Psych Final
the interactive influences of nature and nurture on substance abuse
A biopsychosocial approach to substance abuse would be most likely to emphasize
anterior cingulate cortex
A brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, the ________, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality
A lack of conscience is most characteristic of those who experience ________ disorder
the same people are retested over a long period
A longitudinal study is one in which
lower
A person who thinks of situations or outcomes as temporary, specific, and external are at a ______________ (lower/higher) risk for developing major depressive disorder
identify
A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-5 in order to ________ various psychological disorders
stimulus generalization
A rape victim may experience a panic attack when she sees anyone sporting a tattoo that resembles the one that her attacker had. This reaction best illustrates the process of
anorexia nervosa
About four months ago, 16-year-old Amanda went on a drastic diet that caused her to drop from her normal weight of 120 pounds to less than 90 pounds. Although her weight is dangerously low, she continues to undereat because she thinks she looks fat. Amanda suffers from
agoraphobia
After Charles Darwin began suffering panic disordesr, he lived in relative seclusion and traveled only in his wife's company. His panic disorder was apparently accompanied by
entorhinal cortex hippocampus temporal lobe
Alzheimer's disease usually begins in the
serotonin
Antidepressant medications referred to as SSRI's inhibit the reuptake of
persistent and distressing
Anxiety is considered disordered if it is
rejection
Being withdrawn, self-focused, and complaining tends to elicit social
schizotypal
Ben has always been an odd child, including having no emotions and separating himself from normal childhood play. He would most likely be diagnosed with ________ personality disorder
alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism
Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by
amygdala
Brain scans of people with PTSD show higher-than-normal activity in the _______ when exposed to traumatic images
repetitive behaviors
Compulsions are best described as
Between 9 and 10
Depressive or bipolar disorders occur in ______ percent of the American population
rumination
During an argument, Adele told her sister that she hated her. Even after her sister told her that she did not take it seriously and to forget about it, Adele continued to worry about it, which interfered with her job and family responsibilities. Adele's worry illustrates
psychological disorders mental disorders
Effective parenting, literacy, healthy self-esteem, and good problem-solving skills are known protective factors against
epigenetic factors
Environmental factors such as viral infections can "turn on" specific genes that predispose schizophrenia. This best illustrates the impact of
intimacy and generativity
Erik Erikson maintained that the two basic aspects of life that dominate adulthood are
delusions
False beliefs that often are symptoms of psychotic disorders are called
amygdala
Fear-learning experiences can traumatize the brain by creating fear circuits within the
major depressive disorder
Feelings of worthlessness are most likely to be associated with
neurotransmitters
Genes can regulate _____ such as serotonin and glutamate, which contribute to our hypervigilance to threat and increased levels of alarm
a biopsychosocial approach
In discovering that certain psychological disorders occur only in particular cultures, we are providing evidence for
low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels
In terms of neurotransmitter levels, depression is associated with
"I'm academically incompetent and always will be."
Inanna suffers from chronic depression. According to the social-cognitive perspective, how is she most likely to respond when told that she performed very poorly on a test she took the previous day?
generalized anxiety disorder
Indira, a third-grade teacher, frequently suffers from dizziness, heart palpitations, and fatigue. She is also continually agitated and unable to relax outside the classroom, but she cannot pinpoint a reason for her problems. Her behavior is most indicative of
narcissistic personality disorder
Inflated views of self-importance are most characteristic of those with
depression
Learned helplessness is most closely associated with the development of
schizophrenia
Low birth weight and lack of oxygen during delivery have been identified as contributing to an increased risk of
elation
Mania is most likely to be characterized by feelings of
bulimia
Marco is trying to lose weight, and he goes through periods in which he binge eats, followed by forcing himself to vomit because he feels guilty. Marco likely has _________ nervosa
personally distressful
Mental health workers are most likely to consider socially unusual behavior as disordered if it is
repetitive, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by
major depressive disorder
Over the last three months, Regina's feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason. Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive, Regina says that she feels worthless and completely detached from people, and she has even thoughts about killing herself. Regina's symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from
cross-sectional
People of different ages are compared with one another in a ________ study
dopamine
People who have schizophrenia often exhibit an excess of _______ activity in the brain
social functioning
Personality disorders exist when an individual has character traits that are enduring and impair
dysfunctional
Personally distressing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are considered to be symptoms of a psychological disorder if they are
moral treatment
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) was the first to promote _______ for psychological disorders, instead of the brutal treatments used during his time
dysfunctional; maladaptive
Psychological disorders are diagnosed if the behavior interferes with the person's day-to-day life, the person is distressed, and the behavior is _____________ or ___________
24
Psychological disorders are usually showing symptoms by age
physical exercise
Research suggests that the best way to enhance memory and reduce the risk of significant cognitive decline in late adulthood is to engage in daily
hallucination; delusion
Seeing one-eyed monsters would be a(n) ________. Believing that you are Christopher Columbus would be a _______
DSM
Successive editions of the ________ have provided guidelines for diagnosing psychological disorders
nonsuicidal self-injury
Such behaviors as cutting one's skin, hitting oneself, or pulling one's hair out are examples of
dissociative identity disorder
Taylor has no memory of the abuse she experienced as a child. During a session with her clinical psychologist, she suddenly began talking in a deeper voice, claiming to be Adam, a male personality, who remembered all of the abuse. Taylor is demonstrating the symptoms of
hearing
The hallucinations experienced by those who suffer from schizophrenia are most likely to involve ________ things that are not there
anxiety
The psychodynamic perspective and learning perspectives view dissociative identity disorders as ways of dealing with
bipolar disorder
The psychological disorder that has the highest heritable rate is
mania
The wildly optimistic, hyperactive state that alternates with depression in bipolar disorder is called
binge-eating disorder
Those who engage in spurts of excessive overeating, followed by remorse—but do not binge, purge, or fast—are said to have
support
Twin studies ___________ (support/do not support) the contention that heredity plays a role in schizophrenia
Social psychologists
Use scientific methods to study how people think about, influence, and relate to one another
major depressive disorder
Which of the following disorders typically occurs in periodic episodes that eventually terminate by themselves even without professional help?
aversive conditioning
consists of creating a negative response to a harmful stimulus and helps you learn what you should not do