Psychology 255- Chapter 1; Section 2

When a mother is 40 years of age or older, the probability of a baby with Down syndrome is slightly over 1 in ______ births. A. 10 B. 50 C. 100 D. 150

100

XYY syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome.

Turner Syndrome

A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and infertility

Natalie is 40 years old and in her 15th week of pregnancy. She is concerned that her baby might have Down syndrome. Her doctor performs a(n) ______, which involves withdrawing and testing a sample of amniotic fluid. A. ultrasound B. amniocentesis C. maternal blood screening D. fetal MRI

Amniocentesis

Kleinfelter's Syndrome

An extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities

All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome EXCEPT A. tallness. B. undeveloped testes. C. an extra Y chromosome. D. enlarged breasts.

An extra Y chromosome

In order to be viable, human embryos must possess A. at least one X chromosome. B. both an X and a Y chromosome. C. at least one Y chromosome. D. two copies of chromosome 21.

At least one X chromosome

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the A. organogenesis. B. embryo. C. fetus. D. blastocyst.

Blastocyst

When a pregnant mother is an adolescent, the mortality rate of the infant ______, as compared to infants born to mothers in their twenties. A. triples B. stays the same C. doubles D. increases ten times

Doubles

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy. A. drank alcohol. B. smoked cigarettes C. took prescription drugs D. consumed too much coffee

Drank alcohol

Which of the following is true of the genetic material of a zygote? A. parents contribute little to the unique genetics of an offspring. B. A zygote is dominated entirely by maternal genetic influences. C. Fathers contribute 23 paired chromosomes to a zygote. D. Each parent contributes half the offsprings genetic material

Each parent contributes half the offsprings genetic material

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods? A. embryonic B. preconception C. germinal D. fetal

Embryonic, Germinal, & Fetal

The ______ is the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems. Multiple choice question. A. endoderm B. mesoderm C. ectoderm D. dermoblast

Endoderm

Fertilization typically takes place in the A. fallopian tube. B. womb. C. uterine wall. D. lining of the uterus.

Fallopian Tube

True or false: Those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence. A. True B. False

False

Which prenatal period lasts about seven months? A. germinal B. zygotic C. fetal D. embryonic

Fetal

______ is a B-complex vitamin that is important for normal prenatal development.

Folic Acid

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period. A. Germination B. natal C. germinal D. embryonic

Germinal

Which of the following involves combining eggs and sperm in a laboratory dish and then transferring the fertilized eggs into the woman's uterus? A. MRI B. surrogacy C. chorionic villus sampling D. IVF

IVF - In Verto Fertilization

Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to environmental smoke? A. Its effect is completely unknown. B. Its effect is limited to lower-birth-weight offspring. C. It has little effect on a developing fetus. D. It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring.

It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have A. Turner syndrome. B. Down syndrome. C. fragile X syndrome. D. Klinefelter syndrome.

Kleinfelter syndrome

A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body's organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal ______.

MRI

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as A. organogenesis. B. conception. C. fertilization. D. epigenetics.

Organogenesis

The female egg is known as the A. cell. B. blastocyst. C. ovum. D. zygote.

Ovum

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as A. Turner syndrome. B. fragile X syndrome. C. Klinefelter syndrome. D. Down syndrome.

Turner Syndrome

When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with A. either the woman or the man. B. the man. C. the woman.

either the woman or the man

Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome? A. XYY B. XY C. XO D. XXY

XO

What is the term for the single cell formed through fertilization? A. embryo B. zygote C. egg D. ovum

Zygote

The inner mass of cells of the blastocyst will eventually develop into the _________.

embryo

Chorionic villus sampling is a prenatal medical procedure in which. A. an ultrasound is used to evaluate fetal development. B. a small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn for testing. C. a small sample of the placenta is removed for testing. D. the mother's blood is tested for genetic markers linked to certain diseases.

a small sample of the placenta is removed for testing

Which procedure involves withdrawing amniotic fluid between the 15th and 18th weeks of pregnancy? A. amniocentesis B. triple amniotic fluid C. maternal blood work D. CVS

amniocentesis

Fragile X Syndrome

an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span

When can chorionic villus sampling be used to screen for genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities? A. within two weeks of conception B. anytime in the third trimester C. between the 10th and 12th week of pregnancy D. between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy

between the 10th and the 12th week of pregnancy

Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prenatal development? A. cell division B. creation of the fertilized egg C. attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall D. organ formation E. formation of an embryo's three layers

cell division, creation of the fertilized egg, & attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Which of the following malformations can be detected by fetal MRI? A.chest malformations B. central nervous system malformations C. maternal blood malformations D. genital/urinary malformations

chest malfunctions, central nervous system malformations, and genital/urinary malformations

Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is A. the easiest of all the teratogens, since almost all infants who are exposed exhibit similar effects. B. difficult because the babies are born with very few outward signs of exposure. C. controversial because most believe that the effects have been exaggerated. D. complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.

complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children

A recent study concluded that marijuana use during pregnancy A. contributes to childhood chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. B. causes lung defects in the fetus. C. contributes to short stature in children. D. makes children more creative.

contributes to childhood chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the A. mesoderm. B. blastoderm. C. ectoderm. D. endoderm.

ectoderm

The neural tube develops out of the embryo's A. blastocyst. B. ectoderm. C. mesoderm. D. endoderm.

ectoderm

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period? A. fetal B. embryonic C. mesodermic D. germinal

embryonic

Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______. A. ovulation; fertilization B. fertilization; birth C. organogenesis; ovulation D. birth; death

fertilization; birth

What fetal screening method can provide more detailed images than an ultrasound? A. blood testing B. amniocentesis C. villus sampling D. fetal MRI

fetal MRI

Women who are pregnant at age 35 or older are at an elevated risk of having a pregnancy with which of the following complications? A. rubella B. excess birth weight C. fetal death D. preterm birth

fetal death, preterm birth

In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the A. third trimester. B. first trimester. C. second trimester.

first trimester

Consumption of which of the following by women who are pregnant or about to be pregnant can help prevent neural tube defects? A. vitamin C B. folic acid C. calcium D. iron

folic acid

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______. A. the fetus is female B. the mother is older C. the dose is small D. it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (Choose every correct answer.) A. learning problems B. respiratory problems C. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) D. facial deformities E. heart problems

learning problems, facial deformities, and heart problems

Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ______ in children. A. increased risk of heart problems B. lower intelligence C. increased risk of cancer D. higher rates of asthma

lower intelligence

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is A. mental deficiency. B. infertility. C. red blood cell impairment. D. extreme height.

mental deficiency

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the A. trophoblast. B. ectoderm. C. mesoderm. D. endoderm.

mesoderm

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following? A. Mother's age B. Medical history C. Mother's socioeconomic status D. Genetic risk factors

mother's age, medical history, and genetic risk factors

The ______ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system. A. umbilical B. spinal C. placental D. neural

neural

A lack of folic acid is associated with increased risk of A. neural tube defects. B. sudden infant death syndrome. C. heart problems. D. ADHD.

neural tube defects

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period? A. organs begin to appear B. support systems for cells begin to form C. the blastocyst forms D. fatty tissues begin to develop

organs begin to appear, support systems for cells begin to form

The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join. A. placenta B. amnion C. uterus D. womb

placenta

The umbilical cord connects the baby to the ____________ , a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

placenta

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with A. reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference. B. increased birth weight, length, and head circumference. C. no change in birth weight, length, and head circumference.

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumfrence

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy. A. exercised B. smoked C. dieted D. worked

smoked

Which are birth defects related to the failure of the neural tube to close? A. Reye's syndrome B. spina bifida C. Down syndrome D. anencephaly

spina bifida, anencephaly

Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus? (Choose every correct answer.) A. sudden infant death syndrome B. low birth weight C. facial deformities D. learning problems E. respiratory problems

sudden infant death syndrome, low birth weight, respiratory problems

Which of the following have been used to treat infertility? A. surgery B. hormone-based drugs C. abstinence D. in vitro fertilization E. ultrasound

surgery, hormone-based drugs, and in virto fertilization

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n) A. radiant. B. organism. C. teratogen. D. infection.

teratogen

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT A. fetal MRI. B. amniocentesis. C. ultrasound sonography. D. the Apgar Scale.

the Apgar Scale

Teratology is the field of study that investigates A. the causes of birth defects. B. the effect of diabetes on prenatal development. C. the impact of stress on developing fetuses. D. premature birth.

the causes of birth defects

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following? A. the dosage B. genetic susceptibility C. solar exposure D. time of exposure

the dosage, genetic susceptibility, time of exposure

Regarding the periods of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true? A.The fetal period begins in the second trimester of pregnancy. B. The embryonic period begins in the first trimester and ends in the middle of the second trimester. C. The germinal period corresponds to the first trimester, the embryonic to the second, and the fetal period occurs during the third trimester. D. The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester.

the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester

Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which A. either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted. B. there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. C. males have an extra X chromosome. D. males have an extra Y chromosome.

there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks

The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen. A. type B. time C. tone D. test

time

Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called

trimesters

The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the A. blastocyst. B. dermocyst. C.trophoblast. D. endoderm.

trophoblast

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______ months of prenatal development. A. two B. three C. four D. five

two

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility? A. the woman does not ovulate B. low sperm production C. blocked fallopian tubes D. ova lack motility

woman does not ovulate, low sperm production, blocked fallopian tubes

The fertilized egg is called the A. zygote. B. embryo. C. fetus. D. blastocyst.

zygote