Psych 312 Final Exam

Imagine Dr. Nosy wants to test whether men and women differ in their ratings of fear of dentists. She gives each group a simple scale to rate their fear level. These are the scores for this small sample: Men - Women 6 3 8 2 2 4 4 3 The mean for men is ____ and the mean for women is _____ a. 5, 3 b. 3, 5 c. 12, 20 d. 4, 4 In the numerator for the t-test, we would subtract _______ from _______. a. The mean for men, the mean for women b. The standard deviation for men, the standard deviation for women c. The variance for men, the variance for women d. The pooled standard deviation, the mean from men If the df (degrees of freedom) for this test are n1 + n2 -2, then df = a. 8 b. 10 c. 6 d 14 Pretend we calculate our obtained t value from this data to be 1.48. We look up the critical t value in a table and see that for our degrees of freedom and alpha level (.05 for a two-tailed test), the critical value of t is 2.447. Can we conclude that men and women differ in their ratings of fear of dentists? a. yes, because 2.447 is larger than 1.48 b. no, because 1.48 is less than 2.447 c. yes, because 1.48 is larger than .05 d. no, because 2.447 is larger than .05

1. a. 5, 3 2. a. The mean for men, the mean for women 3. c. 6 4. b. no, because 1.48 is less than 2.447

The following questions all refer to this study: Dr. Cruella DeVille hypothesizes that people will do worse on a juggling task when people throw spitwads at them. To test this hypothesis, she throws spitwads at one group of participants while they're juggling and doesn't throw spitwads at another group of participants while they're juggling. Spitwad-Presence is a _____; while juggling is a ____. a. Between-subject nominal variable; Interval variable b. Within-subject nominal variable; Interval variable c. Interval variable; Between-subject nominal variable d. Interval variable; Interval variable To analyze the results of her study, she should use... a. An independent samples t-test b. A paired samples t-test c. A correlational analysis d. A regression analysis She finds that participants in the spitwad condition drop more balls during the juggling task (M = 23; SD = 2) than participants in the no-spitwad condition (M = 5; SD = 2), t (2486) = 7.00, p < .001. These results indicate that... a. Her hypothesis was supported b. Her hypothesis was NOT supported because the condition means were not in the hypothesized direction c. Her hypothesis was NOT supported because the results are non-significant d. Her hypothesis was NOT supported because the correlation is not in the hypothesized direction.

1. a. Between-subject nominal variable; Interval variable 2. a. An independent samples t-test 3. a. Her hypothesis was supported

The following question are all related to this study: Dr. Puterschmidt is interested in whether happy moods make people more optimistic, whether sad moods make people less optimistic, or both. She designs a study in which participants' mood is first manipulated. Participants are randomly assigned to one of three groups. These groups listen to music which places them in a happy, neutral, or sad mood state. Optimism is then measured. All participants complete a questionnaire that asks how likely it is that a number of positive life events will happen to them (e.g., fall in love, find a good job...). Dr. Puterschmidt's study is an example of a _____ design because _____. a. One-way design with multiple conditions; Only one independent variable is manipulated b. One-way design with multiple conditions; More than one independent variable is manipulated c. Factorial design; Only one independent variable is manipulated d. Factorial design; More than one independent variable is manipulated Dr. Puterschmidt runs an ANOVA on her results and finds a significant main effect of mood condition on optimism judgments. Based on this result alone, she can conclude that... a. Happy moods increase optimism, but sad moods do not decrease optimism b. Mood has some effect on optimism, but she can't yet say what the nature of that effect is c. Sad moods decrease optimism, but happy moods do not increase optimism d. Happy moods increase optimism, and sad moods decrease optimism Dr. Puterschmidt next runs a Tukey's HSD post-hoc test, and finds that the sad mood condition shows significantly lower optimism judgments than the neutral and happy mood conditions, but the neutral and happy mood conditions are not significantly different from each other. Based on these results, what can she conclude? a. Happy moods increase optimism, but sad moods do not decrease optimism b. Happy moods increase optimism, and sad moods decrease optimism c. Sad moods decrease optimism, but happy moods do not increase optimism d. Mood has some effect on optimism, but we can't yet say what the nature of that effect is

1. a. One-way design with multiple conditions; Only one independent variable is manipulated 2. b. Mood has some effect on optimism, but she can't yet say what the nature of that effect is 3. c. Sad moods decrease optimism, but happy moods do not increase optimism

Dr. Gregor is interested in studying the influence of people's mood on optimism. He is contemplating the following 2 designs: Design # 1: The first 30 participants in the study are placed in a happy mood state and the last 30 participants are placed in a sad mood state. At the end of the study, all participants are then interviewed about the likelihood of good things happening to them. Design #2: All participants are first placed in a sad mood state. They are next interviewed about the likelihood of good things happening to them. After that, all participants are placed in a happy mood state. Finally, they are interviewed about the likelihood of good things happening to them once again. Design #1 is a ___ while Design #2 is a ____. a. Within-subject design; Between-subjects design b. Between-subjects design; Within-subject design c. Factorial design; One-way design with multiple conditions d. One-way design with multiple conditions; Factorial design The major advantage of Design #1 is _____ while the major advantage of Design #2 is _____. a. Eliminating pre-existing differences; Avoiding order effects b. Generalizability; Controls for confounds c. Controls for confounds; Generalizability d. Avoiding order effects; Eliminating pre-existing differences Which of the following is a major concern for how Design #1 is currently set up? a. Practice effects b. Carry-over effects c. Pre-existing differences between conditions d. Sensitization effects Which of the following procedures would reduce this problem in Design #1? a. Random assignment b. Counter-balancing c. Double-blind procedure d. Placebo control condition Which of the following is a major concern for how Design #2 is currently set up? a. Practice effects b. Carry-over effects c. Pre-existing differences between conditions d. Sensitization effects Which of the following methodological procedures would reduce the problem in Design #2? a. Double-blind procedure b. Placebo control condition c. Manipulation check d. Counter-balancing

1. b. Between-subjects design; Within-subject design 2. d. Avoiding order effects; Eliminating pre-existing differences 3. c. Pre-existing differences between conditions 4. a. Random assignment 5. b. Carry-over effects 6. d. Counter-balancing

The following questions refer to this study: Dr. Doctor is interested in whether psychological stress causes people to sleep more or sleep less. She administers a questionnaire to 120 participants which asks them to report whether they have experienced a number of psychologically stressful events in the last week. She then asks them to report on their sleep in the last week. She finds that the more stressful experiences they have experienced, the less they sleep. In this study, psychological stress was _____________ and sleep was _________________. a. Manipulated/manipulated b. Measured/measured c. Manipulated/measured d. Measured/manipulated Based on your answers to the above question, you can conclude this was a(n).... a. True experiment b. Descriptive study c. Participant observer study d. Correlational The results indicate a _____ correlation between stress and sleep. a. Positive b. Negative c. Null d. Curvilinear Based on this study, we can make which of the following causal conclusions? a. Psychological stress causes people to sleep less b. Sleeping less causes psychological stress c. Some unmeasured third variable causes people to become psychologically stressed and to sleep less d. *We cannot make any causal conclusion on the basis of this study

1. b. Measured/measured 2. d. Correlational 3. b. Negative 4. d. We cannot make any causal conclusion on the basis of this study

The following questions refer to this study: Dr. Doctor is interested in whether psychological stress causes people to sleep more or sleep less. She administers a questionnaire to 120 participants which asks them to report whether they have experienced a number of psychologically stressful events in the last week. She then asks them to report on their sleep in the last week. She finds that the more stressful experiences they have experienced, the less they sleep. In this study, psychological stress was _____________ and sleep was _________________. a. Manipulated/manipulated b. Measured/measured c. Manipulated/measured d. Measured/manipulated Based on your answers to the above question, you can conclude this was a(n).... a. True experiment b. Descriptive study c. Participant observer study d. Correlational study The results indicate a _____ correlation between stress and sleep. a. Positive b. negative c. Null d. Curvilinear Based on this study, we can make which of the following causal conclusions? a. Psychological stress causes people to sleep less b. Sleeping less causes psychological stress c. Some unmeasured third variable causes people to become psychologically stressed and to sleep less d. We cannot make any causal conclusion on the basis of this study

1. b. Measured/measured 2. d. Correlational study 3. b. negative 4. d. We cannot make any causal conclusion on the basis of this study

Dr. Doctor believes that people will be better at catching a ball with their feet if they receive encouragement. In his study, all participants first try to catch a ball with their feet without any encouragement, and then they all try to do this again with encouragement. This study has which of the following problems? a. Fatigue effect b. Practice effect c. Biased assignment d. Sensitization effect Which of the following procedures would solve the problem in Dr. Doctor's study? a. Using a within-subject design instead b. A double-blind procedure c. Using a between-subject design instead d. Placebo control condition Dr. Doctor is concerned that the encouragement his experimenter is giving participants isn't actually all that encouraging. Which of the following procedures would help him test whether it is or not? a. Using a within-subject design instead b. A double-blind procedure c. Using a between-subject design instead d. Manipulation check

1. b. Practice effect 2. c. Using a between-subject design instead 3. d. Manipulation check

The following questions all pertain to this study: Dr. Guierrez believes that mood will only influence people's optimism when the question is quite ambiguous—specifically, a happy mood will cause greater optimism than a sad mood then. When the answer to a question is rather clear-cut (e.g., Will you become the richest person in the world?), she thinks mood will have no effect on optimism. In her study, some participants are placed in a happy mood state and others are placed in sad mood state. All participants are then asked about the likelihood of various positive events happening to them. All participants are asked 10 questions where the answer is rather ambiguous and 10 questions where the answer is rather clear-cut. Dr. Guierrez's study is an example of a _____ design because _____. a. Factorial design; Only one independent variable is manipulated b. One-way design with multiple conditions; Only one independent variable is manipulated c. Factorial design; More than one independent variable is manipulated d. One-way design with multiple conditions; More than one independent variable is manipulated In factorial nomenclature, Dr. Guierrez's study has a _____ design. a. 4 x 1 b. 2 x 2 c. 2 x 3 d. 2 x 2 x 2 The design for Dr. Guierrez's experiment is a_______________________ . a. complete within-subject design b. complete between-subject design c. mixed design d. none of the above Dr. Guierrez conducts an ANOVA to analyze her results and finds a significant main effect of Mood conditions. Based on this result alone, she can make which of the following conclusions? a. Mood influenced people's optimism judgments b. Ambiguity influenced people's optimism judgments c. The effect of mood depends upon question ambiguity, but she does not yet know whether her hypothesis is fully supported or not. d. Her hypothesis is fully supported Dr. Guierrez also finds a significant Mood x Ambiguity interaction after running her ANOVA. Based on this result alone, she can make which of the following conclusions? a. Mood influenced people's optimism judgments b. The effect of mood depends upon question ambiguity, but she does not yet know whether her hypothesis is fully supported or not. c. Ambiguity influenced people's optimism judgments d. Her hypothesis is fully supported Dr. Guierrez next runs post-hoc analyses. In them, she finds that the happy mood condition led to significantly higher optimism judgments than the sad mood condition for the ambiguous questions. However, the mood induction had no effect on people's responses to clear-cut questions. Based on these results, which of the following conclusions can she make? a. Mood influenced people's optimism judgments b. Ambiguity influenced people's optimism judgments c. The extent to which mood influenced people's optimism judgments depends on question ambiguity, but she does not yet know whether her hypothesis is fully supported or not. d. Her hypothesis is fully supported

