psych test 2

process in which an association between cs and us is gradually formed which classical conditioning is this: stimulus discrimination spontaneous recovery stimulus generalization acquisition extinction

acquisition

which dream theory states dreams are caused by random neural firings combined with memories: rem dreams activation synthesis theory latent content manifest content freud's interpretation of dreams non rem dreams

activation synthesis theory

just before sleep is associated with what brain activity: beta waves delta waves alpha waves theta waves sleep spindle and k complex rem

alpha waves

what areas of the brain are activated during rem sleep: prefrontal cortex amygdala motor cortex visual association areas brain stem rational thought areas

amygdala motor cortex visual association brain stem

what is focused awareness: change blindness automatic processing attention consciousness controlled processing

attention

what is the type of consciousness needed to perform quick, automatic behaviors or habits: change blindness automatic processing attention consciousness controlled processing

automatic processing ex: played expert ping pong and listened to music and talked to friend

if one is in a persistent negative state, which behaviors are correct: been in coma for over a month opens eyes appearing to be awake and closes eyes appearing to be asleep high chance of regaining consciousness experienced complete and irreversible loss of brain function may follow objects or try to communicate

been in coma for over a month opens eyes appearing to be awake and closes eyes appearing to be asleep

alert wakefulness is associated with what brain activity: beta waves delta waves alpha waves theta waves sleep spindle and k complex rem

beta waves

place these brain waves in order from fastest to slowest: alpha theta delta beta

beta, alpha, theta, and delta

which of the following actions of a hypnotized person support the dissociation theory of hypnosis: black and white pic in visual cortex involved in color perception became active john acted like chicken as suggested becky could walk slowly over hot coals without feeling pain susan said she did something gross while hypnotized luke practiced self-hypnosis and did not need any pain medication for wisdom teeth

black and white pic in visual cortex involved in color perception became active

pressed lever ____ and led to ____ set of affairs which the cat learned to ____ press the lever also called the _____

by accident, satistying, deliberately, law of effect

in operant conditioning an association is made between events that the human or animal learner ___ control

can

in classical conditioning, an association is made between events that human or animal learner ___ control

cannot

what is the inattention to changes in the environment: change blindness automatic processing attention consciousness controlled processing

change blindness ex: walked by same house without realizing the door changed color

___ conditioning is a type of learning where an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after pairing with stimulus that already produces the response

classical

in contrast to behaviorism, recent learning theory has emphasized the role of ___: conditioned stimulus helps an animal ___ the unconditioned one

cognition, predict

paula focuses her attention on breathing while sitting quietly: religious ecstasy mindfulness meditation concentrative meditation escapist activity flow activity hypnosis

concentrative meditation

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

conditioned response

stimulus that elicits a response after learning has taken place

conditioned stimulus

john knows money can buy candy so money is cs and happiness form candy is cr, his uncle begins to give him money so he becomes ___ stimulus for cr of ___. this process is also known as ___ processing

conditioned, happiness, second order

what is the subjective experience of the world: change blindness automatic processing attention consciousness controlled processing

consciousness ex: aware of hearing singing birds and wind in the trees

what is the type of consciousness needed to perform slow, deliberate, and intentional tasks: change blindness automatic processing attention consciousness controlled processing

controlled processing ex: pilot carefully checked all of his equipment before takeoff

stage 3/4 aka slow wave sleep is associated with what brain activity: beta waves delta waves alpha waves theta waves sleep spindle and k complex rem

delta waves

why did pavlov present metronome alone, then pair it with food: demonstrates dog did not already salivate any response after paring could be caused by pairing sound stimuli should always be first conditioned response comes after unconditioned responses always

demonstrates dog did not already salivate any response after paring could be caused by pairing

what type of drug decreases physical activity and mental processes: opiates depressants stimulants hallucinogens

depressants

as soon as she finishes her homework, she watches six episodes of a tv comedy: religious ecstasy mindfulness meditation concentrative meditation escapist activity flow activity hypnosis

escapist activity

MDMA, or molly or ecstasy has the effects of: death if it contains other substances especially harmful for people with ptsd boost of energy mild hallucination memory impairment from long term use

everything but ptsd

process in which the cr is weakened when the cs is repeated without being followed by the us which classical conditioning is this: stimulus discrimination spontaneous recovery stimulus generalization acquisition extinction

extinction

which benefits have been found to be associated with practicing meditation: faster recovery from sadness decreased concentration increase in emotionality reduced cholesterol levels preservation of gray matter as older reduced blood pressure reduced stress hormones improved attention

faster recovery from sadness reduced cholesterol levels preservation of gray matter as older reduced blood pressure reduced stress hormones improved attention

a radio station gives prizes to listeners who call in as a promotion. they make a rule that the same person can win only once a month. an example of a ___ schedule.

