Psych 70 Quiz 2

a. the external validity of the report

A journal article reports that a new teaching strategy is very effective for first-grade students. A teacher wonders if the same strategy would be effective for a class of third grade students. What is the teach questioning? a. the external validity of the report b. the internal validity of the report c. the reliability of the report d. the accuracy of the report

a. nonexperimental

A research study attempts to describe the relationship between self-esteem and birth order position by measuring self-esteem for each individual in a group of first-born boys, and then comparing the results with self-esteem scores for a group of later-born boys. Which research strategy is being used? a. nonexperimental b. correlational c. experimental d. quasi-experimental

d. it is a manipulation check

A researcher exposes people to a stressful situation (such as public speaking) to examine the effect of stress on depressed mood. Why would the researcher also include a measure of stress? a. it is a measure of the dependent variable b. it is a measure of extraneous variables c. it is a control for confounding variables d. it is a manipulation check

a. internal validity

A researcher measures mood for a group of participants who have listened to happy music for 20 minutes and for a second group who have listened to sad music for 20 minutes. If different mood scores are obtained for the two groups, the researcher would like to conclude that music influences mood. However, the happy music group was tested in a room pained yellow and the sad music group was in a room painted dark brown and the researcher is concerned that the color and not the music may influence mood scores. What kind of validity is being questioned? a. internal validity b. external validity c. experimental validity d. validity of measurement

b. a field study

A researcher moves an experiment out of the laboratory and into the real world. this type of research is called a. a simulation study. b. a field study. c. a transported study. d. a quasi-experimental study

d. convenience sampling

A researcher recruits a sample of 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using? a. cluster sampling b. quota sampling c. simple random sampling d. convenience sampling

b. stratified random sampling

A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local state college. What kind of sampling would be best to obtain participants for the study? a. simple random sampling b. stratified random sampling c. proportionate stratified random sampling d. systematic sampling

a. quota

A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups are equally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, which sampling technique should be used? a. quota sampling b. stratified random sampling c. proportionate stratified random sampling d. cluster sampling

d. confounding

A study examining the relationship between humor and memory compares memory performance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with nonhumorous sentences. The participants in one group are primarily 8-year-old students and those in the second group are primarily 10-year-old students. In this study, age is potentially a(n)_____variable. a. independent d.dependent c.extraneous d.confounding

c. cluster

A teacher obtains a sample of children from a fifth-grade classroom by randomly selecting the third, fifth, and eighth rows and taking all the students in those rows. what kind of sampling is being used? a. simple random sampling b. systematic sampling c. cluster sampling d. stratified sampling

a. lower internal validity

Although field studies tend to have higher external validity than traditional laboratory studies, what risk to they tend to have? a. lower internal validity b. lower reliability c. an increased risk of confounding from history effects d. an increased risk that the manipulation of the independent variable will not be effective.

a. placebo versus treatment

An experiment includes a treatment condition, a no-treatment control, and a placebo control. which two conditions should be compared to determine the size of the effect that is actually caused by the treatment? a. placebo versus treatment b. placebo versus no treatment c. treatment versus no treatment d. you only need to look at the scores in the placebo control condition

b. demand characteristics

Cues given to participants about how they are expected to behave define which of the following terms? a. reactivity b. demand characteristics c. experimenter bias d. volunteer bias

d. 1

Dr. Jones is interested in studying how indoor lighting can influence people's moods during the winter. A sample of 100 households is selected. Fifty of the homes are randomly assigned to the bright-light condition where Dr. Jones replaces all the lights with 100-watt bulbs. In the other 50 houses, all the lights are changed to 60-watt bulbs. After two months, Dr. Jones measures the level of depression for the people living in the houses. In this example, how many dependent variables are there? a. 100 b. 50 c. 2 d. 1

a. A sample

Dr. Near conducts an experiment on memory for individuals who are above the age of 65. Although there are millions of people above the age of 65, she selects a group of 25 to participate in the experiment. What name is given to the group of 25? a. A sample b. An accessible sample c. A population d. A subgroup

a. high; low

Experimental research studies tend to have very ______ internal validity but often have relatively _________ external validity. a. high; low b. low; high c. high; high d. low; low

d. nonprobability sampling

For situations in which the researcher cannot know the complete list of potential participants, what kind of sampling is necessary? a. Target sampling b. Nontarget sampling c. Probability sampling d. Nonprobability sampling

a. internal validity, external validity

Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to __________, but it can limit the _______ of an experiment. a. internal validity, external validity b. external validity, internal validity c. internal validity, reliability d. external validity, reliability

b. the results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a pretest

How can sensitization threaten external validity of a study? a. the results may be limited to the novel situation of the research study b. the results may be limited to the individuals who have experience a pretest c. the results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a series of different treatment conditions d. the results may be limited to participants taking on different subject roles

a. only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables

How do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of research? a. only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables b. only experiments involve comparing two or more groups of scores. c. only experiments can demonstrate that relationships exist between variables and provide a description of the relationship d. only experiments can demonstrate a bidirectional relationship between variables.

