psychology chapter 12-14

Amie has always been very organized and disciplined when it came to her education. As a child, she set aside a specific time to study, and her work was always neat. In high school, she was very serious about her schoolwork and she meticulously organized her materials. Now Amie is in college. She can be expected to score high on the Big Five factor of

conscientiousness

Those who score high on the Big Five trait of ________ tend to have a larger frontal lobe area that aids in planning and controlling behavior.

conscientiousness

Melissa is frequently depressed and has been caught in the vicious cycle of depressed thinking. She is currently seeking therapy. Which of the following is NOT something her therapist will suggest so that she can overcome this cycle of depression?

deny that this cycle exist

Professor Orlando eats a diet rich in vegetables, fish, and olive oil, referred to as the "Mediterranean Diet." According to the text, this diet will reduce the chances of him developing

depression

The highest rates of depression occur in ________ countries among _______

developed young adults

Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of

diffustion of responsibiity

James was abused as a child, and as he grew into his teens, he began to withdraw from others. When James reached the age of 21, he was clearly exhibiting all the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. He is not responding to medication. James is demonstrating ________ schizophrenia

dissasociated

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines

even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.

At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations in which he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between

explicit and implicit attitudes.

When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

People with ________ are constantly tense and anxious, and their anxiety is pervasive. They feel anxious about a wide range of life circumstances, sometimes with little or no apparent justification

generalized anxiety disorder

By enabling like-minded White supremacists to pool their ideas, internet social networking sites are likely to contribute to

group polarization

Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because

he is unmotivated to do well in school.

The monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, sometimes called the "warrior gene"

helps break down transmitters such as dopamine and serotonin.

Counseling, education, management, and even parenting have all been influenced by

humanistic psychology

Six-year-old Marcel sees that his mother just baked some cookies. His immediate thought is to sneak a cookie before dinner, which is against his mother's wishes. According to Freud, the desire for the cookie and the thoughts of sneaking a cookie come from the ________ seeking to satisfy the ________ principle.

id; pleasure principle

Halo was an avid believer in astrology until she saw a documentary demonstrating that it is a pseudoscience and heard her psychology professor refute the claims made by astrologers. This evidence persuaded her to adopt the views of her professor and the documentary. This change of views demonstrates the impact of

informational social influence

Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief best illustrates

ingroup bias

For the last month, Gabrielle has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Gabrielle is most likely suffering from

major depressive disorder

Compared with people in individualist cultures, those in collectivist cultures are

more likely to display signs of humility and more likely to value group goals.

Alexis brags excessively about her good looks and frequently deceives others in order to establish romantic relationships with them. Her behavior most clearly illustrates

narcissim

If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.

overestimate; overestimate

Observing yourself on a video replay is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior to

personality trait

Studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior.

personality traits

Jamel believes that his instructors are plotting to capture him. He hears voices telling him that he needs to leave school and go to the Arctic to hide. Jamel, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has been admitted to the psychiatric ward of the university hospital, is demonstrating

positive symptopms

Two years after surviving a natural disaster, Brianna still experiences jumpy anxiety and has trouble sleeping and vivid flashbacks of the disaster. Brianna is most clearly showing signs of

posttraumatic stress disorder.

The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called

projection

We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel

a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally approve.

Emily attributes her failure to qualify for her college soccer team to factors that are stable, global, and internal. She best illustrates

a pessimistic explanatory style.

Among schizophrenia patients, the fluid-filled areas of the brain are

abnormally large and the thalamus is abnormally small.

Megan, who loves to dance and is a talented professional ballerina, as a child had always dreamed of being a ballerina. Carl Rogers would say that Megan has a positive self-concept because there is consistency between her

actual self and ideal self

The Big Five traits show their greatest stability during

adulthood

Brad has problems with extreme mood swings. His behavior has produced interpersonal, family, and occupational problems. Brad likely has

psychologicsl disorder

In people with major depressive disorder, interest in activities is ________ and agitation may be ________.

reduced; increased

Dr. Rosemount gave the Rorschach inkblot test to a patient. After scoring the responses and determining a diagnosis, he sent the patient's test results to three other therapists. Each therapist came up with a different diagnosis. The disagreement among the therapists illustrates that the Rorschach inkblot test does not demonstrate

reliabity

After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.

role playing

Many college students perceive a low exam score as a result of unfair exam questions rather than a reflection of their ability. This best illustrates

self serving bias

People heavily exposed to violent pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading

social script

Maddie is a personality theorist who believes that our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another. Maddie is most likely to agree with which of the following perspectives on personality?

social- cognitive perspective

According to Freud, the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment is the

superego

David has issues with delinquency, hard drug use, and aggressive-bullying responses to frustration. If tested, David's level of ________ is likely to be higher than average but will decline with old age.

testosterone

Dr. Wiseman believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture play a role in psychological disorders. Which of the following illustrates Dr. Wiseman's view?

the biopsychosocial approach

Julius begins to yawn while he and his girlfriend are studying together. Soon his girlfriend begins to yawn. This best illustrates

the chameleon effect.

Jessica's fear of panic attacks has limited her travel outside her home. Her fears are so intense that she will not venture outside to get her mail or even sit on her porch. For the most part, she is afraid of having another panic attack and not being able to get help. Jessica is suffering from

agorphobia

Derek is a third-grade teacher who believes that he should accept his students regardless of their behavioral shortcomings. Derek's attitude toward his students is an example of Carl Rogers' concept of

unconditional positive regard

Sadie is so fearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety that she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she has her groceries delivered. Because of her fear, she earns her living as a freelance writer, working at home. Sadie's behavior is most characteristic of

agrophobia

Dr. Alvarez spent his whole working life selflessly helping the sick and poor in some of the poorest countries in the world. This example illustrates

altruism

Roberto won $5 million in the lottery. He secretly gave $2 million to a homeless shelter without anyone knowing who gave the money. Roberto's behavior can be described as

altruism.

The high levels of obedience in the Milgram experiments are LEAST likely to be attributable to

an aspect of gender-related behavior found only in males.

Mrs. Swift is alarmed by her own intrusive and irrational thoughts that her house is contaminated by germs. Her experience best illustrates the agitating effects of

an obsession

The Eysencks believed that extraversion and emotionality

are genetically influenced

Freud believed that the basis of human personality was some form of ________ that needed to be resolved

conflict

If a cross-cultural researcher investigates conformity in both collectivist cultures and individualist cultures, she is generally likely to find

conformity tends to be higher in collectivist cultures than in individualist culture

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the

"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.

A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often

bias our perceptions of the labeled person.

Professor McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

biopsychogical approach

Professor Sanders explains to his class that our personality and behavior are influenced by our biology, our social and cultural experiences, and our cognition and dispositions. Professor Sanders' views coincide with

biopsycholgical apporach

An integrated understanding of Tara's consistent cheerfulness in terms of her supportive peer relationships, her calm temperament, and her optimistic expectations best illustrates

biopsycholgical approach

Melissa has been depressed for the last month. Suddenly she has become euphoric and hyperactive, and she runs around the apartment complex claiming that she alone could solve the world's energy problems. Melissa is suffering from

bipolar disorder

While anxiety is a response to ________, depression is often a response to ________.

the threat of future loss; past and current loss