Psych Ch. 8
schizophrenia
About 2.5 million Americans are diagnosed with _______, with about 1 in 3 requiring hospitalization.
dopamine
According to the dopamine theory, people with schizophrenia overutilize the neurotransmitter ______.
adjustment disorder
An _______ ______ is a maladaptive reaction to one or more identified stressors that occurs shortly following exposure to the stressor(s) and causes signs of distress beyond that which would be normally expected or impaired functioning.
Major depression
____ _____ is a mood disorder in which the person may have a dampened mood, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, and lack of interest or pleasure. In extreme cases, people suffering from major depression may experience psychotic behaviors.
psychodynamic
Most of the theoretical explanations come from the ________ model. Traditional Freudian theory focuses on faulty resolution of the Oedipal complex.
schizophrenia
People with ________ have problems with memory, attention and communication.
Conversion Hypochondriasis
Somoatoform disorders are ______ disorder and ______
mood disorders
Suicide is the 8th leading cause of death in the United States. Most suicides are linked to _____ _____, especially depression and bipolar disorder. Other factors include feelings of hopelessness, serious medical illness, and schizophrenia.
personality disorders
The DSM-5 lists 10 specific types of _____ ______ that are organized in three clusters: Odd or eccentric behavior, Behavior that is overly dramatic, emotional or erratic and behavior that is anxious or fearful.
depression
Women are two times more likely to be diagnosed with ______ than men.
stress
Women have greater _____ than men (multiple demands of childbearing, childrearing and financial support of the family).
Mood disorders
____ _____ are characterized by severe or persistent disturbances of mood
Social phobia
_____ _____: Also called social anxiety disorder, a social phobia is a persistent fear of social interactions in which one might be scrutinized or judged negatively by others.
Specific phobia
_____ _____: an excessive, irrational fear of a specific object or situation, such as snakes or heights.
Panic disorders
_____ ______ are characterized by strong physical symptoms such as shortness of breath, heavy sweating, tremors, and pounding of the heart.
Bipolar disorder
_____ ______ is a mood disorder in which mood alternates between two extreme poles (elation or manic and depression).
Psychological disorders
_____ ______ range from relatively mild disorders (such as adjustment disorders) to more severe and chronic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
PTSD
_____ may not begin for many months or years after the trauma, but it may last for years or even decades afterward. Acute stress disorder is characterized by feelings of intense anxiety and helplessness during the first month following exposure to a traumatic event.
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
______ _____ _____ is a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities that may alternate in controlling them. Some psychologists feel that people with DID have constructed these alternate personalities as roles they play to act out confusing emotions.
Dissociative disorders
______ _____ are a class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness or self-identity.
Dissociative fugue
______ _____ is a dissociative disorder in which one experiences amnesia, then flees to a new location. The new personality is often more outgoing than the "real" identity. Following recovery, the events are not recalled.
Somatoform disorders
______ ______ are a class of psychological disorders in which people have physical complaints that cannot be explained medically or attribute their physical problems to grave causes despite assurances to the contrary.
Personality disorders
______ ______ are enduring patterns of maladaptive behaviors that are sources of distress to the individual or others. - cause difficulties in social, personal, or occupational functioning.
Cognitive theorists
______ ______ find that antisocial adolescents interpret social information in ways the bolster their misdeeds.
Dissociative amnesia
______ ______ is a dissociative disorder marked by loss of personal memories or self-identity. The loss of memory is not due to an organic problem (such as a blow to the head). Examples include a soldier who, following a stressful combat experience, cannot remember what happened for several hours.
Learning theorists
______ ______ suggest the childhood experiences can contribute to maladaptive ways of relating to others in adulthood.
Conversion disorder
______ ______: A disorder in which anxiety or unconscious conflicts are "converted" into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping the person cope with anxiety or conflict.
Paranoid schizophrenia
______ ______: Characterized primarily by delusions—commonly of persecution—and by vivid hallucinations.
Panic disorder
______ ______: The recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety. These attacks seem to come "out of the blue" but may become associated with certain cues over time.
Hormonal
______ differences can also contribute to the differences between men and women.
Anxiety
______ is an emotional state accompanied by subjective (worrying and nervousness), behavioral (avoidance), and physical (trembling and sweating) features.
Borderline
______ personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by failure to develop a stable self-image, by a pattern of tumultuous moods and stormy relationships with others, and by difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors.
Histrionic
______ personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by overly dramatic and emotional behavior; by excessive needs to be the center of attention; and by constant demands for reassurance, praise, and approval.
Agoraphobia
______: Fear of open or crowded places.
Psychological disorders
_______ ______ are behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or impaired functioning. They are not expected responses to specific events.
Depersonalization disorder
_______ ______ is a dissociative disorder in which one experiences persistent or recurrent feelings that one is not real or is detached from one's own experiences or body.
Genetic
_______ factors are implicated in some personality disorders such as schizoid personality disorder.
Antisocial
_______ personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of antisocial and irresponsible behavior, a flagrant disregard for the interests and feelings of others, and lack of remorse for wrongdoing.
Paranoid
_______ personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness, but not involving the disorganization of paranoid schizophrenia.
