Psychology 440 Exam 1

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Projection

Attributing one's own unacceptable and disturbing thoughts and impulses to someone else.

Repression

A dangerous impulse is actively and totally excluded from consciousness.

retentive expulsive

Anal ________ and Anal ________.

Treatment

Control

Correlational Design

Correlation Coefficient Causality

Internal Validity

Causal relations

Sublimation

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses into acceptable, even admirable, behavior.

Latency Stage

Fourth Stage

Sample Selection

Fourth step

Non-Manipulated Variables

Gender, traits, abuse

External Validity

Generalizability

Genital Stage

Fifth Stage

Operationalize Variables

Fifth step

Criterion Variable

Dependent Variable

Rationalization

Devising an extremely "reasonable" explanation or excuse for an event or behavior that threatens the person's esteem.

Independent Variable

Manipulate

Interpersonal Stories

Measurement Narrative and biographic materials.

Interaction Episodes Behavior Psychology

Measurement Observation in the natural environments.

Intrapsychic Mystery

Measurement Responses to ambiguous stimuli (Rorschach)

Interaction Episodes Trait Psychology

Measurement Self- and other- reports of traits

Interpretive Structures

Measurement Self-reports of subjective experiences; self-concept scales.

Dependent Variable

Observe

Id

Pleasure Principle Primary Process Thinking

Interpretive Structures

Points of Emphasis Cognitions; meaning-making; self-concepts, subjective conscious experience.

Interpersonal Stories

Points of Emphasis Interpersonal relationships, motivations, emotions, identity.

Interaction Episodes Trait Psychology

Points of Emphasis Psychological Traits, Goodness of Fit

Interaction Episodes Behavior Psychology

Points of Emphasis Situations, Reinforcers, Punishers.

Intrapsychic Mystery

Points of Emphasis Unconscious desires, conflicts, biological instincts (sex, aggression).

Research Design

Sixth Step experimental correlational case study

Ego

Reality principle Secondary process thinking Defense mechanisms

Personality Psychology

Scientific study of the whole person.

Anal Stage

Second Stage

Theory Development

Second step terminology correspondence rules hypothesis

Displacement

Shifting an impulse from a threatening to a non-threatening object.

Predictor Variable

Independent Variable

Experimental Design

Independent and Dependent Variables Internal and External validity

Life Stories

Internalized and evolving narratives of the self that people construct to integrate the past, present, future; and provide life with some sense of unity, purpose & meaning

Interaction Episodes Behavior Psychology

Intervention Change environmental conditions that surround behavior.

Interaction Episodes Trait Psychology

Intervention Optimize person-environment fit.

Interpersonal Stories

Intervention Talk therapy to illuminate and reframe life story.

Intrapsychic Mystery

Intervention Talk therapy to make the unconscious conscious

Interpretive Structures

Intervention Talk therapy to understand subjective experiences and re-consider cognitive interpretations of self and world.

Interpretive Structures

To determine the person's own strategies, plans, and the frameworks for understanding the self and the world.

Interpersonal Stories

To discern or construct a narrative that depicts the psychosocial pattern or form of the person's life, embedded in a world of other persons.

Interaction Episodes

To identify the variables in the person and in the environment that must be known in order to predict the person's overt behavior in a given situation.

Intrapsychic mysteries

To uncover the hidden forces, factors, and conflicts within the person that serve as the ultimate determinants of personality.

Reaction Formation

Warding off an unacceptable impulse by over-emphasizing its opposite in thought and behavior.

Conflict

We are characterized by conflicts: with the society, our instinctual psychological needs Realistic vs neurotic

Oedipus and Electra

_________ complex and _________ complex.

Oral Stage

first stage

Superego

self-critical conscience reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.

Determinism

all behaviors are determined, mostly by internal impulses.

Dispositional traits

Broad dimensions of personality that describe assumedly internal, global, and stable individual differences in behavior, thought, and feeling.

passive sadistic

Oral _________ and Oral _________.

Interpretive Structures

Representative Theorists Carl Rogers, Albert Ellis

Interpersonal Stories

Representative Theorists Henry Murray, Erik Erikson.

Regression

Retreating to an earlier and more primitive stage or mode of behavior in order to avoid pain, threat, or anxiety.

Phallic Stage

Third Stage

Hypotheses

Third step

Unsystematic Observation

First step

Interaction Episodes Trait Psychology

Goal of Inquiry Identify biologically-based variables within persons to predict behavior.

Interaction Episodes Behavior Psychology

Goal of Inquiry Identify variables in environments to predict behavior.

Interpretive Structures

Goal of Inquiry To determine the person's strategies and frameworks for understanding the self and world.

Interpersonal Stories

Goal of Inquiry To discern the narrative that depicts the person's life story, embedded in a social world.

Intrapsychic Mystery

Goal of Inquiry Uncover the hidden forces within the person to understand behavior.

Characteristic Adaptations

More particular facets of personality that describe personal adaptations to motivational, cognitive, and developmental challenges & tasks

Interaction Episodes Trait Psychology

Representative Theorist Hans Eysenck

Intrapsychic Mystery

Representative Theorist Sigmund Freud

Interaction Episodes Behavior Psychology

Representative Theorists B.F. Skinner

The Unconscious

The major determinants of our personality are unconscious processes


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