Psychology
Applied research
Designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems
Control group
Doesn't obtain the treatment
Random sample
Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.
Lillian ComasDiaz
Edits journals on multicultural mental health. (latino american)
School psychologists
Employed by school systems to assist students with problems that interfere with learning. One focus is that of placement of students in special classes.
Something borrowed
Further shaped by biases and prejudices
Population
Is the group targeted for study
Functionalism
Major figure in the development of psychology.
Independent variable
Manipulated by the experimenters so that the effects of various levels may be determined
Something blue
Altered by emotion
Intentional learning
By observing others.
Structuralism
School of thought founded by Wundt and his students
Jane Goodall
She observed the behavior of chimpanzees in their natural habitat
Positive coreelation, negative correlation
Types of correlation(2)
Sociocultural perspective
Addresses the many ways in which people differ from one anther, diversity. Also, influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes are studied.
Experimental method
Allow psychologists to control the experiences of subjects and draw conclusions about cause and effect
Forensic psychologists
Apply principles of psychology to the criminal justice system
Practice psychology
Applying psychological knowledge to help individuals change their behavior
Structuralism
Attempts to break conscious experience down into objective sensations such as sight, or taste, and the subjective feelings such as emotional responses. They believed that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience.
Principles of critical thinking
Be skeptical, insist on evidence, examine definitions of terms, examine the assumptions or premises of arguments, be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence, consider alternative interpretations of research evidence, do not oversimplify, do not overgeneralize, apply critical thinking to all areas of life
B.F. Skinner
Believes that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for their actions. Behavior that has a positive outcome will tend to be repeated.
Experimental psychologists
Conduct experiments and specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation, and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion.
John Broadus Watson
Considered to be the founder of American Behaviorism. He believed that if psychology wanted to be a science then it must limit itself to observable, measurable events—behavior—and nothing else.
Blind experiment
Control for the expectations or effects by creating conditions where the subjects are unaware of the trearment
The survey
Employs questionnaires and interviews. Also uses the examination of public records; have also sources of inaccuracy. May recall memories with inaccuracies, they may lie, may respond in a good light or try to anticipate what the researcher wants them to say.
Research with humans
Ethics review committees are found in colleges, hospitals, etc. to help researchers consider the potential harm of their methods. Review research according to ethical guidelines. Individuals give consent before they can participate in research. Confidentiality is kept. Subjects are debirefed.
Health psychologists
Examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to health.
Sexual behavior in the human male and sexual behavior in the human female
Famous Kinsey survey results
Karen Horney and Erik Erikson
Famous neoanalysts (2)
Psychodynamic perspective
Focus less on the unconscious and more on conscious choice and self-direction
Personality psychologists
Focus on identifying and measuring human traits, determining influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior and explaining psychological disorders.
Organizational psychologists
Focus on the relationship between people and organizations such as business.
Industrial psychologists
Focus on the relationship between people and work.
Psychoanalysis
Focus on the unconsciousness ideas and impulses that originate in childhood.
Neoanalysts
Freud's influence continues to be felt through contemporary psychodynamic theorists would likely call themselves _______.
Psychoanalysis
Frued's method of therapy (______) aimed to help patients gain insight into many of their deep-seated conflicts and to find socially acceptable ways of expressing and gratifying needs.
Pattern or organized whole
Gestalt translates to ______ or _______
B.F. Skinner
He demonstrated that laboratory animals can be trained to carry our behaviors through strategic use of reinforcers. In principle, human behaviors can be explained in terms of thousands of instances in learning through reinforcement.
William James
He founded functionalism
Socrates
He stated that we should rely on rational thought and introspection to achieve self knowledge. Also stated that people are social creatures who influence each other.
Sport psychologists
Help people improve their performance in various sports
Clinical psychologists
Help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life. Largest subgroup of psychologists
Negative correlation
Higher scores on one variable tend to correspond with lower scores on the second (e.g. Amount of experience stress and functioning of the immune system)
Ethnicity
Highlight the impact of social, political, and economic factors on human behavior and development.
Kohler
His research showed that chimpanzees can benefit from "insight".
Critical thinking, scientific method, the survey, naturalistic observation
How psychologists study behavior and mental processes (4)
Cognitive, humanistic-existential, psychodynamic, learning, sociocultural
How today's psychologists view behavior and mental processes (5)
Sample
Individuals who are studied are referred to as a ______.
Something new
Influenced of recent events
Case study
Information collected about individuals and small groups; typically unscientific accounts of people's behaviors referred to as anecdotes; provide compelling portraits but may have factual inaccuracies; interviewers may have expectations
Basic standards
Intended to promote individual dignity, human welfare and scientific integrity. Do not undertake research methods that are harmful
Correlation
Investigates whether one observed behavior or trait is related to with another. May suggest but do not prove cause and effect.
Sample
Is a segment of the population
Selection factor
Is a source of bias that may occur when subjects are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study
Hypothesis
Is a specific statement about the behavior or mental processes that is tested through research
Intentional learning
Is a type of learning By observing others.
