psych ch 9

Identify the type of logic expressed in each of the following statements: 1. All swans are white, Daisy is white. Therefore, Daisy is a swan. 2. Daisy is a swan and she's white. Dante is a swan and he's white. Therefore, all swans are white. 3. All swans are white. Daisy is swan, so Daisy must be white.

1. abductive; 2. inductive; 3. deductive

If given the choice of one of the four alternatives listed, which of these will the rational person choose, according to rational choice theory?

40 percent oppurtunity to gain $2,000

Which statement about the limitations of language learning in apes is not true?

Apes can exhibit an active mastery of a few hundred words but fail to exhibit a passive mastery of them.

The gender difference in spatial skills is especially large when we compare children with high gender role identification - boys who identify highly masculine and girls who identify as highly feminine. Which of the following explains this finding?

Boys who identify as highly masculine probably play only with boy toys which enhance develop of spatial skills, while girls who identify as highly feminine probably play only with girls toys, which do not.

The target letter "F" is shown on the left. Let's say that I've instructed a participant to mentally rotate the letter F clockwise and judge whether each letter on the right (A, B, and C) matches the target or not. Which letter will take the longest for the participant to judge?

C

One man with aphantasia described in the video couldn't picture the beach when asked to do so. What was true about his ability to imagine other senses?

He could not imagine the sight, smell, or sounds of the beach.

Sigmund Freud's theories attempted to explain people's behavior in terms of what had happened to them in the past. Let's say that he believed that anxiety in adulthood was due to not have received enough attention from your parents when you were little. Eventually he would encounter cases of anxious adults who had received a lot of attention from their parents when they were little. So, he would reason that too much attention or too little attention in early childhood could cause anxiety in adulthood. Notice that when he encountered evidence that his initials beliefs were wrong, he modified them a bit and claimed they could explain the new evidence perfectly well. In which of the following ways does Freud's reasoning and evidence gathering differ from accepted scientific logic?

He was unwilling to change his beliefs even after encountering evidence that their weren't true; By trying to explain current behavior by referring to events in the past he side-stepped the scientific challenge of making risky predictions

If we adopt the family resemblance approach to categorization, how would we determine if something should be a member of a category?

It has most of the features that are shared by other members of the category

Can people who once had vision still see mental images after losing their eyesight to blindness?

Some people maintain the ability to see with their mind's eye and others do not

We look over vivid images in our mind's eye - while imagining, remembering, and dreaming - much as we look at our immediate environment.

True

Under what conditions might someone be more rational?

When provided frequency information

Rapid eye movements (REMs) that occur during sleep signal that we're dreaming. You're dreaming and your rapid eye movements are really fast. Beneath your closed lids your eyes are darting from one location to another in rapid succession. Which of the following are you most likely to be dreaming about?

You're a tribute trying to stay alive in the Hunger Games arena and someone is chasing you through the woods trying to kill you while tracker-jackers are stinging you all over your body.

Identify the type of logic expressed in this statement: "All people are mortal. Socrates is mortal, therefore Socrates is a person."

abductive

Miranda's grandmother and two of her aunts have had breast cancer and no women in her family have died of a heart attack. If you ask her which disease kills more women, as a result of using the availability heuristic, she would say:

breast cancer

John Kounious recommends that you can enhance your creative insight by:

by going outside or working in a large room with high ceilings

People with aphantasia _________.

can even solve puzzles that require most people to mentally rotate objects in their minds; are bright people who enter careers in a wide variety of fields including biology, computer programming, engineering, and art

Lots of people struggle with procrastination - not doing the things they need and want to have done. Let's say that psychologists from different specializations come up with a possible explanations for this problem. Which of the following specializations would be most likely to say that the planning fallacy might account for procrastination? If people underestimate the time and resources needed to do a task, they will just keep putting it off - procrastinating.