fixed interval

when sami is concentrated on writing music she loses track of time and feels fulfilled: religious ecstasy mindfulness meditation concentrative meditation escapist activity flow activity hypnosis

flow activity ex: he goes sailing, he is skilled, and loses all track of time with a feeling of meaning and fulfillment

leslie means to say "if its not one thing its another" but instead says "if its not one thing, its your mother" what type of error is this?

freudian slip

which dream theory states dream can be used to access unconscious conflicts: rem dreams activation synthesis theory latent content manifest content freud's interpretation of dreams non rem dreams

freuds interpretation of dreams theory

this part of the brain is about movement: prefrontal cortex frontal motor cortex parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

frontal motor cortex ex: sheila walked slower because the terrain was uneven

getting glasses, wearing them daily, and stopping notice them; getting a sunburn and forgetting the pain are examples of: habituation or sensitization

habituation

what type of drug alters perceptions and thoughts: opiates depressants stimulants hallucinogens

hallucinogens

sleep does what: shuts off brain allows breathing and heart to rest hide during times of danger facilitates learning repairs damage

hides during times of danger facilitates lerarning repairs damage

margaret is in a highly suggestible state and follows instructions and performs actions as directed: religious ecstasy mindfulness meditation concentrative meditation escapist activity flow activity hypnosis

hypnosis

janet lies awake for hours, unable to fall asleep. what kind of sleep disorder?

insomnia

which dream theory surrounds what a dream symbolizes: rem dreams activation synthesis theory latent content manifest content freud's interpretation of dreams non rem dreams

latent content

which dream theory surrounds the literal content of a dream: rem dreams activation synthesis theory latent content manifest content freud's interpretation of dreams non rem dreams

manifest content

what structures regulate sleep: parietal lobes hippocampus melatonin pineal gland circadian rhythm hypothalamus endorphins

melatonin pineal gland circadian rhythm hypothalamus

david sits quietly observing his thoughts without reacting to them or pursuing them is an example of: religious ecstasy mindfulness meditation concentrative meditation escapist activity flow activity hypnosis

mindfulness meditation

the imitation of an observed behavior is a learning process called ____: observational learning vicarious conditioning modeling

modeling

sundial was worried when his date seemed to suddenly fall asleep and went completely limp. what kind of sleep disorder?

narcolepsy

what removes stimulus and decreases likelihood of behavior

negative punishment

what removes stimulus and increases likelihood of behavior

negative reinforcement

stimulus that produces no response when presented

neutral stimulus

which dream theory states the experience of mundane, dull, everyday events when asleep: rem dreams activation synthesis theory latent content manifest content freud's interpretation of dreams non rem dreams

non rem dreams

watson, the founder of behaviorism, had a strong influence on the study of psychology, including thinking about learning which are true: observable behavior is only valid indicator of psychological activity humans are born knowing nothing and have the potential to learn anything environment is the sole determinant of learning and behavior unconscious mental processes are the primary determinants of behavior

observable behavior is only valid indicator of psychological activity humans are born knowing nothing and have the potential to learn anything environment is the sole determinant of learning and behavior

___ is when an individual acquires or changes behavior after being exposed to another person performing that behavior: observational learning modeling vicarious conditioning

observational learning

bruce's wife complains that he snores loudly during sleep, repeatedly wakes up to breathe, and is sleepy during the day. what kind of sleep disorder?

obstructive sleep apnea

this part of the brain sees things: prefrontal cortex frontal motor cortex parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

occipital lobe ex: sheila saw a bird she had never seen before

learning by observing the consequences is operant or classical

operant

what type of drug lessens the experience of pain: opiates depressants stimulants hallucinogens

opiates

rem sleep is also called

paradoxical sleep

this part of the brain is aware of space: prefrontal cortex frontal motor cortex parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

parietal lobe ex: gene realized a bird was in a tree to his right

which of following is true about hypnosis: people will rationalize their reactions to post hypnotic suggestions someone who can be hypnotized may be highly suggestible one may have involuntary reactions to stimulus without knowing why people can be made to perform actions they find immoral while hypnotized if someone is afraid of hypnosis it will not work

people will rationalize their reactions to post hypnotic suggestions someone who can be hypnotized may be highly suggestible one may have involuntary reactions to stimulus without knowing why if someone is afraid of hypnosis it will not work

which of the following examples would lend support to restorative theory of why sleep is adaptive: phyllis fractured ankle and took extra naps johnny is 9 and sleeps a lot so he has growth spurts when it is dark rabbits sleep in burrow half dolphins brain sleeps at one tiime james is sick he sleeps for 2 days straight fred works doubles and works 3 hours a night

