psych personality
According to Piaget, the formal operational stage of cognitive development begins around age _____ years.
11
According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration induces _____, which then causes _____.
A negative affect: aggression
Mr. Jefferson uses systems of rewards to influence the behavior of his middle-school students whereas Ms. Campbell uses threats of punishment. Which statement is TRUE about their use of social influence?
Both teachers are appealing to the hedonic motive.
Which type of love is characterized by affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being?
Companionate love
Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit is called:
Cooperation
A person arrested during a protest march may not feel responsible for his or her own actions, a phenomenon referred to as groupthink.
False
Women tend to be less selective than men when selecting a mate.
False
Jumping onto subway tracks to save a stranger's life is an example of:
Genuine altruism
Which of the following is an example of a dispositional attribution for getting a good grade on a project?
I got a good grade because I am smart and manage my time well
The classic study on conformity was done by:
Solomon Asch
How are the brains of older adults and younger adults different as it relates to older adults maintaining their cognitive functioning?
The brains of older adults become de-differentiated.
A person is more likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when she is the only one there to provide help, relative to a situation where others also could potentially render aid. This phenomenon is termed:
The bystander intervention effect
The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share is known as:
The common knowledge effect
People are more likely to be attracted to people who are similar to themselves.
True
Black and White participants were shown pictures for less than 1 second of White and Black men carrying either guns or cameras. Participants were instructed to "shoot" the men carrying guns by pressing a button. What were the results of the study?
White and Black participants were more likely to mistake a camera for a gun if it was held by a Black man.
Which statement about aggression by women is TRUE?
Women are more likely than men to aggress by causing social harm.
The _____ motive states that people are motivated to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong.
accuracy
According to the existential approach, the "anxiety of fully being" is known as:
angst
Inferences about the causes of people's behavior are termed:
attributions.
The idea that self-esteem reflects an inner gauge of how much a person feels included by others illustrates a theory of self-esteem based on:
belonging
The single BEST predictor of aggression is:
biological sex
In choosing a long-term mate for a monogamous relationship:
both sexes are equally selective.
Ten-year-old Tisha, a fifth grader, cheated on a test. According to the social-cognitive approach, she is more likely than are others to:
cheat on a subsequent test
The unpleasant state that arises when people recognize the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, or beliefs is called:
cognitive dissonance
In the prisoner's dilemma, what strategy will produce the GREATEST individual benefit?
confessing when the other player does not confess
Solomon Asch is MOST known for his classic study on:
conformity.
According to the existential approach, what forms the basis of personality?
defenses constructed to deal with angst
A person is more likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when she is the only one there to provide help, relative to a situation where others also could potentially render aid. This bystander intervention effect is due to a more general phenomenon termed:
diffusion of responsibility
Which action BEST illustrates reciprocal altruism?
donating large sums of money to a political candidate in order to garner influence
According to the facial feedback hypothesis:
emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
Charles Darwin developed the universality hypothesis, which suggests that:
emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.
Aaron trusts what he himself observes, not claims by others. Aaron takes a(n) _____ approach to knowledge acquisition.
empirical
An alum first learned the words to her alma matter long ago at a football game and now tends to only remember the words when attending games. Her ability to recall the words only in the presence of this external context demonstrates the power of:
encoding specificity
Eric has several exams, but he does not study. He ends up getting an A on each of them. He feels that he did well because he thought the exams were easy and that he has good luck. Eric's explanation shows his _____ locus of control
external
Eric has several exams, but he does not study. He ends up getting an A on each of them. He feels that he did well because he thought the exams were easy and that he has good luck. Eric's explanation shows his _____ locus of control.
external
People who feel that they are being pulled around like a puppet on a string by all of life's responsibilities probably have a(n) _____ locus of control.
external
According to Jeffrey Gray, people with a highly reactive behavioral activation system (BAS) are more likely to be
extraverted
Bias and prejudice are inevitable consequences of stereotyping.
false
Core values guide moral decision making in Kohlberg's conventional stage of morality.
false
A toddler has learned that the jack-in-the-box won't operate unless she turns the hand crank around exactly 10 times. The toddler's behavior is being reinforced under which type of reinforcement schedule?
fixed-ratio
A _____ is a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.
group
A government that institutes tax breaks for individuals who drive fuel-efficient cars is appealing to the _____ motive.
hedonic
A _____ is a simple shortcut or "rule of thumb."
heuristic
People with _____ tend to live happier and healthier lives than do people with _____.
high self esteem; low self esteem
According to Freud, the _____ is present at birth and is the source of bodily needs, wants, and desires.
id
Alfred and his family went to a restaurant for lunch. He was so hungry that on the way to be seated, he almost grabbed a sandwich off another customer's plate. Which part of his mind intiated this impulse?
id
Upon his retirement, Charles is slightly more likely to move to Charleston, South Carolina, than to Savannah, Georgia, illustrating the phenomenon of:
implicit egotism
Which is not one of the factors in the Big Five Factor Model?
impulstivity
Negative reinforcers _____ and positive punishers _____ the future probability of the behavior that led to these respective consequences.
increase; decrease
Although she has never heard of it, Mia and her friends decide to go to a new nightclub because they see a line outside of it. Their decision is the result of:
informational influence.