cognitive psychology

Transgender children have much higher rates of anxiety and depression than other children. Dr. Blankenship predicts that transgender children who receive gender affirming care (they are allowed to live as the gender they feel themselves to be) will be similar to the general population in symptoms of anxiety and depression. The team recruits families who are ready to start providing gender-affirmative care and immediately measures the childrens' symptoms of anxiety and depression. The team measures the childrens' symptoms again a year later to see if Dr. Blankenship's prediction was falsified or supported. This research process is an example of __________. Multiple choice question

deductive logic

Bruno decides if a food is a fruit by comparing it with all the fruits that he can remember.

exemplar theory

In one study, elementary school children were tested in two areas of spatial performance: mental rotation and map reading. No gender difference was found among children from lower-income families, but the usual gender difference was found for children from middle- and upper-income families. The researchers concluded that boys in more affluent families had access to resources (e.g., toys, activities) that allowed them to improve their spatial skills relative to girls; while boys in less affluent families did not. The results of this study generally support the idea (or prediction) that: (More than one answer is correct, select all of the correct answers.)

giving all children access to the same resources and even teaching spatial skills may cause this gender difference to disappear; differences in experience account for the gender difference in spatial skills.

When Broca's area is damaged, patients:

have a hard time with speech production.

Why was Sal's categorization task harder than Samuel's task?

he wasn't told the name of the categories - he was supposed to look at the set of cards and come up with a name for the categories; one category was defind in items of the function of the object (e.g., you can eat it) instead of the appearance (color, size); one category was very broad (e.g., all animals) or abstract (e.g., alive)

Which is the more common cause of death for women - breast cancer or having a heart attack?

heart attack

Sesame Street has a helpful song about how to tell living beings from inanimate objects. Sesame says that all living beings breathe and eat and grow. What Sesame Street is doing is:

helping children understand a concept

Debbie owns a business that is very profitable. She says that when she interviews people she asks lots of questions, but mainly what she looks for is a confident, strong handshake. She hires the person with the best handshake. What decision-making process is she using?

heuristic

Warrington & McCarthy (1983) described a man with brain damage whose knowledge of living things was perfectly normal, but who could not recognize _________. (Tip: Identify the category that seems the best constrast to "living things".)

human-made things

Malene is studying people who have a diagnosis of schizophrenia and who also have post-traumatic stress disorder at Indiana University, Bloomington. She's recruited participants and is interviewing them and a family-member or close friend to learn more about what types of daily living skills have been most important for them to acquire to be able to function independently. Her eventual goal is to create a treatment program for this population that will help others develop skills that will allow them to function independently. The conclusions that she is hoping to be able to reach as she completes this first stage of her research is an example of __________.

inductive logic

a mental representation ____.

is not the same thing as sensing and perceiving something that is currently present; stands for something else; is an idea or image; can be abstract; is a thing or abstract concept that you've sensed in the past or imagine in the future

Broca's area is located in the _____ cortex

left frontal

Thad suffered a stroke that resulted in brain damage. Thad is overheard saying, "The rain came before my feelings. I think the funny TV is cold. But it needs help with the scissors." Thad probably has suffered damage to the _____ cortex.

left temporal

_____ natural categories ______ be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions.

most; cannot

Kendra only classifies an animal as a fish if it swims, lays eggs, and has gills.

necessary & sufficient conditions

The property "is a mammal" is _______ for the category "dog" but it is not ________, because many other animals are also mammals.

necessary; sufficient

Harriet decides if an animal is a bird by comparing it to a robin, which she believes is the best example of a bird.

prototype theory

Jordan only classifies an animal as a lion if it matches with her ideal example of a lion.

prototype theory

Which type of psychologist listed below is most likely to teach their clients to visualize themselves doing their very best at a task to improve their performance?

sports psychologist

Forming an actual picture in your mind requires activity in regions all across your brain. Which of the following are true statements about the contribution of various cortical lobes? (More than one answer is correct. Select each correct answer.)

the frontal and parietal lobes think up what you want to see; the temporal and occipital lobe create the image

Queshawn watched every movie in the Hunger Games series in one day. That night he fell asleep and saw various scenes from the movies while he dreamt - the reaping, the Capital, the Arena. The content of Queshawn's thoughts as explained in the previous sentence are best described as:

visual images