Psychology Chapter 1
What are the six different types of power? Give an example of each power.
1. Legitimate—the judge in a courtroom 2. Referent—your younger brother wants to be like you 3. Reward—teachers control grades 4. Coercive—a supervisor can fire you 5. Expert—medical doctors have expertise in the medical field 6. Information or persuasion—researchers and scientists are regarded as informed
List and define the parts of the Interpersonal Communication cycle. (remember the diagram?)
1.Context- the realm overall of want the situation or conversation is about, 2. Feedforward- a message that is sent that gives an idea of what is to come, 3.Noise- anything that interferes with your receiving a message as the source intended the message to be received 4.Feedback- messages that are given back to the sender, 5.Source/Sender(encoder)- send messages to the listener/decoder for them to interpret, 6.Listener (encoder)- takes the messages that are given to them and interprets them.
Mindlessness
A lack of conscious awareness of the logic or reasons behind your thoughts or behaviors
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
A measure of the relationship between meaningful information (signal) and interference (noise).
Metamessage
A message that makes reference to another message, such as "Did I make myself clear?" or "That's a lie."
inevitability
A principle of communication holding that communication cannot be avoided; all behavior in an interactional setting is communication
Transactional View
A view of communication as an ongoing process in which all elements are interdependent and influence one another.
Physical noise is: A)External to the speaker and the receiver B)Psychological C)Semantic D)Internal to the speaker and receiver
A)External to the speaker and the receiver
Communication may be: A)Synchronous and asynchronous B)Only asynchronous C)Androgynous D)Synchronous and Androgynous
A)Synchronous and asynchronous
In a linear view of communication, __________. A)the speaker speaks and listener listen B)speaking and listening are simultaneous C)speaker and listener are interdependent D)the speaker is addressing himself
A)the speaker speaks and listener listen
An ambiguous message is a communication that can be interpreted as having only one meaning -True -False
An ambiguous message) -False
Define synchronous and asynchronous communication and give an example of each.
Asynchronous communication doesn't happen in real time for example and e-mail. Synchronous happens in real time for example a face-to-face conversation. Feedback
Which of the following is a major element of interpersonal communication? A)cell phones B)context C)empathy D)clothing
B)context
What type of noise is created by barriers within the sender or receiver and includes impairments such as loss of vision and hearing? A)physical B)physiological C)psychological D)semantic
B)physiological
Which of the following is an encoder? A)listener B)writer C)reader D)audience
B)writer
Saying that communication is irreversible means we ____________. A)need to monitor our commitment messages B)have to choose carefully the messages we wish to withdraw C)cannot withdraw a message D)sometimes need to defend or justify our behavior
C)cannot withdraw a message
When Juan introduces information about messages before he sends the message, it is_________________. A)feedback B)decoding C)feedforward D)psychological noise
C)feedforward
You can hear the growling of the stomach of the student seated next to you. This noise is an example of which kind from where you are seated? A)Psychological B)semantic C)physical D)temporal
C)physical
Cultural Context
Consists of the rules, norms, beliefs, and attitudes of the people communicating that are passed from one generation to another.
Technostress is defined as _____________. A)rude e-mails that require additional time to respond to because the receiver is stressed B)spam e-mails that crash computer systems in the workplace C)fear and concern of older adults about how to use technology D)anxiety over the amount of information and the inability to manage it in the time available
D)anxiety over the amount of information and the inability to manage it in the time available
Context is the environment that ___________. A)is universal throughout all cultures B)includes eight dimensions C)is always nonverbal D)influences the form of communication
D)influences the form of communication
What are the two major benefits of interpersonal communication? A)intellectual and practical B)connection and consciousness C)educational and professional D)personal/social and professional
D)personal/social and professional
______________ is the study of what is morally right and wrong.
Ethics
Feedfoward is when we plan our remarks before we make them. -True -False
Feedforward) -True
Feedforward
Information that is sent before a regular message, telling the listener something about what is to follow; messages that are prefatory to more central messages.
Physiological Noise
Interference within the sender or receiver of a message, such as visual impairments, hearing loss, articulation problems, and memory loss
Interpersonal communication is communication that only takes place between two people with and intimate relationship. -True -False
Interpersonal communication ) -False
A (n) _______________ is a message about another message.
Metamessage
______________ is a state of awareness in which you are conscious of your reasons for thinking or behaving.
Mindfulness
Choice Points
Moments when you have to make a choice about whom you communicate with, what you say, what you don't say, how you phrase what you want to say, and so on
Encoder
Something that takes a message in one form (nerve impulses) and translates it into another form (sound waves)
Context of Communication
The physical, psychological, social, and temporal environment in which communication takes place.
