Psych ch 9

_____ are strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem.

Algorithms

Identify a cognitive change that occurs during adolescence.

An increased ability to construct new combinations of knowledge

_____ is an important ingredient of mindful thinking.

Asking good questions

_____ occurs when students look back to a previous situation for information that will help them solve a problem in a new context.

Backward-reaching transfer

_____ is the tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence.

Belief perseverance

is thinking that involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.

Blank 1: Decision Blank 2: making

means the transfer of learning to a situation very different from the one in which the initial learning took place.

Blank 1: Far Blank 2: transfer

means being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.

Blank 1: Mindfulness

involves manipulating and transforming information in memory, which often is done to form concepts, reason, think critically, make decisions, think creatively, and solve problems.

Blank 1: Thinking

An umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex and that involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and exercise self-control is known as

Blank 1: executive Blank 2: function

group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties.

Concepts

Identify the type of thinking that produces one correct answer.

Convergent thinking

Which of the following is an example of a semantic organization tool?

Databases

Match the aspects of executive function involved in early childhood (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column). Instructions

Developmental advances in cognitive inhibition matches Choice Controlling a strong tendency that is incorrect Cognitive flexibility matches Choice Shifting attention to a different item or topic Goal-setting matches Choice Sharing a toy or mastering a skill like catching a ball Delay of gratification matches Choice The ability to forego an immediate pleasure or reward for a more desirable one later

Identify an impediment to problem solving even when a student has good problem solving skills. (Check all that apply.)

Lack of persistence Lack of motivation

_____ are dynamic modeling tools that simulate real-world phenomena.

Microworlds

_____ involves finding an appropriate way to attain a goal.

Problem solving

What is the final step in problem solving?

Rethinking and redefining problems and solutions

Identify a factor that increases the likelihood of risky decision-making in adolescents.

The presence of peers

Identify an advantage that adolescents have over younger children in the context of problem solving.

They have more effective strategies.

Mark has been given two months to complete his science project. Identify a subgoal that Mark should establish.

To complete the second draft a week before the due date

occurs when a person applies previous experiences and knowledge to learning or problem solving in a new situation.

Transfer

True or false: Algorithms are helpful in solving clear-cut problems.

True

True or false: As part of defining a concept in the rule-example strategy, the concept should be linked to a superordinate concept.

True

True or false: People think to conceptualize, reason, critique, decide, create, and solve problems.

True

Identify an information interpretation tool.

Web design programs

Information interpretation tools help learners to _____.

access and make sense of information

A(n) _____ is a correspondence between otherwise dissimilar things.

analogy

In contrast to high-road transfer, low-road transfer occurs _____.

automatically

Belief perseverance is most closely related to _____.

confirmation bias

In decision making, _____ is the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them.

confirmation bias

In learning, unlike low-road transfer, high-road transfer occurs _____.

consciously

Arrange in order, from the beginning, the steps involved in the rule-example strategy in concept formation. Instructions Choice 1 of 4. Define a concept. toggle button Define a concept. Choice 2 of 4. Give examples to illustrate the key features of a concept. toggle button Give examples to illustrate the key features of a concept. Choice 3 of 4. Clarify terms in the definition of a concept. toggle button Clarify terms in the definition of a concept. Choice 4 of 4. Provide additional examples related to a concept. toggle button Provide additional examples related to a concept.

define clarify give provide

In the context of Jonassen's categories of mindtools, _____ tools help students explore connections between concepts.

dynamic modeling

An important aspect of inductive reasoning is _____.

epeated observation

In order to foster critical thinking, teachers should encourage children to _____.

evaluate and question

In problem-based learning, students have to _____.

explore and discover solutions on their own

People with _____ falsely report, after a fact, that they accurately predicted an event.

hindsight bias

Reasoning from the specific to the general is _____.

inductive reasoning

Older children and adolescents are better problem solvers than younger children because they have more _____.

knowledge

A _____ is a type of fixation in which an individual tries to solve a problem in a particular way that has worked in the past.

mental set

In _____, the classroom learning situation is similar to the one in which the initial learning took place.

near transfer

Rank the flow of problem-based learning in the correct order. Instructions Choice 1 of 5. Organize students for study toggle button Organize students for study Choice 2 of 5. Orient students to the problem toggle button Orient students to the problem Choice 3 of 5. Assist with independent and group investigations toggle button Assist with independent and group investigations Choice 4 of 5. Analyze and evaluate work toggle button Analyze and evaluate work Choice 5 of 5. Develop and present artifacts and exhibits toggle button Develop and present artifacts and exhibits

oerient organize assist evlo analyze

People who are good at problem solving are _____.

ones who are motivated to improve on their past performances

People who consistently have more faith in their judgments than predictions based on statistically objective measures indicate they should are said to have:

overconfidence bias.

People with overconfidence bias tend to base their confidence on _____.

past experiences

The emphasis in _____ is on solving authentic problems like those that occur in daily life.

problem-based learning

In _____, individuals decide whether an item is a member of a category by comparing it with the most typical item(s) of the category.

prototype matching

In the context of the categories of mind tools, _____ tools help students consolidate, analyze, and visualize information they are studying.

semantic organization

Identify the type of thinking that is required for creativity.

Divergent thinking

True or false: Age has no bearing on decision-making abilities.

False

True or false: Concepts make the most trivial problems difficult to formulate.

False

True or false: For those adolescents who lack fundamental skills, potential gains in adolescent thinking are likely.

False

True or false: In decision making, people use clear-cut rules to draw conclusions.

False

Identify the first step in problem-solving.

Finding and framing the problem

_____ involves using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective.

Fixation

Identify the type of transfer that occurs when students have to know something about the situations to which they will transfer learning.

Forward-reaching transfer

Identify strategies to improve transfer in teaching.

Have the students invent a solution before the lecture on the solution Give two or more examples of a concept

Identify a strategy that can be used to motivate students to solve a problem.

Helping them relate to the problem

_____ are strategies or rules of thumb that can suggest a solution to a problem but does not ensure that it will work.

Heuristics

The remark "I told you so" represents which flaw in decision making?

Hindsight bias

_____ are specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy.

Hypotheses

Which of the following methods is used to determine what a concept is and is not?

Hypothesis testing

Identify the drawback that young students face in problem solving.

Identify the drawback that young students face in problem solving.

Identify a true statement about confirmation bias.

Individuals avoid listening to people who have dissenting views to theirs.

Identify a true statement about prototype matching.

Individuals use similarity to a prototype to categorize items.

Identify a function of heuristics.

It helps one to narrow down possible solutions and pick one that works.

How does mindfulness help critical thinking?

It helps students to be open to new information.

Sarah's professor has given her six weeks to complete her end of semester thesis. Although, Sarah aims to complete at least the first draft a week before the deadline, she wants to have all her data at least three weeks before the deadline. In the above example, in the context of effective problem solving strategies, Sarah is seen to make use of the process of _____.

subgoaling

Analogies can be considered a form of inductive reasoning because _____.

the conclusions are not certain but are only supported with varying degrees of strength