b. random

If each person in a large group has an equal chance of being included in an experiment, then what kind of sampling is being used? a. systematic sampling b. random sampling c. convenience sampling d.cluster sampling

b. matching

In an experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher assigns participants to treatment conditions so that each condition has fifteen 7-year-old children and 8-year-old children. For this study, what method is being used to control participant age? a. randomization b. matching c. holding constant d. limiting the range

c. it helps establish the direction of the relationship and it helps eliminate the third-variable problem.

In an experiment, what is the purpose for manipulating the independent variable? a. it helps establish the direction of the relationship by showing that the dependent variable changes when you manipulate the independent variable. b. it helps eliminate the third-variable problem because you decide when to manipulate rather than waiting for the variables to change. c. it helps establish the direction of the relationship and it helps eliminate the third-variable problem. d. manipulation does not establish the direction of the relationship or eliminate the third-variable problem

b. confounding variables

In order to establish an unambiguous relationship between two variables, it is necessary to eliminate the possible influence of which of the following variables a. extraneous variables b. confounding variables c. independent variables d. dependent variables

a. the directionality problem

Research indicates that the people who suffer from depression also tend to experience insomnia. However, it is unclear whether the depression causes insomnia or the lack of sleep causes depression. What problem is demonstrated by this example? a. the directionality problem b. the third-variable problem c. the extraneous variable problem d. the manipulation-check problem

b. internal validity, external validity

Researchers often use simulation experiments in an attempt to obtain the _____ of an experiment and still keep much of the ______ of research conducted in the real world. a. external validity, internal validity b. internal validity, external validity c. experimental realism, mundane realism d. mundane realism, experimental realism

b. external validity

Results from a research study suggest that a stop-smoking program is very successful. However, the participants who volunteered for the study were all highly motivated to quit smoking and the researcher is concerned that the same results may not be obtained for smokers who are not as motivated. What kind of validity is being questioned? a. internal validity b. external validity c. experimental validity d. validity of measurement

b. external validity

The degree to which your research results generalize beyond the specific characteristics of your study refers to a. internal validity b. external validity c. general validity d. reliability

a. internal validity

What aspect of a study is threatened if the participants are tested in one treatment condition at one time and then tested in a second treatment condition at a different time? a. internal validity b. external validity c. reliability d. accuracy

a. it provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect

What is the purpose for using a control condition in an experiment? a. it provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect b. it minimizes the threat of a confounding variable c. it is necessary to ensure the internal validity of the study d. it is necessary to ensure the external validity of the study

a. The accessible population

What name is given to the group of individuals from which researcher actually select participants for research studies? a. The accessible population b. The target population c. The representative population d. The real population

b. it must change systematically when the independent variable is changed

Which of the following characteristics are necessary for an extraneous variable to become a confounding variable? a. it must change systematically from one participant to the next. b. it must change systematically when the independent variable is changed c. it must have no systematic relationship with the dependent variable d. it must have no systematic relationship to either the independent or the dependent variables

c. extraneous

Which of the following describes a variable that exists in a study but is not being directly examined? a. independent b. dependent c. extraneous d. external

a. what is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month?

Which of the following questions can be addressed with the descriptive strategy? a. What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month? b. Is there a relationship between the number of text messages that adolescents send each month and the number of pages of leisure reading done by adolescents? c. does decreasing the number of text messages sent by adolescents cause an increase in number of pages read for leisure? d. none of these questions can be addressed with this strategy

b. convenience sampling

Which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample? a.simple random sampling b. convenience sampling c. proportionate stratified random sampling d. systematic sampling

b. a research design

which of the following is a general plan for implementing a research strategy? a. a research procedure b. a research design c. a research study d. a research protocol

d. minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confounding variable

which of the following is the primary goal for randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment? a. increase the ability to generalize the results b. avoid selection bias c. ensure that the individuals in the sample are representative of the individuals in the population d. minimize the likelihood that participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confound variable