Psych Exam #2 Cognition Quizzes

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because: A. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop B. talking makes the longer words seem even longer C. elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM D. saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding.

A, saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember: A. a list of long words than a list of short words B. a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths C. a long list of words than a short list of words D. a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length

A. a list of long words than a list of short words

What approach did Bartlett use to study memory? A. qualitative, using correspondence between the actual story and its recall B. both qualitative and quantitative C. quantitative, counting the number of ideas recalled in the story

A. qualitative, using correspondence between the actual story and its recall

Which of the following involves procedural memory? A. Reading a sentence in a book B. Knowing how it feels to be scared C. Recalling a childhood memory D. Knowing how an automobile engine works

A. reading a sentences in a book

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test. A. recognition B. word-completion C. recall D. implicit memory

A. recognition

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in: A. remembering where a best friend had moved. B. remembering the meaning of some words. C. recognizing famous people. D. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen.

A. remembering where a best friend had moved

The "magic number," according to Miller, is: A. lucky 13 B. 5 plus or minus 2 C. 7 and 11 D. 7 plus or minus 2

D. 7 plus or minus 2

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear? A. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second) B. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall C. Inserting a 30-second delay before recall D. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace

B. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is: A. permanently stored B. manipulated C. perceived D. forgotten

B. manipulated

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that: A. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. B. we are not conscious we are using it. C. it always leads to episodic memory for events. D. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

B. we are not conscious we are using it

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is approximately A. 5-7 minutes B. 1-3 minutes C. 15-20 seconds D. a fraction of a second

C. 15-20 seconds

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called: A. episodic-based processing B. personal semantic memory C. transfer-appropriate processing D. elaborative rehearsal

C. transfer-appropriate processing

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following? A. "Explain your earliest personal memory that relates to TREE." B. "Report the first word that you associate with TREE." C. "Which of the following words is related to "plant," TREE or SHOE." D. "Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E."

D. "Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T_ _ E."

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory. A. scripts B. bias C. confabulation D. schemas

D. schemas

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. A. constructive B. event-specific C. source D. misinformation

A. constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story illustrated the A. constructive nature of memory. B. familiarity effect. C. reminiscence bump. D. misinformation effect.

A. constructive nature of memory

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence A. creates more connections. B. is more interesting. C. causes more rehearsal. D. takes longer to process.

A. creates more connections.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of: A. iconic memory B. a visual delay effect C. echoic memory D. top-down processing

A. iconic memory

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? A. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned B. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered C. Repeating the words over and over in your mind D. Deciding how many vowels each word has

A. making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

What is a difficulty in studying flashbulb memory? A. People do not like to talk about emotional events. B. The now print biological mechanism is impossible to verify. C. Accuracy is measured by consistency between reports. D. All of the options are correct.

C. Accuracy is measured by consistency between reports

If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend? A. He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color B. He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics C. He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice D. He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball

B. He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory? A. I remember that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving. B. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. C. I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

B. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. A. excited B. calm C. nervous D. neutral

B. calm

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that: A. they are permanent and resist forgetting. B. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. C. rehearsal cannot account for them. D. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy).

B. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. A. feedback B. highlighting C. organization D. making up questions about the material

B. highlighting

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? A. It is vivid memory for emotional events. B. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. C. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. D. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event.

C. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of: A. the self-reference effect. B. maintenance rehearsal. C. encoding specificity. D. levels of processing theory

C. encoding specificity

Two types of declarative memory are _____ and _____ memory. A. semantic; implicit B. procedural; episodic C. episodic; semantic D. implicit; episodic

C. episodic; semantic

Neisser proposed that: A. flashbacks to the event defines the nature of flashbulb memory. B. flashbulb memories occur as a result of a biological mechanism called now print. C. narrative rehearsal explains flashbulb memory. D. all the options are incorrect.

C. narrative rehearsal explains flashbulb memory.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by: A. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms. B. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. C. repeating it over and over. D. using it in a sentence.

C. repeating it over and over

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on: A. the pleasantness of a word. B. the meaning of a word. C. the number of vowels in a word. D. the category of a word.

C. the number of vowels in a word

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? A. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY B. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG C. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN D. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

D. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? A. Priming B. Classical conditioning C. Procedural memory D. Semantic memory

D. Semantic memory

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves: A. a shorter rehearsal period B. a smaller stimulus set C. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set D. a smaller response set.

D. a smaller response set

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____. A. decay; lack of rehearsal B. interference; decay C. priming; interference D. decay; interference

D. decay; interference

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is: A. retrieved. B. stored. C. encoded, stored, and retrieved. D. encoded.

D. encoded

What process/processes schemas affect? A. retrieval only B. encoding and retrieval only C. encoding only D. encoding, storage, and retrieval

D. encoding, storage, and retrieval

According to Brown and Kulik's concept of flashbulb memory, people now in their early 20s do not hold a flashbulb memory for the attacks of 9/11 because: A. the now print mechanism only works in adults. B. kids do not encode eventskids lacked the background schema to encode the information about the events of 9/11. C. all the answers are correct. D. in 2001 they were too young to realize how consequential the event was.

D. in 2001 they were too young to realize how consequential the event was

The primacy effect is attributed to A. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items B. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list C. recall of information still active in STM D. recall of information stored in LTM

D. recall of information stored in LTM

Experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM. A. mass practice B. long-term potentiation C. elaborative rehearsal D. retrieval cues

D. retrieval cues