PSYCH 101 exam 6
What is the following is an example of a compulsion?
Alex has to wash his hands many times a day because he fears germs
Which of the following statements describes the false consensus effect?
An overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do
Which of the following exemplifies obsession?
Anne has intrusive thoughts that something bad might happen to her family if she doesn't go up the stairs the right way
_______ nervosa is to starvation, whereas, bulimia nervosa is to purging
Anorexia
Which psychologist carried out the classic experiment on conformity?
Asch
In the field of social psychology, the term _______ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept
Attitude
Behavior influences ______, which are evaluations of a person
Attitudes
_____ disorders are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's personality that are normally integrated
Dissociative
One of the most famous cases of _______ ________ disorder was "the three faces of eve"
Dissociative identity
Which of the following are depressive disorders?
Dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder
The ______ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive
Elaboration
_______ is the term used to describe a situation where a person favors their own ethnic group over other groups. This does not simply mean taking pride in one's ethnic group, it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups
Ethnocentrism
People with _____ anxiety disorder worry about work, health and relationships, but also about little things such as whether their clothes fit just right
Generalized
What disorder is characterized by long-term persistent anxiety and uncontrollable worry?
Generalized anxiety disorder
As _____ similarity to a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia increases, so does the person's risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Genetic
People with schizophrenia may have _____, the experience of perceiving things that do not actually exist
Hallucinations
Madeleine has decided to seek therapeutic services from someone who describes himself as having a sociocultural perspective. This means that:
He may be interested in Madeleine's family, he may say that environmental experiences play a role in the creation of psychological disorders
Which of the following are biological explanations of mood disorders?
Hormonal factors, heredity, neurophysiological abnormality, neurotransmitter deregulation
Ruth suffers from panic disorder with agoraphobia. This would be coded on Axis ____ of the DSM-IV-TR
I
Which of the following is accurate in regard to anxiety?
It is disproportionate to the actual danger a person might be in, it is a diffuse feeling of dread
Which statement best describes the DSM-5?
It's used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment
In the most severe form of _______ amnesia, individuals cannot even recall their names
Dissociative
What disorder is marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity?
ADHD
According to self-perception theory, individuals often make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own:
Behavior
Abnormal behavior can be defined in many ways, some of which are:
Behavior that is maladaptive, behavior that is distressful, behavior that is deviant
In an effort to maximize our sense of self-esteem, we may come to think that our own group is ______ than groups to which we don't belong
Better
During the entire week Zack eats healthy and watches his caloric intake. On the weekends Zack eats large amounts of food while saying "I love food" and feels out of control. Zack is exhibiting ____ eating disorder
Binge
A model that is sometimes referred to as an interactionist perspective, in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all considered is the _____ model
Biopsychosicial
The ______ perspective involves factors such as interactions between other perspectives
Biopsychosocial
People who experience ______ disorder often show a recklessness that produces self-injury-emotionally and sometimes physically
Bipolar
______ Nervosa is to binge-purge, and in some cases the use of laxatives
Bulimia
What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?
Bystander effect
Clinical psychologist Aaron Beck proposed that faulty _______ underlie people's depressed feelings
Cognitions
The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts (referred to as cognitions)
Cognitive dissonance
The strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved
Companionate love
Social ________ is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people
Comparison
A _____ is purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation the participants must engage in
Confederate
Solomon Asch is most associated with a classic study on what social psychological concept?
Conformity
The term social _______ describes an imitative behavior involving the spread of behaviors, emotions, and ideas. For example, this type of imitative behavior can be observed in the copying of unhealthy behaviors among adolescents like drinking and smoking
Contagion
Risky shift occurs when a ______ is riskier when made by a group than by an individual
Decision
Which of the following are characteristic of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
Decision-making problems, memory problems, attentional problems
Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make _____ rapidly
Decisions
Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the _______ accountability for individual effort
Decreased
The term______ is used to describe a process which occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.
Deindividuation
______ are firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality and they commonly occur with schizophrenia
Delusions
What are some examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Delusions, hallucinations
Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
Deny that the 2 cognitions are related to one another, modify one or both cognitions, change the perceived importance of one cognition
According to the NIMH, major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability in the US. What are the main features of this disorder?