1. c. Factorial design; More than one independent variable is manipulated 2. b. 2 x 2 3. c. mixed design 4. a. Mood influenced people's optimism judgments 5. b. The effect of mood depends upon question ambiguity, but she does not yet know whether her hypothesis is fully supported or not. 6. d. Her hypothesis is fully supported

The following questions refer to this study: A grad student (Mimi) has one group of (randomly assigned) participants give an impromptu speech in front of a large audience to make them feel stressed. Another group listens to relaxing ocean sounds to make them feel relaxed. She then allows all participants to eat as much as they want. She finds that participants who had just given a speech eat less. This was a(n).... a. Correlational study b. Descriptive study c. Pseudo-experiment d. Experimental study (true experiment) What is the independent variable in this study? a. Psychological stress b. Eating c. The group who gave a speech d. The group who listened to ocean sounds What is the dependent variable in this study? a. Psychological stress b. Eating c. The group who gave a speech d. The group who listened to ocean sounds What is the experimental condition in this study? a. The group who gave a speech b. Psychological stress c. Eating d. The group who listened to ocean sounds What is the control condition in this study? a. Psychological stress b. The group who listened to ocean sounds c. Eating d. The group who gave a speech Based on this study, we can make which of the following causal conclusions? a. Eating less causes psychological stress b. Some unmeasured third variable causes people to become psychologically stressed and to eat less c. Psychological stress causes people to eat less d. We cannot make any causal conclusion on the basis of this study

1. d. Experimental study (true experiment) 2. a. Psychological stress 3. b. Eating 4. a. The group who gave a speech 5. b. The group who listened to ocean sounds 6. c. Psychological stress causes people to eat less

Which of the following is NOT a source of error variance? A. Pre-existing differences between people B. Participants' transient states C. Strength of the experimental treatment D. Measurement error

C. Strength of the experimental treatment

Dr. Bem finds that there is a positive correlation between sensation-seeking and the ability to predict the future. In reality, there is no such correlation. This is... a. A Type 1 error b. A Type 2 error c. The result of low statistical power d. Not an error at all

a. A Type 1 error

Self-Report questions should... a. Ask only one specific question at a time, in language participants can understand b. Make use of technical scientific terms in order to be as precise as possible c. Avoid being overly-specific d. Ask about several different aspects of a person's behavior at the same time, in order to save participant's time

a. Ask only one specific question at a time, in language participants can understand

In SPSS, the "crosstabs" command is used as a first step before you can run the command for the inferential statistic ______ (Hint: this was covered in the assigned posted reading (from ch. 5 in Data Analysis with SPSS:...)). a. Chi-square b. Between groups t-test c. Within groups t-test d. Pearson r

a. Chi-square

____________________________________ statistics are numbers that summarize and describe the behavior of participants in a study; the mean and SD are examples. __________________________________ statistics are mathematical analyses that allow researchers to draw conclusions regarding the reliability and generalizability of their data, and examples include t-tests and F-tests. a. Descriptive/Inferential b. Descriptive/Sample c. Inferential/Descriptive d. Inferential/Sample

a. Descriptive/Inferential

In the Discussion section of an APA style manuscript, one should... a. *Discuss the implications the study has for the theory being tested b. Discuss what exactly happened in the study in a step-by-step manner c. Discuss the statistical analysis used to analyze the results d. All of the above

a. Discuss the implications the study has for the theory being tested

In the Discussion section of an APA style manuscript, one should... a. Discuss the implications the study has for the theory being tested b. Discuss what exactly happened in the study in a step-by-step manner c. Discuss the statistical analysis used to analyze the results d. All of the above

a. Discuss the implications the study has for the theory being tested

A one-tailed test ______ specify the direction an effect will occur in. A two-tailed test ______ specify the direction an effect will occur in. a. *Does; Does not b. Does not; Does c. Does; Does d. Does not; Does not

a. Does; Does not

A type 1 error is defined as _______; while a type 2 error is defined as _______. a. Effects of random chance are accepted as real; Real effects are dismissed as chance finding b. Real effects are dismissed as chance finding; Effects of random chance are accepted as real c. Effects of random chance are dismissed as fake; Real effects are accepted as scientifically valid d. Real effects are accepted as scientifically valid; Effects of random chance or dismissed as fake

a. Effects of random chance are accepted as real; Real effects are dismissed as chance finding

A t-test is used when a researcher is _____; while a correlational analysis is used when a research is ______. a. Examining differences between 2 groups; Examining the relationship between 2 variables b. Examining the relationship between 2 variables; Examining differences between 2 groups c. Examining differences between 2 groups; Examining differences between 3 or more groups d. Examining the relationship between 2 variables; Examining the relationship between 3 or more variables

a. Examining differences between 2 groups; Examining the relationship between 2 variables

Which is true about writing up your research? a. HARKing is a kind of "post hoc theorizing" and it should be avoided when writing research reports. b. HARKing is a kind of "post hoc theorizing" and it should be done when writing research reports. c. HARKing is a kind of selective reporting of results or "cherry-picking" and it should be avoided when writing research reports. d. HARKing is a kind of selective reporting of results or "cherry-picking" and it should be done when writing research reports.

a. HARKing is a kind of "post hoc theorizing" and it should be avoided when writing research reports.

The main point of the Introduction section is to... a. Indicate what the hypothesis of the study was and why b. Communicate the design of the study, such as what variables were measured and manipulated c. Report the statistical analyses conducted on the data d. Summarize the researchers' conclusions

a. Indicate what the hypothesis of the study was and why

Observational research asks... a. Participants to answer questions about how they generally behave b. Neutral observers to answer questions about how a person behaves in one specific situation c. Informants (e.g., parents, friends, teachers) to answer questions about how the participant generally behaves d. Neutral observers to answer questions about how a person generally behaves

a. Neutral observers to answer questions about how a person behaves in one specific situation

According to the characteristics of good hypotheses covered in class and in your textbook, complicated hypotheses are... a. Only preferred over simpler hypotheses if they do more explanatory work b. Never preferred over simpler hypotheses c. Always preferred over simpler hypotheses d. Only preferred over simpler hypotheses if they do less explanatory work

a. Only preferred over simpler hypotheses if they do more explanatory work

In SPSS, after you run a statistical analysis, the results automatically appear in the _________ window. a. Output b. Syntax c. Data view d. "How much is that doggie in the..." (this is not the correct answer)

a. Output

Which of the following is true about effect sizes? a. Pearson's r is an effect size, in addition to being an inferential statistic b. The proper place to report effect size is in the method section of an empirical report c. Cohen's d is a commonly reported effect size measure for the chi-square statistic. d. All the above are true.

a. Pearson's r is an effect size, in addition to being an inferential statistic

Dr. Jane Smith (a Caucasian female) wondered whether the sex of an experimenter influenced male participants' responses to the Attitude Toward Women scale. She administered half of the questionnaires, and she asked Dr. Tatsuhiko Toyota (an Asian male) to administer the other half. Dr. Smith found that her respondents had much more liberal attitudes toward women than Dr. Toyota's. She concluded that men "act more liberal to gain approval from women; whereas, they reveal their true 'macho' selves to other men." In this experiment, ____ is a potential confound a. Race b. Gender c. Attitudes toward women d. None of the above

a. Race

Which of the following is true of APA style empirical reports? a. Researchers should repeat important but not unimportant information b. Researchers should never repeat any information whatsoever so as to keep it concise c. Repetition is always useful for making sure the reader understands the point d. Research should repeat unimportant but not important information

a. Researchers should repeat important but not unimportant information

If you are trying to evaluate whether the results of a study will generalize from the sample studied to a larger sample, what part of an APA style report would you look at? a. The Participants sub-section in the Method section b. The Measures sub-section in the Method section c. The Results section d. The Introduction

a. The Participants sub-section in the Method section

Measurement reliability is defined as _____; while measurement validity is defined as _____. a. The consistency or dependability of a measure; Whether the instrument measured the intended construct b. Whether the instrument measured the intended construct; The consistency or dependability of a measure c. The consistency of a measure; The dependability of a measure d. Whether the instrument looks like it measures the intended construct; Whether the instrument correlates highly with other measures of the same construct

a. The consistency or dependability of a measure; Whether the instrument measured the intended construct

Which of the following sentences is not grammatically correct? a. The data was analyzed with a t-test. b. Since the earliest days of psychology, many researchers have discussed the nature of the self. c. When a student is not prepared for a test, he or she is likely to feel anxious. d. As participants entered the lab, they received a packet of questionnaires.

a. The data was analyzed with a t-test.

Which of the following is the "signal" used to calculate the t value in a t-test (as opposed to the "noise")? a. The difference between the two conditions on the dependent measure b. The degree to which two interval variables are correlated with one another c. The overall variation between three or more conditions on the dependent measure d. Random variation in the dependent measure within each condition

a. The difference between the two conditions on the dependent measure

A researcher is interested in the average extraversion level of librarians. In reality, the sample consists of 50 introverts who score extremely low on the extraversion scale and one extremely extraverted actor (who is researching how to play a librarian for an upcoming film). Which of the following measures of central tendency will be problematic in this context? Why? a. The mean; It is distorted by the presence of outliers b. The median; It is distorted by the presence of outliers c. The mean; This sample has a restricted range d. The median; This sample has a restricted range

a. The mean; It is distorted by the presence of outliers

What does the p value represent? a. The probability of the observed results being obtained by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is true. b. The probability of the observed results being obtained by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is false. c. The correlation between the independent and dependent variable d. The correlation between the independent variable and the confound

a. The probability of the observed results being obtained by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

What is the definition of a Type I error in research? a. The researcher rejected the null hypothesis when in reality it was true. b. The researcher rejected the null hypothesis when in reality it was false. c. The researcher retained the null hypothesis when in reality it was true. d.The researcher retained the null hypothesis when in reality it was false

a. The researcher rejected the null hypothesis when in reality it was true.

