PSYCH c6

located in the visual cortex, respond to specific features of the visual stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

feature detecters

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

feature detectors

Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the _____ of her eyes are less able to accommodate.

lenses

Kai read about an accident at a rail-crossing and wondered about the cause. Perhaps it was caused by linear perspective, a(n) _____ cue concerning parallel lines which might have led the car's driver to overestimate the distance of the train.

monocular

depth cues available to each eye separately

monocular cues

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

monocular cues

top-down mental process of organizing & interpreting sensory input from experience & expectations

perception

The fact that _____ involve more than the sum of sensations best illustrates the importance of top-down processing.

perceptions

the distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as:

retinal disparity

order of seeing things

retinal processing, feature detection, parallel processing, recognition

face recognition occurs in the

right temporal lobe

Experiencing sudden pain is to _____ as recognizing that one is suffering a heart attack is to _____.

sensation; perception

5 basic taste sensations

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

White paper reflects _____ percent of the light falling on it, while black paper reflects _____ percent.

90; 10

states that for an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, not a constant amount

Weber's Law

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates _____ law.

Weber's

Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.

absolute

the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50 percent of the time

absolute threshold

the process of the lens changing its curvature and thickness

accommodation

opponent-process theory states that these three sets of opponent retinal processes enable color vision

black-white, red-green, blue-yellow

place with no receptor cells

blind spot

color of short wavelengths

bluish

starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing.

bottom-up processing

The eye takes in an inverted image of the world, yet humans see the world correctly because the _____ reassembles the image.

brain

color of high amplitude wavelengths

bright (yellow)

cones are mostly located in the _____ of the retina

center

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the objects

color constancy

the fovea has a high concentration of ____

cones

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates a(n) _____ effect.

context

Alabama police officers fatally shot a young man who was recently involved in a minor traffic accident. The man was holding his wallet but the office mistook it for a gun. The officers' perception of the incident was influenced by the _____.

context

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

depth perception

represents ability to see objects in 3 dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are 2 dimensional

depth-perception

the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time

difference threshold

a split between different levels of consciousness

dissociation

A(n) _____ in psychological science is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.

embodied cognition

in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

embodied cognition

John and Jaqueline have been married for 10 years and love each other very much. They just had an argument where John told his wife that she was useless. The argument took place in front of Jaqueline's friend, Simone. Jaqueline tells Simone that "He's just having a bad day." Jaqueline perceives the argument as minimal due to her _____.

emotions

the number of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time, depends on the length of the wave

frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second)

frequency

theory that says the brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve

frequency theory

cells that form the optic nerve

ganglion & bipolar cells

3 bones of the ear

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Relative size, interposition, linear perspective, relative motion, and relative _____ are examples of monocular cues.

height

light's wavelength determines its

hue

a wave's amplitude determines its

intensity

_____________ occurs when one object partially blocks our view of another, and we perceive the former as closer

interposition

the sense of the position and movement of your body parts

kinesthesia

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as:

linear perspective

The amplitude of a sound wave determines our perception of __________

loudness

the amplitude of waves determines the

loudness

long waves have ____ frequency

low

low frequency = ___ pitched sounds

low

sensory receptors in our skin, muscles, and organs that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

nociceptors

part of the cochlea that receives vibrations from the stirrup

oval window

Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective than rude. This best illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

perceptual set

a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects (top-down) what we hear, taste, feel, and see

perceptual set

rods are mostly located in the ______ of the retina

periphery

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

phi phenomenon

4 basic touch senses

pressure, pain, cold, warmth

activating, often unconsciously, associations in our mind, thus setting us up to perceive, remember, or respond to objects or events in certain ways

priming

3 types of grouping

proximity, continuity, closure

Studying the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (e.g., intensity) and the psychological experience of them involves the field known as _____. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

psychophysics

color of long wavelengths

red

The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory states that the 3 colored receptors we have are

red, green, blue

Kiera stayed up way too late last night and her eyes are tired. She closes her eyes, and as she rubs them she notices a white light. This is because Kiera's _____ cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from her hand triggers them.

retinal

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

retinal disparity

binocular cue for perceiving depth, by comparing images from the 2 eyes, the brain calculates distance. Used by 3d film makers

retinal disparity

bottom-up process by which the physical sensory system receives & represents stimuli at the very basic level of sensory receptors & works up

sensation

the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness; caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

sensorineural hearing loss

our diminished sensitivity to constant or routine odors, sounds, and touches

sensory adaptation

the principle that one sense may influence another

sensory interaction

Perceptual _____ are the result of schemas, which people form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

sets

predicts when we will detect weak signals

signal detection theory

stimuli you cannot detect 50 percent of the time

subliminal

3 main types of extrasensory perception (ESP)

telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition

Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it, which satisfied Susan. This is probably the result of:

the difference threshold

the retina's area of central focus

the fovea

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan which part of eye to confirm people's identity?

the iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

the iris

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

the lens

the blind spot is located on top of _____

the optic nerve

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

the pupil

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

the retina

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing, and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is best explained by:

the signal detection theory

perceptual constancy is a ______ process

top-down

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates ______.

top-down processing

constructs perceptions from the sensory input by drawing on our experience and expectations.

top-down processing

the process of converting one form of energy into another

transduction

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

vestibular sense

we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane

von Helmholtz's place theory