According to Freud, personality is largely determined by:
interactions between the id, ego, and superego.
According to Jeffrey Gray, people with a highly reactive behavioral inhibition system (BIS) are more likely to be
introverted
According to Jeffrey Gray, people with a highly reactive behavioral inhibition system (BIS) are more likely to be: Group of answer choices
introverted
Existentialists would say that, as humans, we:
make choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.`
Professor Rose, who believes that women are innately unsuited for science, is much more likely to notice the mistakes of his female lab assistants than the mistakes of his male lab assistants. His behavior is an example of:
perceptual confirmation.
The tendency for people to see what they expect to see is termed:
perceptual confirmation.
Social cognitive psychologists disagree on the question of whether our behavior is caused more by our personalities or by situations we encounter, a quandary known as what?
person-situation controversy
The social-cognitive approach examines how _____ interact to cause behavior.
personality and situation
the social-cognitive approach examines how _____ interact to cause behavior.
personality and situation
The Rorschach Test is an example of a _______________.
projective test
Ms. Campbell is a fifth-grade teacher who wishes to reduce the undesirable effects of negative stereotypes against African Americans. Which strategy would be MOST effective?
providing examples of Blacks who defy stereotypes to her students
Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future is called:
reciprocal altruism
Although otherwise reluctant to do so, homeowners were more likely to install a "Drive carefully" sign in their front yards after signing a petition about safe driving because installing the sign:
reduced their cognitive dissonance.
Stereotypes CANNOT be accurately described by the adjective:
rehearsed.
In Pavlov's research, dogs' salivation is an example of a:
response
One of the dangers of groupthink is the group's tendency to:
sacrifice the soundness of a decision in order to achieve interpersonal harmony.
What did Abraham Maslow describe as the need to be good, fully alive, and to find meaning in life?
self actualization
The self-concept can be organized into: Group of answer choices
self narratives and personality traits
People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures is termed:
self serving bias
When she makes a high grade on a test, Cynthia says, "I studied hard and did really well on that test!" When she scores low, she says, "That test was unreasonable and the professor just can't teach!" Her reactions are an example of:
self serving bias
The self-concept can be organized into:
self-narratives and personality traits.
The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept is called:
self-verification
the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept is called:
self-verification
Coach Perez believes that Ashley's record for strikeouts in one game was due more to the other team's lack of talent than it was to Ashley's ability. This type of attribution is called:
situational
Lindsey has high self-esteem and carries herself more confidently than does Barb, who has lower self-esteem. Their employees tend to work harder in an effort to impress Lindsey, illustrating a benefit of self-esteem related to:
social status
Another term for the cell body of a neuron is the:
soma
Which division of the mind, according to the psychodynamic approach, most closely resembles the conscience?
superego
Which was not one of the systems of the mind proposed by Freud?
superhero
Faces of both sexes are judged to be more attractive when they have features that are:
symmetrical
A reliable measure is one that:
tends to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing
The tendency to make situational attributions for one's own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others is called:
the actor-observer effect
Jason yells at a bank teller because of a mistake on his account. Observers are likely to think that Jason is a rude, quarrelsome person. Jason, however, would probably attribute his angry outburst to the frustrating situation of waiting in line and dealing with a surly teller. This apparent contradiction illustrates:
the actor-observer effect.
Alfred and his family went to a restaurant for lunch. He was so hungry that on the way to be seated, he almost grabbed a sandwich off another customer's plate. Which part of his mind regulated this impulse?
the ego
A phenomenon whereby people behave as they are expected to behave is called:
the self-fulfilling prophecy
A married couple report a high degree of passionate love. Which statement is most likely to be TRUE?
they are recently married
A drawback to self-report questionnaires is that:
they rely on the accuracy and truthfulness of the test taker.
As evidenced by the data above, heuristic persuasion loses some of its power as we become more motivated to make a good decision.
true
Identical twins reared apart have similar personalities to those reared together.
true
Relatively meaningless distinctions between groups, such as groups based on which side of the room someone is sitting on, can still lean to favoring in-group vs. out-group members.
true
Sensation and perception are related but separate events.
true
The finding that people named Charlotte are more likely to live in Charlotte, NC is an example of implicit egotism.
true
A speck of dirt that gets into your eye will naturally cause a blinking reflex. The speck of dirt is a(n) _____ stimulus.
unconditioned
An error associated with stereotyping is that people tend to _____ the variability within a category and _____ the variability between categories.
underestimate; overestimate
A researcher using naturalistic observation will gathering scientific information by:
unobtrusively watching people in their normal environments.
In Milgram's classic study on obedience, the learners:
were trained actors
The Big Five Factor Model includes _____ as one the five dimensions of personality.
neuroticism
_____ occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate.
normative influence
In the prisoner's dilemma, what strategy results in the LARGEST penalty?
not confessing when the other player confesses
5 factor model OCEAN
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
A description of a property in concrete measurable terms is a(n):
operational definition
At the supermarket, Charlotte finds it much easier to remember the food items she needs when she puts them into the categories of fruits, vegetables, and meat. What encoding process is Charlotte using to create and recall memories?
organizational