In any study, the Null Hypothesis is that _____; and the Alternative Hypothesis is that ____. a. The results occurred by chance alone; The results reflect a "real" relationship b. The results reflect a "real" relationship ; The results occurred by chance alone c. A type 1 error occurred; A type 2 error occurred d. A type 2 error occurred; A type 1 error occurred

a. The results occurred by chance alone; The results reflect a "real" relationship

The mean is defined as ____. The median is defined as ___, and the mode is defined as ____. a. The sum of all scores divided by the number of scores; The score in the middle of the rank-ordered distribution; The most frequently-occurring score b. The sum of all scores divided by the number of scores; The most frequently-occurring score; The score in the middle of the rank-ordered distribution; c. The score in the middle of the rank-ordered distribution; The sum of all scores divided by the number of scores; The most frequently-occurring score d. The most frequently-occurring score; The score in the middle of the rank-ordered distribution; The sum of all scores divided by the number of scores

a. The sum of all scores divided by the number of scores; The score in the middle of the rank-ordered distribution; The most frequently-occurring score

Why do researchers have to ensure participants that their data will be kept either anonymous or confidential? a. To ensure that sensitive information will not become public b. To protect against coercion c. To make sure participants are never lied to as part of a psychological study d. To make sure participants are fully educated as to the study's hypothesis and all aspects of why it is being conducted

a. To ensure that sensitive information will not become public

The direction of a correlation is indicated by _____, and the strength of a correlation is indicated by _____. a. Whether r is positive or negative; How far r is from zero b. How far r is from zero; Whether r is positive or negative c. Whether r is positive; Whether r is negative d. How far r is from 1; How far r is from -1

a. Whether r is positive or negative; How far r is from zero

Which of the following is impossible? a. a valid test is unreliable b. a reliable test is valid c. an invalid test is unreliable d. an unreliable test is invalid

a. a valid test is unreliable

Acquiescence is to ________ as nay-saying is to _____________ . a. agreement; disagreement b. participation; nonparticipation c. desirable; undesirable d. observation; self-report

a. agreement; disagreement

An item-total correlation is the correlation between a. an item on a scale and the sum of the other items on that scale b. an item on a scale and the total variance c. scores on a multi-item scale and a set of other scales d. two items from a larger questionnaire

a. an item on a scale and the sum of the other items on that scale

5. An industrial-organizational psychologist who has been hired to study the causes of low morale at a particular manufacturing plant is probably conducting a. applied research b. developmental research c. post hoc research d. basic research

a. applied research

Treatment variance a. can not be distinguished from confound variance b. threatens the internal validity of an experiment c. is the same as secondary variance d. should be eliminated

a. can not be distinguished from confound variance

A measure that correlates with other measures as it should has a. convergent validity b. discriminant validity c. interitem reliability d. concurrent validity

a. convergent validity

Measuring a construct with several different kinds of measures is called a. converging operations b. scaling c. strong inference d. reliability

a. converging operations

As the reliability of a measure decreases, the magnitude of the correlations between that measure and other measures a. decrease b. increase c. remain the same d. approach .00 e. approach. 1.00

a. decrease

A researcher predicts that variable X has a positive relationship with variable Y. This is a a. directional hypothesis b. nondirectional hypothesis c. positive hypothesis d. negative hypothesis e. spurious hypothesis

a. directional hypothesis

When simple random assignment is used a. each participant has an equal probability of being placed in any experimental condition b. participants are assigned to conditions on the basis of their personal characteristics c. the researcher can be certain that the groups do not differ d. the same participant serves in more than one condition of the design

a. each participant has an equal probability of being placed in any experimental condition

We can get ____________________ if we use advanced correlational designs, such as regression, than if we use simple correlations. a. higher internal validity b. lower internal validity c. higher face validity d. lower external validity

a. higher internal validity

According to APA style, page numbers should appear a. in the upper right corner of the page b. at the top center of the page c. in the lower right corner of the page d. at the bottom center of the page

a. in the upper right corner of the page

The degree to which a researcher draws accurate conclusions about the effects of an independent variable refers to a study's a. internal validity b. generalizability c. reliability d. external validity

a. internal validity

When using observational measures, researchers are interested primarily in . a. interrater reliability b. construct validity c. interitem reliability d. content analysis e. response formats

a. interrater reliability

Which of the following is most important to a researcher who conducts a content analysis? a. interrater reliability b. interitem reliability c. content reliability d. test-retest reliability

a. interrater reliability

The relationship between measurement error and reliability is a. inverse b. direct c. small d. curvilinear

a. inverse

(EXTRA CREDIT!). When citing sources in the body of a research report, according to APA style, only include the ___. a. last name of the author(s) and the year of publication. b. first and last names of the authors. c. journal name and year of publication. d. last name of the author(s) and the journal name.

a. last name of the author(s) and the year of publication.

On a scatterplot, a correlation coefficient of +1.00 appears as a a. line that slopes upward to the right b. horizontal line c. random array of points d. line that slopes downward to the right

a. line that slopes upward to the right

On a scatterplot, a correlation coefficient of +1.00 appears as a a. line that slopes upward to the right b. horizontal line c. random array of points d. vertical line e. line that slopes downward to the right

a. line that slopes upward to the right

Independent variable is to subject variable as __________ is to __________. a. manipulated; measured b. varied; held constant c. randomized; controlled d. measured; assigned

a. manipulated; measured

A procedure that is used to analyze and integrate the results across a set of individual studies is called a. meta-analysis b. effect size c. systematic induction d. strength of association e. inferential statistics

a. meta-analysis

Risk that is no greater than that ordinarily encountered in daily life is called _______ risk. a. minimal b. exempted c. nominal d. mundane

a. minimal

When a researcher generalizes results to a population that differs from the one from which the sample was drawn, this is called a. misgeneralization b. nonresponse c. nonprobability sampling d. representative sampling

a. misgeneralization

A full description of everything a participant says and does is called a (an) a. narrative record b. content analysis c. diary d. tally sheet

a. narrative record

A researcher conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of noise on the performance of employees in a manufacturing plant. In this study, the independent variable is a. noise b. work performance c. the employees d. the manufacturing plant

a. noise

Error variance? a. obscures the effects of the variables in which the researcher is primarily interested b. should be maximized c. is always caused by researchers' mistakes d. creates effects that are opposite to those predicted by the researcher e. always leads researchers to draw incorrect conclusions from their data

a. obscures the effects of the variables in which the researcher is primarily interested

A Latin Square design is used to control for a. order effects b. experimenter expectancies c. randomization d. demand characteristics

a. order effects

In the dyadic interaction paradigm, a. participants are videotaped without their knowledge b. the researcher pretends to be another participant c. interactions between participants are observed through a one-way mirror d. participants are tested one-by-one

a. participants are videotaped without their knowledge

The correlation between people's height and weight is a. positive b. negative c. zero d. multiple

a. positive

The correlation between people's height and weight is a. positive b. negative c. zero d. multiple e. perfect

a. positive

Which of the following is a nonprobability sample? a. quota b. simple random c. stratified random d. cluster e. these are all nonprobability samples

a. quota

When researchers want to ensure that a certain kinds of participants in a convenience sample are obtained in particular proportions, they use a. quota sampling b. representative sampling c. probability sampling d. purposive sampling

a. quota sampling

When one's data are on an ordinal scale of measurement, a ________ correlation should be used. a. rank-order b. point biserial c. Pearson ordinal d. phi

a. rank-order

When one's data are on an ordinal scale of measurement, a ___________________________________ correlation should be used. a. rank-order b. point biserial c. Pearson ordinal d. phi e. partial

a. rank-order

The variance a. reflects the degree to which participants' scores differ from the mean of the scores b. is a measure of skewness c. is inferior to the range as a measure of variability d. is the sum of participants' scores divided by the number of scores e. all of the above

a. reflects the degree to which participants' scores differ from the mean of the scores

The proportion of total variance that is true score variance reflects a measure's a. reliability b. measurement error c. validity d. variability

a. reliability

In SPSS (in the "data view" window), for an independent groups design, each participant is represented as a __________ of data and each variable is represented as a ____________ of data. a. row/column b. column/row c. row/row d. column/column

a. row/column

In statistical notation, n is the symbol for the a. sample size b. mean c. variance d. range e. effect size

a. sample size

Which of the following is not a hypothetical construct? a. smiling b. personality c. fear d. intelligence

a. smiling

Researchers should guard against ____ desirability bias in responses, for example by ensuring anonymity in responses. a. social b. acquiescent c. empirical d. reflective

a. social

The standard deviation for a group is equivalent to the a. square root of the variance for that group b. squared variance for that group c. mean for that group d. range of scores for that group

a. square root of the variance for that group

To ensure that she obtained a sufficiently large number of minority respondents in a study of racial attitudes, a researcher divided the people in her population into four racial groups. She then drew a random sample from each of these groups. What kind of sample is this? a. stratified random sample b. simple random sample c. quota sample d. convenience sample

a. stratified random sample

Variance in a behavior that is related to variables that an investigator is investigating is a. systematic variance b. standard variance c. error variance d. total variance e. none of the above

a. systematic variance

The probability that a researcher is willing to make a Type I error is a. the alpha-level b. the calculated value of t c. beta d. the null hypothesis e. error variance

a. the alpha-level

The numerator of the t-test contains a. the condition means b. the alpha-level c. an estimate of the error variance d. the sample size e. the pooled standard deviation

a. the condition means

7. Whether a particular area of study is considered scientific depends on a. the methods it uses b. the topics it studies c. the accuracy of its findings d. its use of statistics

a. the methods it uses

A power analysis is often used to determine a. the number of participants needed for a study b. the likelihood of making a Type I error c. the strength of the independent variable d. whether to reject the null hypothesis

a. the number of participants needed for a study

A power analysis is often used to determine a. the number of participants needed for a study b. the likelihood of making a Type I error c. the strength of the independent variable d. whether to reject the null hypothesis e. the alpha-level

a. the number of participants needed for a study

Behavioral research should be designed so that a. the researcher can identify factors that are related to behavioral variability b. behavioral variability is eliminated c. variability among participants is maximized d. behavioral variability is due to only one factor e. participants' behavior does not vary across conditions

a. the researcher can identify factors that are related to behavioral variability

To measure the activity-level of patients confined to wheelchairs, a researcher sticks white tape on the wheels of their wheelchairs, then measures the amount of dirt that accumulates on the tape. This is an example of a (an) measure. a. unobtrusive b. unreliable c. physiological d. nominal e. undisguised

a. unobtrusive

The general purpose of statistics was discussed in the text and in lecture. Statistical analyses are used to describe and account for the observed __________ in behavioral data. a. variability b. spurious correlations c. influence of scientific misconduct d. attrition

a. variability

In statistics, a. "power" is bad and it tends to be higher as sample size increases. b. "power" is good and it tends to be higher as sample size increases. c. "power" is bad and it tends to be lower as sample size increases. d. "power" is good and it tends to be lower as sample size increases.

b. "power" is good and it tends to be higher as sample size increases.

Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest relationship between two variables? a. +.45 b. -.60 c. .00 d. +.55

b. -.60

Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest relationship between two variables? a. +.45 b. -.60 c. .00 d. +.55 e. -.13

b. -.60

What is the range of these scores: 2,4,4,7,6,5,3,5,9,4? a. 10 b. 7 c. 2 d. 49 e. none of the above

b. 7

A theory is... a. A specific prediction that can be tested in a study b. A set of propositions that explain the relationship between multiple variables c. Just a guess about the relationship between variables d. Not testable

b. A set of propositions that explain the relationship between multiple variables

What is the main thing that's wrong with this text from a results section?: As predicted, obsessive thoughts were lower in the group that received CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) (M =8.00; SD = 2.33) compared to the group that received only medication (M = 14.90; SD = 7.05), Χ2 (66) = 3.40, p = .001, d = .64. a. No effect size is reported. b. A t-test should be reported, rather than a Χ2 test. c. A Pearson r value should be reported, rather than a Χ2 test. d. Nothing (there is nothing wrong in this text from a results section).

b. A t-test should be reported, rather than a Χ2 test.

The main point of the Method section of an APA style empirical report is to... a. Indicate what the hypothesis of the study was and why b. Communicate the design of the study, such as what variables were measured and manipulated c. Report the statistical analyses conducted on the data d. Summarize the researchers' conclusions

b. Communicate the design of the study, such as what variables were measured and manipulated

The statistical test that tests if two Pearson r correlation coefficients are significantly different from each other is called the a. Pearson honestly significant difference test. b. Fisher's z test. c. Fisher's t-test. d. Multivariate ANOVA.

b. Fisher's z test.

Which is true about IRBs (Institutional Review Boards) in the U.S.? a. Researchers must only obtain IRB approval for research that uses deception. b. For maximum protection of participants' rights, the IRB members must come from a variety of both scientific and nonscientific disciplines. c. IRB approval is not needed for studies that involve adult human participants. Approval is only required for studies that involve participants from "vulnerable groups" such as children or prisoners. d. All of the above.

b. For maximum protection of participants' rights, the IRB members must come from a variety of both scientific and nonscientific disciplines.

Who developed the t-test? a. Galton b. Gossett (the guy who worked for Guinness and published it as Student's t) c. Pearson d. Fisher e. Guinness

b. Gossett (the guy who worked for Guinness and published it as Student's t)

A researcher uses a sample of undergraduate psychology students. Because this study used a convenience sample, it... a. Is not valid in any way, shape, or form b. May be valid in other fashions, even if it has low external validity c. Shows high external validity and its results can be freely generalized to any human being d. May not be valid in other fashions, even if it has high external validity

b. May be valid in other fashions, even if it has low external validity

34. Which is the correct order for some of the major sections of an APA style research report? a. Introduction, References, Method, Results b. Method, Results, Discussion, References c. Abstract, Introduction, References, Results d. Method, Abstract, Results, Discussion

b. Method, Results, Discussion, References

Which is the correct order for some of the major sections of an APA style research report? a. Introduction, References, Method, Results b. Method, Results, Discussion, References c. Abstract, Introduction, References, Results d. Method, Abstract, Results, Discussion

b. Method, Results, Discussion, References

Which of the following is the "noise" used to calculate the t value in a t-test? a. The degree to which two interval variables are correlated with one another b. Random variation in the dependent measure within each condition c. The overall variation between three or more conditions on the dependent measure d. The difference between the two conditions on the dependent measure

b. Random variation in the dependent measure within each condition

If you are trying to find exactly what happened in the study from beginning to end, what part of an APA style report would you look at? a. The Results section b. The Procedures sub-section in the Method section c. The Introduction d. The Measures sub-section in the Method section

b. The Procedures sub-section in the Method section

What is the major purpose of the informed consent process? a. To alleviate any stress the participants may have felt as part of the study b. To protect against coercion c. To make sure participants are never lied to as part of a psychological study d. To make sure participants are fully educated as to the study's hypothesis and all aspects of why it is being conducted

b. To protect against coercion

When are the results of a t-test significant? a. When the p value > .05 b. When the p value < .05 c. When the t value < 1 d. Then the t value > 1

b. When the p value < .05

Type I is to Type II as a. a null is to experimental b. alpha is to beta c. t is to F d. accept is to reject e. directional is to nondirectional

b. alpha is to beta

Which of the following is not part of the method section of a research article? a. procedure b. analyses c. materials d. participants

b. analyses

A researcher who analyzes data pulled from existing records is probably conducting a. an interview b. archival research c. diary research d. physiological research

b. archival research

A researcher who analyzes data pulled from existing records is probably conducting a. an interview b. archival research c. diary research d. physiological research e. a content analysis

b. archival research

A researcher obtained a correlation of +.45 between Variable A and Variable B. What is the best interpretation of this correlation? a. A and B are unrelated b. as scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase c. scores on A can be perfectly predicted from scores on B d. as scores on A decrease, scores on B tend to increase

b. as scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase

A researcher obtained a correlation of +.45 between Variable A and Variable B. What is the best interpretation of this correlation? a. A and B are unrelated b. as scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase c. scores on A can be perfectly predicted from scores on B d. as scores on A decrease, scores on B tend to increase e. as scores of A increase, scores on B tend to decrease

b. as scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase

(EXTRA CREDIT) An fMRI basically measures ________ in the brain, which correlates with activity. a. the movement of a radioactive tracer b. blood flow c. electrical activity from a single neuron, from a probe inserted d. electrical activity from many neurons, from an electrode on the scalp

b. blood flow

The observation of behavior in settings that are arranged specifically for observing and recording behavior is called __________ observation. a. participant b. contrived c. uncontaminated d. naturalistic

b. contrived

Most correlational research satisfies which of the following criteria for determining causality? a. directionality b. covariation c. determination d. elimination of extraneous variables e. partiality

b. covariation

27. One-tailed is to two-tailed as a. alpha is to beta b. directional is to nondirectional c. randomized is to matched d. posttest only is to pretest-posttest

b. directional is to nondirectional

One-tailed is to two-tailed as a. alpha is to beta b. directional is to nondirectional c. randomized is to matched d. posttest only is to pretest-posttest e. Type II is to Type I

b. directional is to nondirectional

A measure that does not correlate with measures with which it should not be related has a. convergent validity b. discriminant validity c. interitem reliability d. concurrent validity

b. discriminant validity

Which of the following is used to eliminate demand characteristics? a. random assignment b. double-blind procedure c. matching d. counterbalancing

b. double-blind procedure

A researcher who measures how long participants will keep their arms immersed in ice water is using a measure of a. latency b. duration c. reaction time d. interbehavior latency e. acquiescence

b. duration

An index of the strength of the relationship between variables is often called the a. meta-effect b. effect size c. systematic variance d. proportion of yield e. associative index

b. effect size

An index of the strength of the relationship between variables is often called the______ (Hint: an example is Cohen's d). a. meta-effect b. effect size c. systematic variance d. proportion of yield

b. effect size

Why is it possible for condition means to differ at the end of an experiment even if the independent variable had no effect? a. a Type II error has occurred b. error variance c. randomization d. a null finding has been obtained e. power was low

b. error variance

Variance in participants' scores that is not due to the independent variable is either _________ variance or __________ variance. a. treatment; error b. error; confound c. error; primary d. confound; systematic

b. error; confound

Variance in participants' scores that is not due to the independent variable is either _________ variance or __________ variance. a. treatment; error b. error; confound c. error; primary d. confounds; systematic

b. error; confound

A measure that measures what it appears to measure has good _______ validity. a. criterion-related b. face c. interrater d. construct e. convergent

b. face

Which is the least important type of validity? a. criterion-related b. face c. inter-item d. construct

b. face

Some philosophers of science have suggested that the defining characteristic of science is its emphasis on a. statistics b. falsifiability c. deduction d. philosophy

b. falsifiability

A perfectly reliable measure a. has a reliability of .00 b. has no measurement error c. is valid d. has as much true score variance as error variance

b. has no measurement error

A specific proposition that logically follows from a theory is a (an) a. induction b. hypothesis c. empirical generalization d. post hoc explanation

b. hypothesis

Which of the following tactics would not improve the reliability of a measure? a. be sure the questions are written clearly b. increase the error variance c. administer the measure in the same way to all participants d. train observers carefully

b. increase the error variance

Cronbach's alpha coefficient is a common measure used to report _________ a. face validity b. inter-item reliability c. discriminant validity d. construct validity

b. inter-item reliability

Why is the following question not a good one to use in an interview or on a questionnaire: "How close do you feel to your mother and father?" a. conditional information follows the key idea of the question b. it is double-barreled c. the response format is inappropriate d. it is not valid

b. it is double-barreled

Why must error variance be minimized in an experiment? a. it leads to confounding b. it obscures the effects of the independent variable c. it leads to differential attrition d. it increases experimenter expectancy effects

b. it obscures the effects of the independent variable

Which of the following is not an advantage of interviews over questionnaires? a. better for illiterate respondents b. less expensive to administer c. can explore more complex issues d. allow for follow-up questions e. insure that respondents understand the questions

b. less expensive to administer

Religious preference (Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim, etc.) is measured on a (an) ___________ scale. a. ordinal b. nominal c. ratio d. Likert

b. nominal

A(n) _____________________________________ definition defines a concept by specifying precisely how the concept is measured or manipulated in a particular study. a. strategic b. operational c. meta-analytic d. formative

b. operational

Having found that the time children spend watching TV correlates with their weight, a researcher wanted to test the hypothesis that this effect is due to activity level (less active children watched more TV and also were heavier). What could the researcher use to examine this question? a. coefficient of determination b. partial correlation c. linear regression d. a scatterplot e. Pearson correlation

b. partial correlation

The social desirability response bias is a potential problem whenever a. research on human beings is conducted b. participants are concerned about how the researcher perceives them c. observational methods are used d. participants are studied in groups

b. participants are concerned about how the researcher perceives them

In a study of the effects of exercise on cardiovascular fitness, a sport psychologist randomly assigned participants to one of four groups. Participants engaged in aerobic exercise for either 0, 15, 30, or 60 minutes three days a week for three months. Which of the following statements is true about this study? a. there is no control group b. participants in the control group did not exercise c. there are four independent variables d. the dependent variable has four levels

b. participants in the control group did not exercise

Researchers who present their research at professional conferences may do so in either a paper session or a _________ session. a. presentation b. poster c. peer review d. journal

b. poster

If statistical analyses show that the difference between condition means is larger than would be expected on the basis of error variance alone, a researcher will a. accept the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis c. fail to reject the null hypothesis d. reject the experimental hypothesis e. both a and d

b. reject the null hypothesis

If statistical analyses show that the difference between condition means is larger than would be expected on the basis of error variance alone, a researcher will a. accepts the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis c. fails to reject the null hypothesis d. rejects the experimental hypothesis

b. reject the null hypothesis

A Type I error occurs when a researcher a. rejects a null hypothesis that is false b. rejects a null hypothesis that is true c. fails to reject a null hypothesis that is false d. fails to reject a null hypothesis that is true e. accepts a null hypothesis that is true

b. rejects a null hypothesis that is true

A Type I error can only occur when a researcher a. accepts the null hypothesis b. rejects the null hypothesis c. fails to reject the null hypothesis d. rejects the experimental hypothesis e. both a and d

b. rejects the null hypothesis

Which of the following is not good advice for an interviewer? a. appear to be interested in the respondent's answers b. reword questions when necessary to insure that a particular respondent understands them c. conceal your own reactions to the respondent's answers d. ask questions in a logical sequence e. all of these are good advice

b. reword questions when necessary to insure that a particular respondent understands them

