Psychology 255- Chapter 1; Section 2
When a mother is 40 years of age or older, the probability of a baby with Down syndrome is slightly over 1 in ______ births. A. 10 B. 50 C. 100 D. 150
100
XYY syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome.
Turner Syndrome
A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and infertility
Natalie is 40 years old and in her 15th week of pregnancy. She is concerned that her baby might have Down syndrome. Her doctor performs a(n) ______, which involves withdrawing and testing a sample of amniotic fluid. A. ultrasound B. amniocentesis C. maternal blood screening D. fetal MRI
Amniocentesis
Kleinfelter's Syndrome
An extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities
All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome EXCEPT A. tallness. B. undeveloped testes. C. an extra Y chromosome. D. enlarged breasts.
An extra Y chromosome
In order to be viable, human embryos must possess A. at least one X chromosome. B. both an X and a Y chromosome. C. at least one Y chromosome. D. two copies of chromosome 21.
At least one X chromosome
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the A. organogenesis. B. embryo. C. fetus. D. blastocyst.
Blastocyst
When a pregnant mother is an adolescent, the mortality rate of the infant ______, as compared to infants born to mothers in their twenties. A. triples B. stays the same C. doubles D. increases ten times
Doubles
FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy. A. drank alcohol. B. smoked cigarettes C. took prescription drugs D. consumed too much coffee
Drank alcohol
Which of the following is true of the genetic material of a zygote? A. parents contribute little to the unique genetics of an offspring. B. A zygote is dominated entirely by maternal genetic influences. C. Fathers contribute 23 paired chromosomes to a zygote. D. Each parent contributes half the offsprings genetic material
Each parent contributes half the offsprings genetic material
Prenatal development is divided into what three periods? A. embryonic B. preconception C. germinal D. fetal
Embryonic, Germinal, & Fetal
The ______ is the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems. Multiple choice question. A. endoderm B. mesoderm C. ectoderm D. dermoblast
Endoderm
Fertilization typically takes place in the A. fallopian tube. B. womb. C. uterine wall. D. lining of the uterus.
Fallopian Tube
True or false: Those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence. A. True B. False
False
Which prenatal period lasts about seven months? A. germinal B. zygotic C. fetal D. embryonic
Fetal
______ is a B-complex vitamin that is important for normal prenatal development.
Folic Acid
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period. A. Germination B. natal C. germinal D. embryonic
Germinal
Which of the following involves combining eggs and sperm in a laboratory dish and then transferring the fertilized eggs into the woman's uterus? A. MRI B. surrogacy C. chorionic villus sampling D. IVF
IVF - In Verto Fertilization
Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to environmental smoke? A. Its effect is completely unknown. B. Its effect is limited to lower-birth-weight offspring. C. It has little effect on a developing fetus. D. It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring.
It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring
Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have A. Turner syndrome. B. Down syndrome. C. fragile X syndrome. D. Klinefelter syndrome.
Kleinfelter syndrome
A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body's organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal ______.
MRI
The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as A. organogenesis. B. conception. C. fertilization. D. epigenetics.
Organogenesis
The female egg is known as the A. cell. B. blastocyst. C. ovum. D. zygote.
Ovum
A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as A. Turner syndrome. B. fragile X syndrome. C. Klinefelter syndrome. D. Down syndrome.
Turner Syndrome
When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with A. either the woman or the man. B. the man. C. the woman.
either the woman or the man
Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome? A. XYY B. XY C. XO D. XXY
XO
What is the term for the single cell formed through fertilization? A. embryo B. zygote C. egg D. ovum
Zygote
The inner mass of cells of the blastocyst will eventually develop into the _________.
embryo
Chorionic villus sampling is a prenatal medical procedure in which. A. an ultrasound is used to evaluate fetal development. B. a small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn for testing. C. a small sample of the placenta is removed for testing. D. the mother's blood is tested for genetic markers linked to certain diseases.
a small sample of the placenta is removed for testing
Which procedure involves withdrawing amniotic fluid between the 15th and 18th weeks of pregnancy? A. amniocentesis B. triple amniotic fluid C. maternal blood work D. CVS
amniocentesis
Fragile X Syndrome
an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span
When can chorionic villus sampling be used to screen for genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities? A. within two weeks of conception B. anytime in the third trimester C. between the 10th and 12th week of pregnancy D. between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy
between the 10th and the 12th week of pregnancy
Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prenatal development? A. cell division B. creation of the fertilized egg C. attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall D. organ formation E. formation of an embryo's three layers
cell division, creation of the fertilized egg, & attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
Which of the following malformations can be detected by fetal MRI? A.chest malformations B. central nervous system malformations C. maternal blood malformations D. genital/urinary malformations
chest malfunctions, central nervous system malformations, and genital/urinary malformations
Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is A. the easiest of all the teratogens, since almost all infants who are exposed exhibit similar effects. B. difficult because the babies are born with very few outward signs of exposure. C. controversial because most believe that the effects have been exaggerated. D. complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.
complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children
A recent study concluded that marijuana use during pregnancy A. contributes to childhood chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. B. causes lung defects in the fetus. C. contributes to short stature in children. D. makes children more creative.
contributes to childhood chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the A. mesoderm. B. blastoderm. C. ectoderm. D. endoderm.
ectoderm
The neural tube develops out of the embryo's A. blastocyst. B. ectoderm. C. mesoderm. D. endoderm.
ectoderm
The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period? A. fetal B. embryonic C. mesodermic D. germinal
embryonic
Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______. A. ovulation; fertilization B. fertilization; birth C. organogenesis; ovulation D. birth; death
fertilization; birth
What fetal screening method can provide more detailed images than an ultrasound? A. blood testing B. amniocentesis C. villus sampling D. fetal MRI
fetal MRI
Women who are pregnant at age 35 or older are at an elevated risk of having a pregnancy with which of the following complications? A. rubella B. excess birth weight C. fetal death D. preterm birth
fetal death, preterm birth
In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the A. third trimester. B. first trimester. C. second trimester.
first trimester
Consumption of which of the following by women who are pregnant or about to be pregnant can help prevent neural tube defects? A. vitamin C B. folic acid C. calcium D. iron
folic acid
In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______. A. the fetus is female B. the mother is older C. the dose is small D. it occurs earlier in the pregnancy
it occurs earlier in the pregnancy
Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (Choose every correct answer.) A. learning problems B. respiratory problems C. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) D. facial deformities E. heart problems
learning problems, facial deformities, and heart problems
Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ______ in children. A. increased risk of heart problems B. lower intelligence C. increased risk of cancer D. higher rates of asthma
lower intelligence
A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is A. mental deficiency. B. infertility. C. red blood cell impairment. D. extreme height.
mental deficiency
The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the A. trophoblast. B. ectoderm. C. mesoderm. D. endoderm.
mesoderm
The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following? A. Mother's age B. Medical history C. Mother's socioeconomic status D. Genetic risk factors
mother's age, medical history, and genetic risk factors
The ______ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system. A. umbilical B. spinal C. placental D. neural
neural
A lack of folic acid is associated with increased risk of A. neural tube defects. B. sudden infant death syndrome. C. heart problems. D. ADHD.
neural tube defects
Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period? A. organs begin to appear B. support systems for cells begin to form C. the blastocyst forms D. fatty tissues begin to develop
organs begin to appear, support systems for cells begin to form
The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join. A. placenta B. amnion C. uterus D. womb
placenta
The umbilical cord connects the baby to the ____________ , a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.
placenta
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with A. reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference. B. increased birth weight, length, and head circumference. C. no change in birth weight, length, and head circumference.
reduced birth weight, length, and head circumfrence
Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy. A. exercised B. smoked C. dieted D. worked
smoked
Which are birth defects related to the failure of the neural tube to close? A. Reye's syndrome B. spina bifida C. Down syndrome D. anencephaly
spina bifida, anencephaly
Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus? (Choose every correct answer.) A. sudden infant death syndrome B. low birth weight C. facial deformities D. learning problems E. respiratory problems
sudden infant death syndrome, low birth weight, respiratory problems
Which of the following have been used to treat infertility? A. surgery B. hormone-based drugs C. abstinence D. in vitro fertilization E. ultrasound
surgery, hormone-based drugs, and in virto fertilization
Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n) A. radiant. B. organism. C. teratogen. D. infection.
teratogen
Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT A. fetal MRI. B. amniocentesis. C. ultrasound sonography. D. the Apgar Scale.
the Apgar Scale
Teratology is the field of study that investigates A. the causes of birth defects. B. the effect of diabetes on prenatal development. C. the impact of stress on developing fetuses. D. premature birth.
the causes of birth defects
For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following? A. the dosage B. genetic susceptibility C. solar exposure D. time of exposure
the dosage, genetic susceptibility, time of exposure
Regarding the periods of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true? A.The fetal period begins in the second trimester of pregnancy. B. The embryonic period begins in the first trimester and ends in the middle of the second trimester. C. The germinal period corresponds to the first trimester, the embryonic to the second, and the fetal period occurs during the third trimester. D. The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester.
the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester
Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which A. either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted. B. there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. C. males have an extra X chromosome. D. males have an extra Y chromosome.
there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks
The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen. A. type B. time C. tone D. test
time
Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called
trimesters
The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the A. blastocyst. B. dermocyst. C.trophoblast. D. endoderm.
trophoblast
Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______ months of prenatal development. A. two B. three C. four D. five
two
Which of the following are potential causes of infertility? A. the woman does not ovulate B. low sperm production C. blocked fallopian tubes D. ova lack motility
woman does not ovulate, low sperm production, blocked fallopian tubes
The fertilized egg is called the A. zygote. B. embryo. C. fetus. D. blastocyst.
zygote