psych

counterconditioning

Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used __________ to cure his fear

divergent thinking

In __________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

dependent variable

In every experiment, the ______ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.

client-centered therapy

Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using __________.

rational emotive behavior therapy

Jill was surprised at how much her therapist challenged her beliefs concerning her social anxiety. Her therapist kept having her make counter-arguments against many of the thoughts she had that pertained to her anxiety. Jill's therapist is practicing what approach?

true

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.

neural events may be involved in memory.

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that

negative or positive

Seligman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, we sometimes develop inappropriate attributional styles towards the causes of failure. Which of the following was not proposed by him?

true

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.

prefrontal cortex

Some researchers consider the __________ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

false

The loss of memory in a person with dissociative amnesia can be attributed to organic problems such as a blow to the head or alcoholic intoxication.

synaptic cleft

When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the __________.

True

When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.

false

When we think of the eye as the camera to the world, the photosensitive surface is called the lens, which contains photoreceptors called rods and cones.

Love and belongingness

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs

true

Although Hippocrates' theory of personality traits was speculative, many of his terms such as choleric, sanguine, melancholic are still used in descriptions of personality today.

false

Altruism is a form of discrimination.

true

Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.

false

Asch's research was focused on studying obedience

false

At the postconventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures

true

Cognitive therapy focuses on changing the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound people's problems.

The identities must not be aware of the others.

Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?

false

Correlations allow us to determine causality.

true

Even though the accident happened directly in front of the crowd, no one called the authorities. This is an example of the bystander effect.

all-or-none principle

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the __________.

false

Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim.

true

From the behavioral perspective, organisms that are reinforced for aggressive behavior are more likely to behave aggressively in situations similar to those in which reinforcement occurs.

Strong, agile organisms are likely to be reinforced for aggressive behavior.

From the behavioral perspective, which of the following statements is true of aggression?

false

Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed

true

Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between monozygotic twins are the result of nurture.

true

Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing

self-awareness

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes __________

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

hypothalamus

Which of the following brain structures is associated with instinctive aggressive reactions in nonhumans?

The group's belief in its rightness.

Which of the following characteristics is an aspect of groupthink that contributes to flawed decisions

money

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

true

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

False

You would not show any instinctive behaviors if you were born and raised separately from others in your family and/or species.

Observational Learning

__________ is also termed as modeling.

Altruism

_________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

false

Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

sex organs start to differentiate

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the ________

false

In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.

false

Recall is the easiest type of memory task, making multiple-choice tests easier than fill-in-the-blank.

false

Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.

false

Men tend to emphasize the following in a romantic partner: consideration, kindness, and thrift.

correlation coefficient

A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.

false

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

sleep apnea

People with __________ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.

bulimia nervosa

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of _________.

an implicit social norm

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of _________.

Nembutal

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?

Carl Jung

__________ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.

true

According to the biological views on the origins of psychological disorders, humans are genetically predisposed to fear stimuli that may have posed a threat to their ancestors.

spontaneous recovery

In the context of classical conditioning, ________ helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.

Assimilation

Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concepts of __________ and accommodation.

Forensic psychologists

Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

John B. Watson

_______ is the founder of Behaviorism.

true

As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.

infinite creativity

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating __________.

true

Client-centered therapists believe in viewing the world through a client's frame of reference

true

Groupthink can be averted if group leaders encourage members to remain skeptical about options and to feel free to ask probing questions and disagree with one another.

true

Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.

false

The Weschler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.

Sense of smell declines.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?

Norepinephrine

__________ is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone

demonological model

According to the __________, the ancient Greeks believed that the gods punished humans by causing madness.

true

Albert Ellis's form of therapy confronts clients with the ways in which irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression

true

Behavior therapists see the effectiveness of behavior therapy as deriving from specific, learning-based procedures.

Anorexia nervosa

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?

A change in consequences.

Hal is experiencing a state of cognitive dissonance, which of the following scenarios will not help to reduce it?

wakefulness

High-frequency brain waves are associated with _____

true

In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.

120

Jane is a 10-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12. Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is __________.

true

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self-actualization).

true

One suffering from mania may have grand delusional schemes, speak rapidly, and show a rapid flight of ideas

learning goal

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) _________.

intimacy

Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support without sexual feelings for each other. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates ___________.

true

Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.

increases; increases

Positive reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring.

preconventional

Stephanie decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences. This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?

monozygotic twins

The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that __________ were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.

prenatal development

The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during __________

just noticeable difference.