Depressed mood and lack of interest, changes in appetite and sleep, loss of energy
A situation in which a person suffers from an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life is a(n) _____ disorder
Depressive
Social ______ occurs when an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others
Facilitation
Social _______ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others
Facilitation
Schizophrenia is caused exclusively by biological factors
False
Which of the following symptoms are typical of PTSD
Feeling numb, problems with memory and concentration, flashbacks
Which of the following is an example of mere exposure?
Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently
The _______ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation
Fundamental
When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?
Fundamental attribution error
In 1954 the US Supreme court ruled that school segregation, in which whites and blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination?
Increasing contact between majority and minority groups
We _____ the positive aspects of our ingroup, and at the same time ____ outgroups
Inflate; devalue
The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _________
Informational social influence
Andrea has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She has a persistent delusion that she is the Virgin Mary. What is the best description for her delusion?
It is a positive symptom
Which of the following are true in regard to schizophrenia?
It is characterized by disordered thought, it is a serious psychological disorder, a common cause of relapse is failure to take medications
According to Seligaman's (1975) research, when a person encounters an aversive stimulus that they are unable to avoid, they become apathetic, this is called the ______ ______ theory
Learned helplessness
Martin Seligman did research that made him conclude
Learned helplessness results when people are exposed to aversive stimulation over which they have no control. They feel helpless, then hopeless
Which of the following are possible causes of phobic disorders?
Learning theorists interpret phobias as learned fears, there is a biological component
The bystander effect makes it _______ likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around
Less
When several students are assigned a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social _______
Loafing
Critics complain that the DSM-5 relies too much on the ________ perspective and it treats psychological disorders as if they are such illnesses
Medical
The perspective or model that suggests when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination, which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injury
Medical model or perspective
______ are more aggressive than women in most cultures
Men
Dissociation is thought to be a person's way of dealing with extreme stress by:
Mentally protecting the conscious self from the traumatic event
Which of the following examples demonstrate hallucinations?
Morgan sees her dead grandmother in her bedroom at night, Rachel continuously detects the smell of burning rubber but no one else can smell it
What was dissociative identity disorder previously known as
Multiple personality disorder
A biochemical explanation of the cause of mood disorders generally focuses on regulation problems in _______________
Neurotransmitters
_________ social influence is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us
Normative
What is the social psychological term for a change in behavior in response to the commands of others?
Obedience
Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teah individuals to be aggressive
Observational learning
Which of the following are cognitive determinants of aggression?
Observing others engaging in aggression, the presence of a weapon
Which statement best describes Axis V?
Overall level of mental, social, occupational, and leisure functioning
What disorder is characterized by the following symptoms: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and faintness
Panic disorder
A state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another
Passionate (romantic) love
Rick has been distressed over a long period of time, he has had problems coping with life and relating to people. In addition, he is often stared at or made fun of because of his bizarre appearance. Rick meets all the criteria for abnormality:
Personal distress, maladaptive behavior, deviance
A disorder characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society
Personality disorder
Unlike _____, which are stimulated by specific objects or situations, _____ do not have identifiable stimuli
Phobias; panic disorders
Which of the following are the 5 types of anxiety disorders?
Phobic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder
Group ___________ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion
Polarization
Which of the following can be contributing factors to the development of schizophrenia
Problems in neurotransmitters, extreme environmental streesors, a biological predisposition
Evolutionary psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes is to ______
Procreate
What are some examples of negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Reduced goal-directed behavior, lack of emotion
_______ refers to a disorder, or class of disorders, in which severe distortion of reality occurs
Schizophrenia
If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they ay treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. This illustrates _____
Self-fulfilling prophecy
_________ theory explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences bout their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior
Self-perception
The _______ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental condition can teach individuals to be aggressive
Social
_______ exchange theory is the equity in a relationship
Social
Jon got a B on his psychology exam. He isn't sure if this is good, so he asks Kate how well she did. Jon is using ________ to evaluate his performance.
Social comparison
________- is the generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences
Stereotype
Which of the following best describes social exchange theory?
The equity in a relationship
A mood disorder involves cognitive, behavioral, and somatic symptoms, as well as interpersonal difficulties
True
Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings
True
The diagnosis of DID is rare and occurs mostly in ______
Women
The amygdala and the limbic system are the brain structures related to:
aggression