A researcher who asks people to answer questions on questionnaires is using a (an) ______ measure. a. observational b. self-report c. ratio d. affective

b. self-report

A researcher who asks people to answer questions on questionnaires is using a (an) _________ measure. a. observational b. self-report c. ratio d. affective

b. self-report

Operational definitions differ from conceptual definitions in that operational definitions are a. more general b. specific to a particular research context c. more similar to dictionary definitions d. not used in scientific research e. more vague

b. specific to a particular research context

What statistic is typically used to test the difference between two means? a. ANOVA b. t-test c. power analysis d. F-test e. regression analysis

b. t-test

If scores on a test are consistent over time, the test has a. interitem reliability b. test-retest reliability c. interrater reliability d. item-total reliability

b. test-retest reliability

Why should a researcher not interpret a correlation that is not statistically significant? a. it is based on too few participants b. the correlation in the population is likely to be zero c. it is not a perfect correlation d. correlation does not imply causality e. the data are likely to contain outliers

b. the correlation in the population is likely to be zero

The calculated value of t is the ratio of a. the error variance to sample size b. the difference between means to error variance c. population variance to sample variance d. degrees of freedom to variance e. alpha to beta

b. the difference between means to error variance

Which of the following would not contribute to error variance in an experiment? a. the personalities of the participants b. the independent variable c. participants' moods d. mistakes in recording the data e. all of the above contribute to error variance

b. the independent variable

The Literary Digest election survey of 1936 led to an incorrect prediction because a. the sample size was too small b. the sample was not representative of U.S. voters c. the error of estimation was too high d. a stratified random sample was used e. the survey questionnaire was not valid

b. the sample was not representative of U.S. voters

Which of the following statements regarding independent variables is true? a. they must be held constant b. they must have two or more levels c. they must be reliably measured d. they must involve qualitative variables

b. they must have two or more levels

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs over between-subjects designs? a. carry-over effects are more likely b. they require fewer participants c. they have less power d. confounding is less likely e. participants are assigned to conditions randomly

b. they require fewer participants

The definition for the ________________ is the total variability in a set of data. It is calculated by subtracting the mean from each score, squaring the differences, and then summing them. a. standard deviation b. total sum of squares c. population mean d. total range

b. total sum of squares

A researcher conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of noise on the performance of employees in a manufacturing plant. In this study, the dependent variable is a. noise b. work performance c. the employees d. the manufacturing plant

b. work performance

If you are doing a t-test in SPSS and Levene's test shows p < .05 but the variances are: 20 for group 1 and 15 for group 2, then ______________ a. you can NOT assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the variances are not equivalent. b. you can assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the variances are equivalent, or close enough. c. you can assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the group means are far enough apart. d. you can NOT assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the group means are too close together.

b. you can assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the variances are equivalent, or close enough.

If we calculate the deviation scores (yi - y) for all of the observations in a set of data and add them, what will the sum be? a. the mean b. zero c. the sum of squares d. 1 e. the variance

b. zero

If the alpha-level is .05, beta is .80, and the calculated value of t is less than the critical value of t, the chance of making a Type I error is _____. a. .00 b. .01 c. .05 d. .75 e. .80

c. .05

According to your book, researchers regard a relationship between two variables as relatively large if the proportion of systematic variance to total variance is at least a. .01 b. .10 c. .15 d. .50 e. .85

c. .15

A researcher has 80 participants for a study that involves four experimental conditions. If she assigns participants to conditions using matched random assignment, how many matched clusters or blocks will she form before assigning participants to conditions? a. 80 b. 20 c. 4 d. 1

c. 4

An effect size of .40 indicates that a. the alpha-level is .60 b. power is low c. 40% of the variability in the dependent variable is due to the independent variable d. beta is .40 e. the chance of making a Type II error is .40

c. 40% of the variability in the dependent variable is due to the independent variable

Typically, behavioral researchers set the alpha-level such that they will make a Type I error _____ percent of the time. a. 0 b. 1 c. 5 d. 50 e. 100

c. 5

Sampling error consists of the difference between the effect found in ____. It is lower when the researcher ___. a. A sample versus the entire population; Studies a more variable population b. One demographic group (e.g., Caucasians) versus another (e.g., African-Americans); Samples a larger percentage of the population c. A sample versus the entire population; Samples a larger percentage of the population d. One demographic group (e.g., Caucasians) versus another (e.g., African-Americans); Studies a more variable population

c. A sample versus the entire population; Samples a larger percentage of the population

What can researchers do to increase statistical power? a. Collect a bigger sample b. Have good measures in order to get a big effect size c. Both a and b d. Set the alpha level lower (e.g., alpha (p) = .01)

c. Both a and b

In "standard" multiple regression, a. each independent variable is evaluated for the unique variance it predicts in the DV b. independent variables that are correlated may not be identified as predictors of the DV even if they are correlated with the DV c. Both a and b. d. each independent variable is entered into the equation in a separate step (not all at once)

c. Both a and b.

Dr. Schmeier believes that people high in extraversion will spend more time talking during a group conversation. 20 participants come to the lab, fill out an extraversion questionnaire, and then participate in a 5-person, 20-minute discussion. The amount of time each participant spends talking is recorded by observers. Dr. Schmeier finds that extraversion is correlated with time spent talking, r = .23, p = .06. Based on the results of this study, Dr. Schmeier _____ reject the null hypothesis because the probability that these results occurred by chance alone is ____. a. Can; Greater than 10% b. Can; Less than 5% c. Cannot; Greater than 5% d. Cannot; Less than 5%

c. Cannot; Greater than 5%

In the Results sections of an APA style manuscript, one should... a. Discuss the implications the study has for the theory being tested b. Discuss what exactly happened in the study in a step-by-step manner c. Discuss the statistical analysis used to analyze the results d. All of the above

c. Discuss the statistical analysis used to analyze the results

Laboratory experiments typically ____ representative sampling because ____ a. Use; It is considered a basic requirement of all scientific studies b. Do not use; It is considered a basic requirement for all scientific studies c. Do not use; It is very difficult to recruit people of diverse backgrounds into them d. Use; It is very easy to recruit people of diverse background into them

c. Do not use; It is very difficult to recruit people of diverse backgrounds into them

If you were using an article by Howard, Howard, and Fine (1936), how would you cite it the second time it appeared in the text? a. Howard, Howard, and Fine (1936) b. Howard, Howard, and Fine c. Howard et al. (1936) d. Howard, Howard, Fine, et al. (1936)

c. Howard et al. (1936)

The group that directly oversees research involving human participants at most colleges and universities is the a. American Psychological Association b. Human Welfare Agency c. Institutional Review Board d. Department of Education

c. Institutional Review Board

The major difference between a t-test and an ANOVA is that the t-test's "signal" _____ while the ANOVA "signal" ______. a. Represents variability BETWEEN 3 or more conditions; Is a difference score between 2 conditions; b. Is a difference score between 2 conditions; Represents variability WITHIN 3 or more conditions c. Is a difference score between 2 conditions; Represents variability BETWEEN 3 or more conditions d. Represents variability WITHIN 3 or more conditions; Is a difference score between 2 conditions

c. Is a difference score between 2 conditions; Represents variability BETWEEN 3 or more conditions

Representative sampling.... a. Is a basic necessity for all scientific studies, and must be used for the study to have any validity b. Is often used when a researcher is first attempting to demonstrate a phenomenon c. Is costly and time-consuming, and thus is often only used when the researcher is interested in applying his or her research to a particular population d. Is never necessary at any point of the scientific process

c. Is costly and time-consuming, and thus is often only used when the researcher is interested in applying his or her research to a particular population

12) Representative sampling.... a. Is a basic necessity for all scientific studies, and must be used for the study to have any validity b. Is often used when a researcher is first attempting to demonstrate a phenomenon c. Is costly and time-consuming, and thus is often only used when the researcher is interested in applying their research to a particular population d. Is never necessary at any point of the scientific process

c. Is costly and time-consuming, and thus is often only used when the researcher is interested in applying their research to a particular population

What is wrong with this sentence?: "It was determined by the committee that the report was inconclusive." a. It sounds awkward because it is written in the active voice. b. It sounds awkward because it is written in the positive form. c. It sounds awkward because it is written in the passive voice. It sounds awkward because it is written in the negative form

c. It sounds awkward because it is written in the passive voice.

What is wrong with this sentence?: "It was determined by the committee that the report was inconclusive." a. It sounds awkward because it is written in the active voice. b. It sounds awkward because it is written in the positive form. c. It sounds awkward because it is written in the passive voice. d. It sounds awkward because it is written in the negative form.

c. It sounds awkward because it is written in the passive voice.

The formula for the correlation coefficient, as we know it today, was devised by a. Gibson b. Scarr c. Pearson d. Galton

c. Pearson

The formula for the correlation coefficient, as we know it today, was devised by a. Gibson b. Scarr c. Pearson d. Galton e. Edgeworth

c. Pearson

12) The external validity of a study is high when the researcher uses a... a. Convenience sample which consists of the easiest people to study b. Representative sample which consists of the easiest people for the researcher to study c. Representative sample which reflects the demographics of the larger population d. Convenience sample which reflects the demographics of the larger population

c. Representative sample which reflects the demographics of the larger population

The external validity of a study is high when the researcher uses a... a. Convenience sample which consists of the easiest people to study b. Representative sample which consists of the easiest people for the researcher to study c. Representative sample which reflects the demographics of the larger population d. Convenience sample which reflects the demographics of the larger population

c. Representative sample which reflects the demographics of the larger population

The external validity of a study is defined as... a. The ability to make cause-effect conclusions based on a study. b. The ability to make correlational conclusions based on a study. c. The ability to generalize conclusions from studying a smaller sample of people to a larger population the researcher wants to explain. d. The ability to generalize conclusions from studying a larger population to a smaller sample of people the researcher wants to explain.

c. The ability to generalize conclusions from studying a smaller sample of people to a larger population the researcher wants to explain.