When Kendall picked up her puppy, she did not realize that he'd gained a pound since the last time she picked him up. This small increase in weight is not big enough to be a

true

enna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive

true

n classical conditioning. Extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

A hypothesis is a:

informed consent

A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments is referred to as __________.

the foot-in-the-door technique

A research experiment was conducted on people's attitude toward a particular section of the society. After the experiment, the participants were requested to donate a small amount for the research organization. When they agreed and donated, they were followed with more requests for bigger donations. This is an example of ____________

true

According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.

false

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

false

Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three major types of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and ambiguous/resistant attachment.

forced-choice format

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

people represent their worlds mentally.

Cognitive theorists note that:

false

Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep

behavior therapy

During Bobbi's therapy session, she noticed that her therapist was frequently mentioning rewards and consequences. Her therapist most likely practices what type of therapy?

trust versus mistrust

Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of __________.

social anxiety disorder

Excessive fear of public speaking is a common __________

thalamus

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

True

If you are reading this academic text, you are most likely in the emerging adulthood period of development. Emerging adulthood means roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans.

false

In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group.

false

In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

true

In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material.

true

In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.

interference theory

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as __________.

defenses are established

In the context of psychodynamic therapies, when the superego floods an individual with excessive guilt, __________.

true

Intergroup contact heightens awareness of individual variation, and this knowledge can lead us to abandon stereotypical thinking.

false

Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.

true

Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.

both positive and negative symptoms

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits __________.

false

Masters and Johnson use the term sexual arousal cycle to describe the changes that occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused.

false

PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.

True

People are at the height of their cognitive powers during early adulthood.

false

People with body dysmorphic disorder have dual personalities.

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while Michael salivating would be labeled the _____.

False

Prior to six months of age, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and try to find them. They show object permanence, which makes it possible to play peekaboo.

true

Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.

false

Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology.

false

Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

false

Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

false

Studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is less than 20%.

lens

The__________adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness.

false

There is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy helps people with psychological disorders.

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?

Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage.

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?

It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory—analytical psychology?

It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations

Which of the following is true of functionalism?

We are biased toward making dispositional attributions when we explain other people's behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of attribution theory?

true

Your friends had to tell what the painting meant because all you could see was a bunch of random dots on the canvas. You are most likely using Bottom-up processing.

Weber's constant

_____ is the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived.

Humanism

__________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.

accommodation

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.

False

According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage.

commitment

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _________ means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship.

false

Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes. This group of rules is referred to as the laws of similarity.

vestibular

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ______________ system.

the pressure to conform

In the experiment on social influence conducted by Solomon Asch, the discomfort faced by the participants in the study was caused by __________.

fixed-interval schedule

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________

actor-observer effect

Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend James fails to submit his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was too lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________.

false

Neurons carry messages from the axon terminals through the axon to the dendrites.

true

Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement

false

Psychodynamic and client-centered therapies appear to be most effective with well-educated, verbal, strongly motivated clients who report problems with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.

true

Psychological disorders are behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or significant impairment in functioning.

true

Psychologists are thinking in terms of behavioral genetics when they ask about the inborn reasons why individuals may differ in their behavior and mental processes.

false

Psychophysicist Ernst Weber discovered through laboratory research that the threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of light. His research became known as the difference threshold.

health psychologists

Raoul is one of the best football players in Newborn Warriors. However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable to sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes. In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a __________.

sleep terrors

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

true

Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations.

live in the community

Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ___________.

true

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of an objective testpresent respondents with a standardized group of test items in the form of a questionnaire.

absolute threshold

The _____ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.

hypothalamus

The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

pituitary gland

The __________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."

True

The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14.

true

The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.

false

The elaboration likelihood model has three different factors that can change our attitudes.

false

The human ability to store information is limited.

false

The psychology of motivation concerns the whys and hows of behavior.

Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive.

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction

Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

Extracting a promise not to commit suicide before calling or visiting a helping professional seems to prevent some suicides.

Which of the following statements about suicide are correct?

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?

The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

humanistic theorists

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

False

With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.

false

Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

true

You had not heard the song that you and your previous boyfriend used to listen to in years. Upon hearing it again you were surprised by all of the mixed emotions that you were experiencing. This is an example of spontaneous recovery.