phyllis fractured ankle and took extra naps, johny sleeps a lot and experiences growth spurts, james is sick and sleeps 2 days straight

what adds stimulus and decreases likelihood of behavior

positive punishment

what adds stimulus and increases likelihood of behavior

positive reinforcement

this part of the brain understands plans: prefrontal cortex frontal motor cortex parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

prefrontal cortex ex: sheila and gene planned out which trails to take

what factor does not make someone more likely to abuse drugs or alcohol: having role models who use having biological parents who are or were having poor relationship with parents attraction ot novelty or risk taking presence of one single "addiction" gene responsiveness to high dopamine activity in limbic system

presence of one single "addiction" gene

in stages 3 and 4 which behaviors happen: people are easily wakened brain produces delta waves brain produces dreams brain produces theta waves brain is in slow wave sleep people disconnected from external ' mind evaluates environment for threats

produces delta waves slow wave sleep disconnected from external mind evaluates environment for threats

what is true of information presented subliminally: it influences us to buy things affects associations with words more activity in brain reward regions rationalize responses

rationalize responses more activity in brain reward regions affect associations with words

after the monks have chanted for hours they feel euphoric and out of their bodies: religious ecstasy mindfulness meditation concentrative meditation escapist activity flow activity hypnosis

religious ecstasy

beta waves are associated with what brain activity: beta waves delta waves alpha waves theta waves sleep spindle and k complex rem

rem

while dreaming that he was fighting in a boxing match, joe found that he was actually punching his pillow. what kind of sleep disorder?

rem behavior disorder

which dream theory is about illogical, bizarre and highly visual experiences when asleep: rem dreams activation synthesis theory latent content manifest content freud's interpretation of dreams non rem dreams

rem dreams

stimulus like money that has become associated with a need or reward like power and when presented after a response, increases the likelihood the response will be repeated is a ___.

secondary reinforcer

being startled after a scary movie or thunder are examples of: habituation or sensitization

sensitization

stage 2 is associated with what brain activity: beta waves delta waves alpha waves theta waves sleep spindle and k complex rem

sleep spindle and k complex

anne was found swimming in the lake while she was in deep sleep. what kind of sleep disorder?

somnambulism

process in which previously extinguished response reemerges after reexposure to cs which classical conditioning is this: stimulus discrimination spontaneous recovery stimulus generalization acquisition extinction

spontaneous recovery

what type of drug increases physical activity and mental processes: opiates depressants stimulants hallucinogens

stimulants

a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the us which classical conditioning is this: stimulus discrimination spontaneous recovery stimulus generalization acquisition extinction

stimulus discrimination

differential between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with us is called ___

stimulus discrimination

learning that occurs when the stimuli that are similar but not identical to the cs produce cr which classical conditioning is this: stimulus discrimination spontaneous recovery stimulus generalization acquisition extinction

stimulus generalization

which are not effect of marijuana: slower reaction time impaired motor coordination suppression of nausea activation of cannabinoid receptors in hippocampus impaired memory formation depressed mood stronger "high" by first time users impaired or more vivid perceptions

stronger "high" by first time users depressed mood

this part of the brain hears things: prefrontal cortex frontal motor cortex parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

temporal lobe ex: gene heard a new bird call

what does not happen during rem sleep: brain wave activity is slow the mind produces dreams the brain produces beta waves the brain produces delta waves eyes dart around there is high activity in brain stem there is high activity in occipital lobe muscles are paralyzed

the brain does not produce delta waves and brain activity is not slow

stage 1 is associated with what brain activity: beta waves delta waves alpha waves theta waves sleep spindle and k complex rem

theta waves

t/f: mirror neurons are activated when we perform same action we observed

true

t/f: mirror neurons are activated when we watch others perform an action

true

t/f: mirror neurons help us explain and imitate the behavior of others

true

t/f: mirror neurons may reflect the neural basis for empathy

true

response that is automatically produced by a stimulus and does not have to be learned

unconditioned response

stimulus that automatically elicits a response without any prior learning

unconditioned stimulus

steve's instructor collects homework assignments after every class. sometimes she awards extra credit after every assignment; sometimes five assignments will go by without extra credit. to increase his chances of getting the extra points, steve consistently turns in the homework. steve is reinforced on a ____ schedule.

variable ratio

learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action is known as ___: observational learning vicarious conditioning modeling

vicarious conditioning

is sleep adaptive because it facilities learning? if so give an example

yes, susan dreams about her speech and gets an a OR susan studied abroad and now dreams more OR david takes nap after studying and does better than those who pulled all nighters