Why do researchers not conduct several t-tests to analyze experiments that have more than two conditions? a. the means will be invalid b. the sample size is too small c. Type I error is inflated d. the power of the analysis is low

c. Type I error is inflated

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false is a. confounding b. Type I error c. Type II error d. alpha e. none of above

c. Type II error

Compared to the effect sizes found in other sciences, including the biomedical sciences, the effect sizes in psychology are a. smaller b. larger c. about the same size d. more likely to be due to error variance e. more variable

c. about the same size

When the relationship between two variables is "perfect," a. one variable causes the other b. the effect size is zero c. all of the variability is systematic variance d. the hypothesis is confirmed e. the ratio of systematic variance to error variance is 50:50

c. all of the variability is systematic variance

When a probability sample is used, the researcher is able to specify the probability that a. the obtained results are accurate b. the sampling error is zero c. any individual in the population will be in the sample d. the sample is random

c. any individual in the population will be in the sample

A researcher hypothesizes that babies will fall to sleep more quickly if they can hear the sound of a recorded heartbeat. The null hypothesis for this study is that a. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep more quickly than those who don't hear a heartbeat b. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep more slowly than those who don't hear a heartbeat c. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep just as quickly as those who don't hear a heartbeat d. babies who hear a heartbeat will not fall asleep

c. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep just as quickly as those who don't hear a heartbeat

A researcher hypothesizes that babies will fall asleep more quickly if they can hear the sound of a recorded heartbeat. The null hypothesis for this study is that a. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep more quickly than those who don't hear a heartbeat b. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep more slowly than those who don't hear a heartbeat c. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep just as quickly as those who don't or less quickly d. babies who hear a heartbeat will not fall asleep e. these are all null hypotheses

c. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep just as quickly as those who don't or less quickly

Research that is conducted to enhance our understanding of behavior without regard for the immediate application of this knowledge is a. descriptive research b. applied research c. basic research d. empirical research

c. basic research

Among other things, the introduction of a research article should a. review all of the published literature on the topic of the study b. begin on page 2 of the manuscript c. clearly state the question or hypothesis under investigation d. summarize the method of the study

c. clearly state the question or hypothesis under investigation

Most experiments in psychology use a. simple random samples b. stratified random samples c. convenience samples d. purposive samples

c. convenience samples

Researchers generally want two administrations of the same test to a. correlate at least .05 b. correlate at least .50 c. correlate at least .70 d. correlate 1.00

c. correlate at least .70

Researchers generally want two administrations of the same test to a. correlates at least .05 b. correlate at least .50 c. correlate at least .70 d. correlates 1.00

c. correlate at least .70

When measuring behavior, researchers want the variability in the numbers they assign to participants' responses to a. be as small as possible b. be as large as possible c. correspond to the variability in participants' responses d. be unrelated to variables they are investigating e. be affected by their manipulation of the dependent variable

c. correspond to the variability in participants' responses

To guard against order effects, researchers use a. matched random assignment b. carry-over effects c. counterbalancing d. experimental control

c. counterbalancing

(EXTRA CREDIT!). According to APA style, which section would this piece of text go in? "The results of the present study give partial support to her findings. No significant differences between the sexes were noted for Reserve, Solitude, and Anonymity. However, significant differences were found for Intimacy. Part of the discrepancy in findings between the two studies is undoubtedly due to the fact that different scales were involved." a. method b. results c. discussion d. either the method or the results

c. discussion

In APA style, the "limitations" of the study are reported in the ________________________________ section and "future directions for research" are reported in the _________________________________ section. a. method/discussion b. method/method c. discussion/discussion d. results/discussion

c. discussion/discussion

Variance in a behavior that is not related to the variables that an investigator is investigating is a. systematic variance b. standard variance c. error variance d. total variance e. none of the above

c. error variance

To test a measure's construct validity, researchers a. examine behavioral correlates of the measure b. conduct experiments to test hypotheses about it c. examine its correlations with measures of related constructs d. assess test-retest reliability

c. examine its correlations with measures of related constructs

Larger sample sizes are needed when a. expected effects are strong b. expected effects are medium in strength c. expected effects are weak d. power is calculated

c. expected effects are weak

A researcher was interested in the effects of caffeine on memory. After administering various doses of caffeine to participants, she gave participants a test of memory. This is an example of __________ research. a. correlational b. post hoc c. experimental d. descriptive

c. experimental

If statistical analyses show that the difference between condition means is no larger than would be expected on the basis of error variance alone, a researcher will a. accept the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis c. fail to reject the null hypothesis d. reject the experimental hypothesis e. both a and d

c. fail to reject the null hypothesis

A major criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that it can explain virtually any behavior after it has occurred. That is, the theory is not ________________________ a. parsimonious b. post-hoc c. falsifiable d. developmental

c. falsifiable

According to APA guidelines, a. sexist language should be avoided when possible b. "she/he" should be used instead of "she or he" c. gender-free language should always be used d. the word "girls" should never be used

c. gender-free language should always be used

The "experimenter's dilemma" refers to the trade-off between a. experimental and correlational research b. between-subjects and within-subjects designs c. internal and external validity d. treatment and error variance

c. internal and external validity

What kind of reliability would be relevant in a study in which two observers recorded children's aggressive behaviors on the playground? a. interpersonal b. convergent c. interrater d. Cronbach's

c. interrater

The paired t-test a. is used for randomized groups designs b. is less powerful than the randomized t-test c. is used to analyze within-subjects designs d. requires that two t-tests be conducted

c. is used to analyze within-subjects designs

The paired t-test a. is used for randomized groups designs b. is less powerful than the randomized t-test c. is used to analyze within-subjects designs d. tests differences between pairs of participants e. requires that two t-tests be conducted

c. is used to analyze within-subjects designs

A correlation that is statistically significant a. contains no error variance b accounts for more than 50% of the variance c. is very unlikely to be zero d. is important e. is very large

c. is very unlikely to be zero

Why must researchers be careful about using information that they find on the internet? a. it is often wrong b. it may be plagiarized c. it has often not been peer reviewed d. it is usually already published elsewhere

c. it has often not been peer reviewed

Reaction time is a measure of a. duration b. task completion time c. latency d. reliability

c. latency

Reaction time is a measure of a. duration b. task completion time c. latency d. reliability e. intensity

c. latency

A question that asks participants to rate the independent variable is a (an) a. dependent variable b. instructional manipulation c. manipulation check d. level

c. manipulation check

Null findings are often uninformative regarding the hypothesis being tested because they a. indicate that the study is flawed b. are not based on empirical observation c. may be the result of a poor research design d. prove rather than falsify the hypothesis e. are not verifiable

c. may be the result of a poor research design

How do most participants react to the use of deception in behavioral research? a. most regard it as totally unacceptable b. most become angry when they are deceived c. most regard it as a necessary part of some research d. most think deception is funny

c. most regard it as a necessary part of some research

Empiricism refers to the practice of relying on to draw conclusions. a. statistics b. experts c. observation d. basic research

c. observation

What is wrong with the following reference? Cooper, E. (2000). Social eccentricities. In C. Van Pelt (Ed.), The strange ones among us. New York, NY: Mountain Press. a. the editor's last name should precede his first initial b. each word in the title of the book should be capitalized c. page numbers for the chapter are missing d. the editor of the book should be listed before the author of the chapter

c. page numbers for the chapter are missing

Differential attrition threatens internal validity because a. the independent variable is biased b. reliability of the measures is lowered c. participants differ between the experimental groups d. pretest sensitization is more likely

c. participants differ between the experimental groups

Differential attrition threatens internal validity because a. the independent variable is biased b. reliability of the measures is lowered c. participants differ between the experimental groups d. pretest sensitization is more likely e. demand characteristics are present

c. participants differ between the experimental groups

If random assignment was used, a. participants in the sample were randomly selected from the population. b. participants were randomly assigned to the levels of the dependent variable. c. participants were randomly assigned to the levels of the independent variable. d. both a and c

c. participants were randomly assigned to the levels of the independent variable

A researcher is correlating gender (male/female) with whether or not people have had sexual intercourse (no/yes). What kind of correlation should he use? a. rank-order b. partial c. phi d. point biserial e. multiple

c. phi

An explanation that is developed after obtaining a particular result is called a. inductive b. deductive c. post hoc d. a priori

c. post hoc

The ability of a research design to detect any effects that exist in the data is called a. stratum b. economic sampling c. power d. generalization

c. power

Researchers often make Type II errors when a. a Type I error occurs b. the results are statistically significant c. power is low d. the effect size is large e. they reject the null hypothesis

c. power is low

The goal of most psychology research is to test hypotheses regarding how certain psychological variables relate to one another, not to describe how a population behaves. Therefore, a. cluster samples provide the most accurate estimations in psychology b. convenience samples should be avoided in psychological research c. probability samples are rare in psychology d. nonresponse is not a problem in psychology

c. probability samples are rare in psychology

The goal of most psychology research is to test hypotheses regarding how certain psychological variables relate to one another, not to describe how a population behaves. Therefore, a. cluster samples provide the most accurate estimations in psychology b. convenience samples should be avoided in psychological research c. probability samples are rare in psychology d. nonresponse is not a problem in psychology e. simple random samples are required in psychological research

c. probability samples are rare in psychology

How does pseudoscience differ from true science? a. pseudoscientific ideas are wrong b. pseudoscience is conducted by people without scientific degrees c. pseudoscience violates the central criteria of true science d. pseudoscience is not empirical

c. pseudoscience violates the central criteria of true science

The field that is devoted to the study of psychological measurement is called a. statistics b. evaluation c. psychometrics d. phrenology

c. psychometrics

When researchers are interested in studying the effects of a variable that they can not control, they use _______________________ designs. a. experimental b. pseudoscientific c. quasi-experimental d. descriptive

c. quasi-experimental

When researchers are interested in studying the effects of a variable that they cannot control, they use_________ designs. a. experimental b. pseudoscientific c. quasi-experimental d. descriptive

c. quasi-experimental

On a scatterplot, a correlation coefficient of .00 appears as a a. line that slopes upward to the right b. horizontal line c. random array of points d. vertical line e. line that slopes downward to the right

c. random array of points

Distance is measured on a (an) scale. a. ordinal b. nominal c. ratio d. Likert

c. ratio

The measurement of weight is on a (an) scale. a. ordinal b. nominal c. ratio d. Likert

c. ratio

Sampling error a. reflects researchers' mistakes in collecting data b. is greater with large than small samples c. reflects differences between the sample and population d. should be as large as possible

c. reflects differences between the sample and population

Which of the following can artificially deflate (reduce) the magnitude of a correlation coefficient? a. having a large number of participants b. on-line outliers (ones that line up with the direction of the correlation) c. restricted range of scores d. high reliability of the measures

c. restricted range of scores

Which of the following can artificially deflate the magnitude of a correlation coefficient? a. having a large number of participants b. on-line outliers c. restricted range of scores d. high reliability of the measures e. all of the above can deflate a correlation

c. restricted range of scores

Null findings are results of a study that a. disconfirm the researcher's hypothesis b. confirm a common sense hypothesis c. reveal no relationships among the variables being studied d. are dismissed as invalid by the scientific community e. are pseudoscientific

c. reveal no relationships among the variables being studied

Null findings are results of a study that a. disconfirms the researcher's hypothesis b. confirms a common sense hypothesis c. reveals no relationships among the variables being studied d. is dismissed as invalid by the scientific community

c. reveals no relationships among the variables being studied

A ________________ is defined as a graphical representation of participants' scores on two variables; the values of one variable are plotted on the x-axis and those of the other variable are plotted on the y-axis. a. bar graph b. pie chart c. scatter plot d. frequency histogram

c. scatter plot

A partial correlation is a. based on only a portion of a sample b. generally larger than the Pearson correlation c. the correlation between two variables with the influence of other variables removed d. a correlation with error variance removed

c. the correlation between two variables with the influence of other variables removed