Schizoid
_______ personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by social detachment or isolation.
Anxiety
_______ symptoms may include motor tension, autonomic overarousal, feelings of dread and foreboding, and excessive worrying and vigilance.
Psychodynamic learning
_______ theorists believe dissociative disorders are a result of massive repression while ______ theorists believe people with dissociative disorders have learned to redirect their thinking away from troubling memories to avoid feelings of shame, anxiety, and guilt.
Obsession
_______: A recurring thought or image that seems beyond one's ability to control.
Schizophrenia
________ is a severe and persistent psychological disorder characterized by a break with reality, disturbances in thinking, and a disturbed behavior and emotional responses. - Their thinking becomes unraveled and their speech jumbled.
Narcissistic
________ personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by an inflated or grandiose self-image and extreme needs for admiration.
Schizotypal
________ personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behavior, but not involving bizarre behaviors associated with schizophrenia.
Compulsion
________: An apparently irresistible urge to repeat an act or engage in ritualistic behavior such as hand washing.
Acrophobia
________: Fear of high places.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
____________ _______: A disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
______________________ is a prolonged maladaptive reaction to a traumatic event characterized by intense fear, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, and re-living of the event.
Hypochondriasis
A disorder characterized by the persistent belief that one has a serious medical disorder despite lack of medical finding.
Dependent personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by excessive dependence on others and difficulties making independent decisions.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
A personality disorder described by excessive needs for attention to detail and demands for orderliness, as well as perfectionism and highly rigid ways of relating to others.
Avoidant personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person is generally unwilling to enter relationships without assurance of acceptance because of extreme fears of rejection and criticism.
Generalized anxiety disorder
A psychological disorder involving persistent feelings of worry accompanied by states of bodily tension and heightened arousal.
Cognitive factors
Causal Factors in Somatoform Disorders: ____ _____ - Evidence is emerging that points to cognitive factors such as distorted thinking patterns.
Learning theory
Causal Factors in Somatoform Disorders: _____ _____ - Conversion symptoms represent learned responses that are reinforced by avoidance of painful or anxiety-evoking situations.
Psychodynamic theory
Causal Factors in Somatoform Disorders: ______ ______ - Hysterical symptoms symbolize underlying psychological conflict.
Disorganized schizophrenia
Characterized by incoherent speech, disorganized or fragmentary delusions, and vivid hallucinations.
Catatonic schizophrenia
Characterized by striking impairment of motor activity. Individuals may show waxy flexibility and/or mutism.
1. Unusualness 2. Faulty perception or interpretation of reality 3. Significant personal distress 4. Self-defeating behavior 5. Dangerousness 6. Social unacceptability in a given culture
Criteria for Determining Abnormal Behavior? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
serotonin
Evidence suggests an important role for genetic factors in major depression and bipolar disorder. Research has identified irregularities in the use of ______ in the brain (Prozac works to increase the level of serotonin in the brain).
Claustrophobia
Fear of tight, small spaces.
sufficient reinforcement
From the psychodynamic perspective, depression is anger turned inward. Learning theorists suggest that depressed people lack _____ _____ in their lives to maintain their mood and behavior. Finally, cognitive theorists believe that the ways we interpret life events leads to emotional disorders such as depression.
schizophrenia
Heredity plays a key role in _______. The more closely related two people are by blood, the more likely they are to share the disorder.
manic phase
In the ____ ____, the person may show excessive excitement or silliness, engage in risky behaviors, experience a flight of ideas and speak very rapidly.
depression phase
In the _____ _____, people have a downcast mood, often sleep more than usual, and feel lethargic. In order to avoid the depressive phase, some people suffer from bipolar disorder may attempt suicide when the mood shifts from elation towards depression.
panic disorder
Investigators estimate that 1 to 4 percent of the US adult population is affected by ____ ______ at some point in their lives.
schizophrenia
Many people with ______ have delusions. Others may enter a stuporous state or become wildly agitated.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th edition — (DSM-5).
Psychological disorders are classified via the ______________________________________
delusional thinking or hallucinations.
Psychotic behaviors relate to a break with reality, as manifested by _____ _____ or _______
DSM-5
The _____ has discarded the multiaxial system of diagnosis (formerly Axis I, Axis II, Axis III), listing all disorders in Section II. It has replaced Axis IV with significant psychosocial and contextual features and dropped Axis V (Global Assessment of Functioning, known as GAF).
anxiety
The ______ is not focused on a specific object, situation, or activity.
generalized anxiety disorder
The central feature of ______ ______ ______ is a general state of anxiety that becomes expressed in the form of persistent worrying.
dissociative disorders
The great majority of people who have been diagnosed with ______ ______ have suffered sexual or physical abuse in childhood, usually before the age of 5.
dissociative disorders
There is much debate as to whether _____ _____ even exist. Some feel that people who have been diagnosed with dissociative disorders are simply faking their symptoms.
biological factors
There is much evidence to support the role that _____ _____ play in anxiety disorders. For example, genetic factors may account for faulty regulation of levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, leading to unusually high levels of anxiety in response to particular threats.
genetics
Ultimately though, while ______ may cause a tendency towards certain disorders, whether the person actually develops the disorder depends on many other factors (such as a warm and loving family, level of stressful events, coping ability, etc.).
