal factors. - Concordance rate of monozygotic twins is 84% to 100% - Dizigotic is 20% to 35%

Phonological dyslexia

A reading disorder in which a person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable nonwords.

Surface dyslexia

A reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but has difficulty reading irregularly spelled worlds by the whole-word method. - Surface meaning, errors in relating words to visual appearance of words and to pronunciation words, not meaning of words, which is metaphorically "deeper" than the appearance. - pear, pair, pare mean nothing unless context is given.

Wernicke's area

A region of auditory association cortex on the left temporal lobe of humans, which is important in the comprehension of words and the production of meaningful speech.

Broca's area

A region of frontal cortex, located just rostral to the base of the left primary motor cortex, that is necessary for normal speech production.

Transcortical sensory aphasia

A speech disorder in which a person has difficulty comprehending speech and producing meaningful spontaneous speech but can repeat speech; caused by damage to the region of the brain posterior to Wernicke's area. - posterior language area

circumlocution

A strategy by which people with anomia find alternative ways to say something when they are unable to think of the most appropriate word.

Orthographic dysgraphia

A writing disorder in which the person can spell regularly spelled words but not irregularly spelled ones.

Phonological dysgraphia

A writing disorder in which the person cannot sound out words and write them phonetically.

aphasia

Difficulty in producing or comprehending speech not produced by deafness or a simple motor deficit; caused by a brain damage. They appear to be very isolated, that is patients must appear to be aware of what is happening in their environment still.

Phonetic reading

Reading by decoding the phonetic significance of letter strings; "sound reading". - Uses temporaparietal cortex and inferior temporal cortex (including BA)

Whole-word reading

Reading by recognizing a word as a whole, "sight reading". - Uses VWFA

What are the abilities that are disrupted in Wernicke's aphasia?

Recognition of spoken words, comprehension of the meaning of words, and the ability to convert thoughts into words.

Agrammatism

Refers to a patient's difficulty in using grammatical constructions.

WA = ____ + _____

TSD (Transcortical sensory aphasia; difficulty comprehending) + PWD (Pure word deafness; difficulty to hear, speak,

what is the difference between transcortical sensory aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia?

TSD can still repeat what they hear. Wernicke's aphasia cannot comprehending meaning of what they hear or repeat; nor can they produce meaningful speech of their own.

Pure word deafness

The ability to hear, to speak, and (usually) to read and write without being able to comprehend the meaning of speech; caused by damage to Wernicke's area or disruption of auditory input to this region.

Direct dyslexia : reading :: TSA :

Writing.

superior temporal gyrus

area that recognizing words.

what visual field/visual cortex is damaged for pure alexia?

right visual field; left primary visual cortex.

What are causes of pure word deafness?

- Disruption of auditory input to the superior temporal cortex - Damage to superior temporal cortex itself.

Anomia

("without name") Difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to describe an objection, action, or attribute; one of the symptoms of aphasia.

What do neural circuits in and around Broca's area do?

- Because brocas area is directly connected to part of the primary motor cortex that controls muscles, it has been suggested that broca's area controls motor memories especially memories of sequences of muscular movements that are needed to articulate words. (i.e., articulation)

What suggests that the frontal lobe is necessary for ability to make speech?

- Broca's aphasia—damage to inferior left frontal lobe

What actions are necessary to produce meaningful speech and what parts of the brain make those mechanisms?

- Having a subject matter to talk about (posterior part of cerebral hemisphere—occipital, temporal, parietal lobe) - Physical ability to make speech (frontal lobe)

What is the hierarchy of deficits involved in broca's aphasia? (worst to least severe)

- agrammatism - anomia - control of muscles

What other areas or genetics can cause broca's aphasia other than brocas area?

- head of caudate nucleus of the BG - Chromosome 7 has caused deficits in ability to produce speech, repeat sounds, forming past tense verbs.

Where is location of apraxia of speech/articulation? What is some evidence of this?

- left precentral gyrus of the insula. - People who didn't have damage to this area did not show apraxia of speech. - TOT: tip of the tongue phenomenon

pure alexia

Loss of ability to read without loss of ability to write; produced by brain damage. Requires damage to 1) visual word-form area (VWFA in left primary visual cortex) 2) corpus callosum for pure alexia.

Conduction aphasia

An aphasia characterized by inability to repeat words that are heard but the ability to speak normally and comprehend the speech of others. It is encoding meaning of words not the repetition of words. - Exact words are lost, but meaning is not (it is stored in posterior language area) - Caused by damage of arcuate fasciculus

Apraxia of speech

Impairment in the ability to program movements of the tongue, lips, and throat required to produce the proper sequence of speech sounds. - left-precentral gyrus of the insula.

dysgraphia

Inability to write.