The tag line after your name on your social media site is an example of feedforward. -True -False
The tag line) -True
The temporal or time dimension has to do with where a particular message fits into a sequence of communication events. -True -False
The temporal) -True
Ambiguity
a condition in which a message can be interpreted as having more than one meaning
Information Overload
a condition in which the amount or complexity of information is too great to be dealt with effectively by an individual, group, or organization
Irreversibility
a principal of communication holding that communication cannot be reversed; once something has been communicated it cannot be uncommunicated
Code
a set of symbols used to translate a message from one form to another
Mindfulness
a state of awareness in which you are conscious of the logic and rationality of your behaviors and of the logical connections existing among elements
Communication Accommodation Theory
a theory of communication holding that conversationalists adjust to (or accommodate) the speaking styles of each other
Response
any bit of overt or convert behavior
Stimulus
any external or internal change that impinges on or arouses an organism
Source
any person or thing that creates messages (an individual speaking, writing, or gesturing...)
Receiver
any person or thing that takes in messages (individuals listening/reading a message
Message
any signal or combination of signals that serves as a stimulus for a receiver
Noise
anything that interferes with your receiving a message as the source intended the message to be received
Interpersonal Communication
communication between two persons among a small group of persons and distinguished from public or mass communication; communication of a personal nature and distinguished from interpersonal communication
Synchronous Communication
communication that takes place in real time; sending and receiving take place at the same time (face-to-face communication)
Four dimensions of the context of communication are physical, social-psychological, temporal and _____________.
cultural
Asynchronous Communication
does not take place in real time (e-mail, tweets, or posts on Facebook)
Lisa is a technology teacher at the local college. Colleagues come to her with questions about the technology issues. In the eyes of the colleagues, what type of power does Lisa have?
expert power
Content Messages
focus on the real world, to something external to both speaker and listener
Social-Psychological Context
includes the social distinctions and psychological differences between the individuals (employer v.s. employee
Feedback
information that is given back to the source
Semantic Noise
interference created when the speaker and listener have different meaning systems; such noise can include language or dialectical differences, the use of jargon or overly complex terms, or ambiguous or overly abstract terms whose meanings can be easily misinterpreted
Physical Noise
interference that is external to both speaker and listener and that interferes with the physical transmission of a signal or message
Channel
is the vehicle or medium through which messages signals pass
Persuasion Power
like information power: power that a person has because others see that individual as having significant information and the ability to communicate logically and persuasively
Psychological Noise
mental interference in speaker or listener and includes preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts, biases and prejudices, closed-mindedness, and extreme emotionalism
Relationship Messages
messages that comment on the relationship between the speaker rather than on matters external to them
Unrepeatability
not able to recapture the exact same situation (example can't meet someone again)
Personal Benefits
of the study of interpersonal communication more satisfying conversations=conversations that's comfortable and enjoyable. Close relationships maintained through.
Professional Benefits
of the study of interpersonal communication: very crucial to professional success. Preventing workplace violence and in reducing medical mishaps and improving doctor patient communication
Legitimate Power
power a person possesses because others believe he or she has a right-by virtue of his or her position- to influence or control their behavior
Reward Power
power derived from an individual's ability to give another person what that person wants or to remove what that person wants removed
Coercive Power
power derived from an individual's ability to punish or to remove rewards from another person
Expert Power
power that a person has because others believe the individual to have expertise or special knowledge
Information Power
power that a person has because others see that individual as having significant information and the ability to communicate logically and persuasively
Referent Power
power that a person possesses because others desire to identify with or be like that individual
Physical Context
refers to the room, workplace, or outdoor space in which communication takes place-the tangible or concrete environment
Decoder
something that takes a message in one form (for example, sound waves) and translates it into another form from (nerve impulses) from which meaning can be formulated
Principal of Adjustment
states that interpersonal communication can take place only to the extent that the people talking share the same communication system
Power
the ability to influence or control the behavior of another person; A has power B when A can influence or control B's behavior; an inevitable part of interpersonal relationship
Ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with the rightness or wrongness of actions; the study of moral values; in communication, the morality of message behavior.
Punctuation of Communication
the breaking up of continuous communication sequences into short sequences with identifiable beginnings and endings or stimuli and responces
Interpersonal Competence
the knowledge of and ability to communicate effectively in interpersonal interactions
Culture
the lifestyle of a group of people; their values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving, and ways of communicating
Effect
the outcome or consequence of an action or behavior; communication is assumed always to have some effect
Code Switching
the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in a single conversation.
Interpersonal Communication
the verbal and nonverbal interaction between two independent (sometimes more) people
Temporal Context
time dimension has to do with where a particular message fits into a sequence of communication events