psych test 4

Correlational studies are designed to address descriptive and predictive research questions

True

Correlational studies involve at least two dependent variables and no independent variables.

True

Despite the lack of causal information, correlational studies do provide important information about relationships between variables in cases where manipulation is not possible.

True

Only a(n) _________ study has an independent variable.

experimental

Pre-testpost-test designs with a randomly assigned control group are called

experiments

Correlational studies are the same as quasi-experiments.

false

In the Solomon four-group pre-test post-test design

groups that do not take the pre-test are included

Most of the research showing a link between smoking and long-term health in humans has involved _____________studies

correlational

A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors is called a

descriptive research question

Events that occur during the course of a study to all or individual participants that can result in bias are called

history effects

A time series design where the "treatment" is an independent event, such as a historical event is called a(n)

interrupted design

When subjects fail to complete a study, a source of bias known as _____________ can affect the results of a study.

mortality/attrition

Researchers found that as self-esteem increases, anxiety decreases. This result indicates a _____________ relationship between self-esteem and anxiety.

negative

One reason correlational studies do not provide causal information about variables is because of the __________ variable problem

third

Causal relationships cannot be determined from correlational studies because of the _______________ problem.

third-variable

The difference between an interrupted time series design and an equivalent time series design is that the interrupted time series design includes a _______________ event, while a non-interrupted time series design includes a ________________ treatment.

"naturally" occurring/researcher implemented

Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion (as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. This finding represents

a negative relationship

In a correlational study, a researcher finds that as the score on one variable goes up, the score on the other variable goes up as well. This result is called

a positive relationship

Which of the following might be a reason a researcher would use a quasi-experiment?

age is their variable of interest

A time series design is conducted to examine the effects of a new tax law on consumer spending. This would be considered a(n) _______________.

non-interrupted design

A time series design that involves a researcher-implemented treatment is called a(n)

non-interrupted design

In a correlational study designed to answer a predictive research question, the variable that is predicted by the predictor variable is called the

outcome variable

All but which of the following sources of bias may be problematic in pre-test-post-test designs?

placebo effects

Whenever a strong relationship exists between variables, prediction of one variable from other variables is _________.

possible

The dependent variable in a correlational study that is used to predict the score on another variable is called the

predictor variable

Analyses that allow predictions include

regressions

A quasi-experiment differs from an experiment in that

subjects are not randomly assigned to groups in a quasi-experiment

In a pre-test post-test design, the dependent variable is typically

the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores

Attrition occurs when participants drop out of a study after completing only part of the study.

true

Correlational studies cannot be used to answer causal research questions.

true

Maturation occurs when participants exhibit natural changes over the course of a study.

true

Researchers can attempt to deal with some of the alternative explanations in pre-test post-test designs by including a control group.

true

The researcher compares the scores from the pre-test and the post-test, looking for a change based on the treatment or condition occurring between the two measurements.

true

Time series designs differ from simple pre-test post-test designs such that in time series designs the dependent variable in measured many times over a period of time.

true

Correlational studies must include at least ________ dependent variable(s)

two

Adding a control group to a pre-test post-test design will do all but which

will control for some sources of bias in the study

Correlational studies will contain ________ independent variable(s).

zero