A partial correlation is a. based on only a portion of a sample b. generally larger than the Pearson correlation c. the correlation between two variables with the influence of other variables removed d. a correlation with error variance removed e. used when variables are dichotomous rather than continuous

c. the correlation between two variables with the influence of other variables removed

(EXTRA CREDIT). An abstract for an APA style research report does NOT contain ___ a. a statement of the result or results b. the prediction or hypothesis c. the exact wording of instructions given to the participants d. a brief statement or statements about the method

c. the exact wording of instructions given to the participants

An abstract for an APA style research report does NOT contain ___ a. a statement of the result or results b. the prediction or hypothesis c. the exact wording of instructions given to the participants d. a brief statement or statements about the method

c. the exact wording of instructions given to the participants

In the t-test, the degrees of freedom are a function of a. the variance b. the mean difference c. the sample size d. the alpha-level e. the null hypothesis

c. the sample size

The sum of the squared deviations of participants' scores from the mean is called a. the standard deviation b. the range c. the total sum of squares d. zero e. the variance

c. the total sum of squares

Anonymity means _________ and confidentiality means _________. a. there is no connection between participant names and the data; the same thing b. participants' data are only used for purposes of research and not divulged to others; the same thing c. there is no connection between participant names and the data; participants' data are only used for purposes of research and not divulged to others d. participants' data are only used for purposes of research and not divulged to others; there is no connection between participant names and the data

c. there is no connection between participant names and the data; participants' data are only used for purposes of research and not divulged to others

A "perfect" experiment maximizes _______ variance and minimizes _______ variance. a. confound; error b. error; treatment c. treatment; error d. error; confound

c. treatment; error

A "perfect" experiment maximizes _______ variance and minimizes _______ variance. a. confounds; error b. error; treatment c. treatment; error d. error; confound

c. treatment; error

What is the mean of the following scores: 2,4,5,6,8? a. 6 b. 25 c. 4 d. 5 e. none of the above

d. 5

In a regression analysis, you can test________________________ a. how well three variables predict an outcome. b. how well two variables and their interaction predict an outcome. c. how well one variable predicts an outcome. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above

What ethical concern(s) arose about Stanley Milgram's experiments on obedience? a. Participants were not warned of the potentially stressful outcomes. b. Stress and psychological harm was not fully alleviated after the study ended c. Pressure was applied to participants to continue (they were not told they could "withdraw") d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following are types of deception? a. Presenting participants with a false purpose of the study b. Using an experimental confederate who poses as another participant or a bystander c. Providing false feedback to participants d. All of the above are types of deception

d. All of the above are types of deception

Which of these can be reported in the "Limitations" subsection of an APA style Discussion section? a. Weaknesses in the study's design. b. Weaknesses in the measures used. c. Limitations in scope ("boundary conditions" for the effect). d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

If you were citing an article published in 1990 by Borwick, Anderson, and Williams, how would you cite it in the text of a research article? a. Anderson, Borwick, and Williams (1990) b. Borwick, Anderson, & Williams, 1990 c. Anderson, Borwick, & Williams (1990) d. Borwick, Anderson, and Williams (1990)

d. Borwick, Anderson, and Williams (1990)

What is wrong with this reference, according to APA formatting? McFarland, C., & Ross, M. Impact of causal attributions on affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 937-946. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.937 a. Nothing b. The publication year is missing c. The volume number is missing d. Both b and c

d. Both b and c

A t-test can be used when ____ and an ANOVA needs to be used when _____. a. Comparing three or more conditions; Comparing two conditions b. The study used a between-subjects design; The study used a within-subject design c. The study used a within-subject design; The study used a between-subjects design d. Comparing two conditions; Comparing three or more conditions

d. Comparing two conditions; Comparing three or more conditions

In which section of an APA style manuscript would you find this text: "There are several important implications for the results we found. For example, external strategies seem to be more reliable as memory aids, but they may also be more cumbersome and therefore not used as often...." a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Discussion

d. Discussion

Which is NOT one of the four goals that a debriefing after a study should achieve? a. Clarify nature of the study b. Remove stress or negative consequence the study may have caused c. Get participants' reactions to study d. Get the participants to sign a legal waiver that states that they give up any right to bring legal action against the university or any of its employees.

d. Get the participants to sign a legal waiver that states that they give up any right to bring legal action against the university or any of its employees.

Which is true of the abstract for a research paper, according to APA style guidelines? a. It should be between 400-800 words long. b. It is the least important section of the paper because most readers skip it. c. It appears at the end of the manuscript, after the References section. d. It should include the research procedures and the major findings.

d. It should include the research procedures and the major findings.

In an experiment, the researcher _____; while in a correlational study, the researcher _____. a. Measures two variables; Manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable b. Cannot make causal conclusion; Can always make causal conclusions c. Uses a correlation coefficient to analyze the results; Uses a t-test to analyze the results d. Manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable; Measures two variables

d. Manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable; Measures two variables

In lecture, a video clip about the case of Marina Chapman was shown. Now 62, she claims she was raised by Capuchin monkeys when she was aged 4-9. Which of the following best describes the method and results found by a researcher in that video clip? a. Marina's eye-tracking data showed a very different pattern for images of her human family and the monkeys. b. Marina's eye-tracking data showed a similar pattern for images of her human family and the monkeys. c. Marina's GSR (galvanic skin response, or sweat reaction) data showed a very different pattern for images of her human family and the monkeys. d. Marina's GSR (galvanic skin response, or sweat reaction) data showed a similar pattern for images of her human family and the monkeys.

d. Marina's GSR (galvanic skin response, or sweat reaction) data showed a similar pattern for images of her human family and the monkeys.

Which of the following variables is NOT an example of a variable measured on a ratio scale? a. Age (in days) b. Speed (in seconds) c. Height (in inches) d. Movie ratings (from 1 to 4 stars)

d. Movie ratings (from 1 to 4 stars)

How does an interval scale of measurement differ from a ratio scale of measurement? a. They don't differ (they are the same) b. The most powerful statistical analyses can be performed on interval (or ordinal) scaled data, but not on ratio scaled data. c. Only the interval scale has a true zero point (there cannot be negative values). d. Only the ratio scale has a true zero point (there cannot be negative values).

d. Only the ratio scale has a true zero point (there cannot be negative values).

If you are looking for prior theories and research which inspired the study, what part of an APA style report would you look at? a. The Procedures sub-section in the Method section b. The Results section c. The Measures sub-section in the Method section d. The Introduction

d. The Introduction

If you are trying to evaluate whether the questionnaires used in a study were valid and reliable, what part of an APA style report would you look at? a. The Participants sub-section in the Method section b. The Results section c. The Introduction d. The Measures sub-section in the Method section

d. The Measures sub-section in the Method section

Internal validity is... a. The ability to generalize findings from a sample to the population b. The consistency or dependability of a measure c. The degree to which an instruments measures the construct of interest d. The ability to make causal conclusions on the basis of a study

d. The ability to make causal conclusions on the basis of a study

Dr. John believes that intelligence causes people to earn more money. In his initial simple correlational study, he finds a positive correlation between intelligence and income. In his follow-up studies, he wants to rule out alternative causal explanations for this relationship. In a follow-up study, Dr. John measures participant's intelligence, participant's annual income, and their parent's annual income. He finds that intelligence is positively correlated with a higher income, even after statistically controlling for parent income. Based on this study alone, Dr. John can conclude that... a. The intelligence-income relationship is not due to any confound whatsoever. b. The intelligence-income relationship is not due to high incomes causing people to become more intelligent. c. The intelligence-income relationship is definitely due to intelligence causing people to earn a higher income. d. The intelligence-income relationship is not due to one specific confound, namely parent income.

d. The intelligence-income relationship is not due to one specific confound, namely parent income.

Increasing the sample size results in a. increased power b. smaller error of estimation c. increased representativeness of the sample d. a and b are correct

d. a and b are correct

The principle of informed consent requires that participants be told a. everything about the study b. about the hypotheses of the study, but not about the procedure c. everything about the purpose and procedure of the study, but not about the hypotheses. d. about aspects of the study that might influence their willingness to participate

d. about aspects of the study that might influence their willingness to participate

The brief summary that appears at the beginning of a research article is called the a. synopsis b. summary c. overview d. abstract

d. abstract

Which of the following is not a case of scientific misconduct? a. plagiarizing others' work b. fabricating data c. claiming credit for another's work d. all of these are cases of scientific misconduct

d. all of these are cases of scientific misconduct

According to APA style, where do tables and figures appear in a manuscript? a. in the results section b. immediately after the results section c. in the discussion section d. at the end of the paper

d. at the end of the paper

Which of the following is true of using shoe size as a measure of intelligence? a. it is a reliable measure b. it is an unreliable measure c. it is an invalid measure d. both a and c

d. both a and c

An accomplice of the researcher who poses as another participant is a a. manipulation b. demand character c. confound d. confederate

d. confederate

When researchers derive research hypotheses from a theory, they use a. induction b. operational definitions c. empiricism d. deduction

d. deduction

Inferential statistics such as t-tests are used to test a. the likelihood of a Type II error b. pretests c. directional, but not nondirectional hypotheses d. differences between condition means e. randomization

d. differences between condition means

In an experiment that examined the effects of room temperature on aggression, systematic variance would be caused by a. error variance b. participants' personalities c. aggression d. differences in temperature e. the dependent variable

d. differences in temperature e. the dependent variable

A measure that does not correlate with measures with which it should not be related has a. convergent validity b. concurrent validity c. interitem reliability d. discriminant validity

d. discriminant validity

The proportion of the variability in a dependent variable that is due to the independent variable is a. power b. statistical significance c. beta d. effect size e. the critical value

d. effect size

A simple random sample is chosen in such a manner that a. every individual in the population has a equal chance of being selected b. the sample is as small as economically feasible c. the margin of error is zero d. every possible sample of the desired size has an equal chance of being selected

d. every possible sample of the desired size has an equal chance of being selected

