PSYCH c6
located in the visual cortex, respond to specific features of the visual stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
feature detecters
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
feature detectors
Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the _____ of her eyes are less able to accommodate.
lenses
Kai read about an accident at a rail-crossing and wondered about the cause. Perhaps it was caused by linear perspective, a(n) _____ cue concerning parallel lines which might have led the car's driver to overestimate the distance of the train.
monocular
depth cues available to each eye separately
monocular cues
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
monocular cues
top-down mental process of organizing & interpreting sensory input from experience & expectations
perception
The fact that _____ involve more than the sum of sensations best illustrates the importance of top-down processing.
perceptions
the distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as:
retinal disparity
order of seeing things
retinal processing, feature detection, parallel processing, recognition
face recognition occurs in the
right temporal lobe
Experiencing sudden pain is to _____ as recognizing that one is suffering a heart attack is to _____.
sensation; perception
5 basic taste sensations
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
White paper reflects _____ percent of the light falling on it, while black paper reflects _____ percent.
90; 10
states that for an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, not a constant amount
Weber's Law
The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates _____ law.
Weber's
Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.
absolute
the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50 percent of the time
absolute threshold
the process of the lens changing its curvature and thickness
accommodation
opponent-process theory states that these three sets of opponent retinal processes enable color vision
black-white, red-green, blue-yellow
place with no receptor cells
blind spot
color of short wavelengths
bluish
starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing.
bottom-up processing
The eye takes in an inverted image of the world, yet humans see the world correctly because the _____ reassembles the image.
brain
color of high amplitude wavelengths
bright (yellow)
cones are mostly located in the _____ of the retina
center
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the objects
color constancy
the fovea has a high concentration of ____
cones
A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates a(n) _____ effect.
context
Alabama police officers fatally shot a young man who was recently involved in a minor traffic accident. The man was holding his wallet but the office mistook it for a gun. The officers' perception of the incident was influenced by the _____.
context
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
depth perception
represents ability to see objects in 3 dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are 2 dimensional
depth-perception
the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time
difference threshold
a split between different levels of consciousness
dissociation
A(n) _____ in psychological science is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.
embodied cognition
in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
embodied cognition
John and Jaqueline have been married for 10 years and love each other very much. They just had an argument where John told his wife that she was useless. The argument took place in front of Jaqueline's friend, Simone. Jaqueline tells Simone that "He's just having a bad day." Jaqueline perceives the argument as minimal due to her _____.
emotions
the number of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time, depends on the length of the wave
frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second)
frequency
theory that says the brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve
frequency theory
cells that form the optic nerve
ganglion & bipolar cells
3 bones of the ear
hammer, anvil, stirrup
Relative size, interposition, linear perspective, relative motion, and relative _____ are examples of monocular cues.
height
light's wavelength determines its
hue
a wave's amplitude determines its
intensity
_____________ occurs when one object partially blocks our view of another, and we perceive the former as closer
interposition
the sense of the position and movement of your body parts
kinesthesia
Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as:
linear perspective
The amplitude of a sound wave determines our perception of __________
loudness
the amplitude of waves determines the
loudness
long waves have ____ frequency
low
low frequency = ___ pitched sounds
low
sensory receptors in our skin, muscles, and organs that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals
nociceptors
part of the cochlea that receives vibrations from the stirrup
oval window
Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective than rude. This best illustrates the impact of:
perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
perceptual set
a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects (top-down) what we hear, taste, feel, and see
perceptual set
rods are mostly located in the ______ of the retina
periphery
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
phi phenomenon
4 basic touch senses
pressure, pain, cold, warmth
activating, often unconsciously, associations in our mind, thus setting us up to perceive, remember, or respond to objects or events in certain ways
priming
3 types of grouping
proximity, continuity, closure
Studying the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (e.g., intensity) and the psychological experience of them involves the field known as _____. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
psychophysics
color of long wavelengths
red
The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory states that the 3 colored receptors we have are
red, green, blue
Kiera stayed up way too late last night and her eyes are tired. She closes her eyes, and as she rubs them she notices a white light. This is because Kiera's _____ cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from her hand triggers them.
retinal
a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
retinal disparity
binocular cue for perceiving depth, by comparing images from the 2 eyes, the brain calculates distance. Used by 3d film makers
retinal disparity
bottom-up process by which the physical sensory system receives & represents stimuli at the very basic level of sensory receptors & works up
sensation
the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness; caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
sensorineural hearing loss
our diminished sensitivity to constant or routine odors, sounds, and touches
sensory adaptation
the principle that one sense may influence another
sensory interaction
Perceptual _____ are the result of schemas, which people form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
sets
predicts when we will detect weak signals
signal detection theory
stimuli you cannot detect 50 percent of the time
subliminal
3 main types of extrasensory perception (ESP)
telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it, which satisfied Susan. This is probably the result of:
the difference threshold
the retina's area of central focus
the fovea
The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan which part of eye to confirm people's identity?
the iris
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
the iris
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
the lens
the blind spot is located on top of _____
the optic nerve
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
the pupil
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
the retina
Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing, and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is best explained by:
the signal detection theory
perceptual constancy is a ______ process
top-down
Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates ______.
top-down processing
constructs perceptions from the sensory input by drawing on our experience and expectations.
top-down processing
the process of converting one form of energy into another
transduction
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
vestibular sense
we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane
von Helmholtz's place theory