Researchers usually consider a measure to have adequate interitem reliability if Cronbach's alpha coefficient a. is zero b. exceeds .05 c. exceeds .50 d. exceeds .70

d. exceeds .70

Which of the following is not a characteristic of good scientific writing? a. clarity b. organization c. conciseness d. exhaustiveness

d. exhaustiveness

Which of the following is not a characteristic of good scientific writing? a. clarity (e.g., precise wording) b. organization c. conciseness d. exhaustiveness

d. exhaustiveness

Hypotheses must be stated in such a way that they are a. induced b. proven c. post hoc d. falsifiable

d. falsifiable

Wilhelm Wundt a. was the first clinical psychologist b. began the scientific study of children c. was the father of modern statistics d. founded one of the first psychological laboratories

d. founded one of the first psychological laboratories

A clinical psychologist conducted an experiment to examine the effects of three therapeutic approaches on post-traumatic stress disorder. He assigned participants randomly to one of three experimental conditions or to a control group that received no treatment. He then collected measures of stress, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and hostility. How many conditions are in this experiment? a. none b. one c. three d. four

d. four

Statistics that are used to draw conclusions about the reliability and generalizability of one's findings are called a. the range and variance b. descriptive statistics c. effect sizes d. inferential statistics e. meta-analyses

d. inferential statistics

Having coders practice the coding system in advance helps to improve a. content reliability b. test-retest reliability c. interitem reliability d. interrater reliability e. none of the above

d. interrater reliability

An a priori hypothesis is a. scientifically valid b. logically valid c. pseudoscientific d. made before collecting data

d. made before collecting data

Of the people who contributed to a research paper, the person listed as first author is generally the one who a. did the greatest amount of work b. provided funding for the project c. got the idea d. made the greatest scientific contribution

d. made the greatest scientific contribution

A participant's observed score consists of a. reliability and validity b. interval and ratio scales c. transient and stable variables d. measurement error and true score

d. measurement error and true score

If participants' observed scores equal their true scores, a. the measure has low reliability b. measurement error is high c. reliability is higher than validity d. measurement error is zero

d. measurement error is zero

If participants' observed scores equal their true scores, a. the measure is valid b. measurement error is high c. reliability is higher than validity d. measurement error is zero

d. measurement error is zero

A(n)________________________________________________ is the term for a statistical procedure used to analyze and integrate the results of many individual studies on a single topic (e.g., on the "weapon focus effect"). This procedure involves looking at the effect sizes for the various published studies, as well as looking at results from "file drawer studies" that were not published. a. delta analysis b. omni-analysis c. supra-analysis d. meta-analysis

d. meta-analysis

(EXTRA CREDIT) Observing participants' behavior as it occurs, with no intrusion by the researcher, is called _________ observation. a. participant b. contrived c. uncontaminated d. naturalistic

d. naturalistic

Observing participants' behavior as it occurs, with no intrusion by the researcher, is called _________ observation. a. participant b. contrived c. uncontaminated d. naturalistic

d. naturalistic

If the correlation between two variables is .00, we should conclude that a. the variables are unrelated b. the error variance is excessive c. one variable can be predicted from the other d. no linear relationship exists between the variables e. none of the above

d. no linear relationship exists between the variables

According to APA guidelines, which phrase should be used to refer to people who have a psychological problem or mental illness? a. mentally ill people b. psychologically disturbed people c. the mentally ill d. people who have a mental illness

d. people who have a mental illness

A directional hypothesis a. requires a paired t-test b. stipulates whether alpha or beta is most important c. requires more participants than a nondirectional hypothesis d. predicts which of two means will be larger e. tests whether error variance is smaller or larger than systematic variance

d. predicts which of two means will be larger

An interview schedule a. is needed only for very long interviews b. displays the times at which particular individuals are to be interviewed c. is developed as each interview proceeds d. presents the questions to be asked during an interview e. varies from respondent to respondent

d. presents the questions to be asked during an interview

Disguised observation is used to counteract the problem of a. error variance b. naturalistic observation c. narrative records d. reactivity

d. reactivity

Of the decisions an editor can make regarding a paper that has been submitted for publication, which is the most common? a. accept the paper as is b. accept the paper contingent upon revisions c. reject the paper, but encourage submission of a revision d. reject the paper

d. reject the paper

Of the decisions an editor of a psychology journal can make regarding a paper that has been submitted for publication, which is the most common? a. accept the paper as is b. accept the paper contingent upon revisions c. reject the paper, but encourage submission of a revision d. reject the paper

d. reject the paper

If the calculated value of t exceeds the critical value of t, the researcher a. fails to reject the null hypothesis b. commits a Type I error c. has made a calculational error d. rejects the null hypothesis e. conducts an F-test

d. rejects the null hypothesis

A sample from which a researcher can draw accurate inferences about the population is a a. systematic sample b. sampling frame c. quota sample d. representative sample

d. representative sample

The problem of "retrospective reporting" is a bigger threat when ________ measures are used in a study. a. task completion time b. neuroscientific c. experience sampling methods d. survey self-report

d. survey self-report

Which of the following does not belong with the others? a. interitem reliability b. split-half reliability c. item-total correlation d. test-retest reliability

d. test-retest reliability

A researcher who uses a cost-benefit analysis will decide to conduct a piece of research if a. the study has no potential costs b. it is approved by the institutional review board c. it has potential benefits for science or society d. the expected benefits of the study outweigh its potential costs

d. the expected benefits of the study outweigh its potential cost

A researcher who uses a cost-benefit analysis will decide to conduct a piece of research if a. the study has no potential costs b. it is approved by the institutional review board c. it has potential benefits for science or society d. the expected benefits of the study outweigh its potential costs

d. the expected benefits of the study outweigh its potential costs

A researcher conducts a power analysis and finds power to be .75. This indicates that a. there is a 75% chance of making a Type I error b. 75% of the participants in one condition will score higher than the average participant in the other condition c. the alpha-level is .25 d. the experiment has a 75% chance of detecting the effect of the independent variable

d. the experiment has a 75% chance of detecting the effect of the independent variable

What is wrong with the following reference? Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management. Brooks/Cole: Monterey, CA. a. the author's initials should appear before his last name b. the date is misplaced c. the word "management" should be capitalized d. the order of the city and publisher are reversed e. there is nothing wrong with this reference

d. the order of the city and publisher are reversed

If the partial correlation between Variables X and Y is equal to the Pearson correlation between X and Y, a. the correlation between X and Y is statistically significant b. X and Y are probably causally related c. the range of scores on X and Y is probably restricted d. the variable that was partialed out does not account for the correlation between X and Y e. the variable was partially responsible for the correlation between X and Y

d. the variable that was partialed out does not account for the correlation between X and Y

Biased assignment a. increases error variance b. is a particular problem in within-subjects designs c. eliminates confounding d. undermines internal validity

d. undermines internal validity

In SPSS, there are two "views" used to enter data or and create variables, the data view and the ________ view. a. output b. matrix c. results d. variable

d. variable

1) In an experiment, the researcher _____; while in a correlational study, the researcher _____. a. Measures two variables; Manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable b. Cannot make causal conclusion; Can always make causal conclusions c. Uses a correlation coefficient to analyze the results; Uses a t-test to analyze the results d.Manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable; Measures two variables

d.Manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable; Measures two variables

If a significant correlation is found between X and Y, that means that a. X may cause Y b. Y may cause X c. A third variable may cause X and Y d. a and b are correct e. a, b, and c are correct

e. a, b, and c are correct

A researcher is more likely to obtain statistically significant results when a. the alpha-level is high b. beta is low c. the number of participants is high d. error variance is low e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Psychologists study behavioral variability a. among individuals b. across situations c. over time d. as a function of age e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following would be an operational definition of "anxiety"? a. a participant's score on an anxiety scale b. a researcher's rating of how anxious a participant appears c. a physiological measure of anxious arousal d. the frequency of "nervous" behaviors, such as fidgeting e. all of the above are operational definitions of anxiety

e. all of the above are operational definitions of anxiety

A researcher who indicates on a sheet each time a behavior occurs is using a (an) a. observational diary b. narrative record c. observational rating scale d. interrater reliability analysis e. checklist

e. checklist

Which of the following is not an advantage of questionnaires over interviews? a. easier to administer b. anonymity can be insured c. less time is required to train researchers d. may be administered in groups e. guarantee more valid responses

e. guarantee more valid responses

A correlation coefficient of a given magnitude is more likely to be statistically significant when a. the sample size is small rather than large b. the error variance is large rather than small c. the sample is homogeneous d. the coefficient of determination is near zero e. it is based on a large rather than a small number of scores

e. it is based on a large rather than a small number of scores

A researcher found that the noise level on floors of college dormitories (measured in decibels) correlated -.45 with the grades of students who lived on those floors. What is the best interpretation of this correlation? a. noise and grades are unrelated b. noise causes grades to go up c. noise causes grades to go down d. getting high grades causes noise to go up e. none of the above

e. none of the above

On a scatterplot, a correlation of -1.00 appears as a a. straight line that slopes upward to the right b. horizontal straight line c. curved line d. vertical straight line e. straight line that slopes downward to the right

e. straight line that slopes downward to the right

To insure that she obtained a sufficiently large number of minority respondents in a study of racial attitudes, a researcher divided the people in her population into four racial groups. She then drew a random sample from each of these groups. What kind of sample is this? a. cluster sample b. simple random sample c. quota sample d. systematic sample e. stratified random sample

e. stratified random sample

Statistics that express the strength of relationships are called measures of a. variability b. strong inference c. error variance d. statistical notation e. strength of association

e. strength of association

A researcher who was applying the strategy of strong inference would design studies that a. proved a theory b. generated null findings c. used many different research methods d. evaluated social or educational programs e. tested hypotheses of two or more competing theories

e. tested hypotheses of two or more competing theories

A researcher conducts a power analysis and finds power to be .75. This indicates that a. there is a 75% chance of making a Type I error b. 75% of the participants in one condition will score higher than the average participant in the other condition c. the alpha-level is .25 d. beta is .75 e. the experiment has a 75% chance of detecting the effect of the independent variable

e. the experiment has a 75% chance of detecting the effect of the independent variable

A difference between means that is statistically significant is a. due to error variance b. not likely to be a Type II error c. a null finding d. greater than the calculated value of t e. unlikely to be due to error variance

e. unlikely to be due to error variance