Scientific method
Is an organized way of using experience and testing ideas in order to expand and refine knowledge. Begin by formulating a research question
Gestalt psychology
It demonstrated that learning is accomplished by insight, not by mechanical repitition. Perceptions are more than the sums or their parts.
Cognitive perspective
It investigate how we perceive and mentally represent the world. It also venture into the realm of mental processes to understand human nature. The focus is also on learning, memory, planning, decision making, language, and problem solving.
science
It is defined as the study of behavior and mental processes.
Learning
It is essential in describing, explaning, perdicting, and controlling behavior.
Behaviorism
It is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior.
Humanism
It stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment.
Functionalism
James was the founder of this or the idea that i the study of individuals the focus should be on behavior as well as the mind and consciousness. The psychologists whose focus is this idea look at how experience helps us function more adaptively in our environments.
Educational psychologists
Like school psychologists, attempt to facilitate learning but focus on course planning, instructional methods.
The survey
May also have the inaccuracy of social desirability, subjects tell the interviewer what they think the interviewer wants to hear (a problem in case study as well).
Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue
Memories are based off of: (4)
Elizabeth Loftus
Memories are not snapshots of the pasts. Memories are based off of something old, something new, something boreowed, and something blue
Case study, the survey, naturalistic observation
Methods of observation (3)
Wilhelm Wundt
Most historians give the credit for being the founder of psychology when in 1879 he established the first psychological laboratory in Lepizig, Germany
Double blind experiment
Neither the subjects nor the experimenters know who has obtained the treatment
Naturalistic observation
Observe people in their natural habitats. Unobtrusive measures are used to avoid interfering with the behaviors that are being observed
Experimental group
Obtains the treatment
Psychoanalysis
People are motivated to gratify these impulses. Also motivated to see themselves as decent and thus may delude themselves about their true motives.
Volunteer bias
People who volunteer as participants differ systematically from people who do not.
Mary Withon Calkins
Pioneer in research in memory: primacy and recency effect. Became first female president of APA IN 1905.
Social psychologists
Primarily concerned with individual's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.
Human factors psychologists
Provides suggestions and create technical systems such as dashboards, computer keyboards, etc. to be more user friendly
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis was founded by ________ who was a physician. Often called psychodynamic.
Ethics of research with animals
Psychologists use animals to conduct research that cannot be carried out with humans (effect of early separation from mother). They generalize to humans the results of research conducted with animals. Animals may be harmed only when there is no alternative and researchers believe that the benefits of the research justify the harm.
Gustav Theodore Fechner
Publishes his landmark book titled "Elements of Psychologists" in 1860, which showed how physical events (light and sounds) are related to psychological sensations and perceptions.
Gender
Refers to the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity. Also involves a complex web of cultural expectations and social roles. As with members of ethnic minority groups, women have experienced prejudice tpp.
Pure research
Research conducted without concern for immediate application
Mary Salter Ainsworth
Revolutionized our understanding of attachment between parents and children by means of cross-cultural studies
Stratified sample
Selection is made so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample
Teaching
Share psychological knowledge in classrooms, seminars, and workshops
Counseling psychologists
Similar to clinical psychologist but clients typically have adjustment problems and not serious psychological disorders
Richard Suinn
Studies mental health and development of identifying among Asian and Asian Americans.
Consumer psychologists
Study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior.
Developmental psychologists
Study the changes, physical, cognitive, social, and personality, that occur through life span.
Perspectives on learning
Study the effects of experience on behavior, learning is essential in describing, explaining, predicting and controlling behavior, social-cognitive theorists suggest that people can modify or even create their environments, intentional learning by observing others, and gained influence in the areas of personality, development, psychological disorders and psychotherapy.
Environmental psychologists
Study the ways in which people and the environment influence one another.
Democritus
Suggested that we could think of behavior in terms of a body and mind (interaction of biological and mental processes). He also states that behavior is influenced by external stimulation. He is also one of the first to raise the question of free will vs. choice.
Critical thinking
Taking nothing for granted, not just believing just things are in print or were uttered by authority. It is not necessarily healthy to express all of your feelings just because a friend in therapy urges you to do so.
Positive correlation
The higher scores on one variable rend to correspond with the higher scores on the second variable. Low with low. (E.g. Intelligence scores and academic performance)
Dependent variable
The measured outcome or result
Psychoanalysis
They believe that much of our lives are governed by unconscious ideas and impulses.
Humanistic-existential psychologists
They stress the importance of subjective experience. This includes self awareness, experience, and choice which all help us to invent ourselves.
Social-cognitive theorists
They suggested that people can modify or even create their environments
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Two prominent psychologists in the humanistic-existential perspective area (2)
Independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, blind and double blind experiments
Types of experimental methods
Anecdotes
Unscientific accounts of people's behaviors referred to as ______
Existentialism
Views people as free to choose and be responsible for choosing ethical conduct.
Jorge Sanchez
Was among the first to show how intelligence tests are culturally biased to the disadvantages of Mexican American childred. (Latino american)
Something old
What actually happened
Pure research, applied research, practice psychology, teaching
What psychologists do (4)
Lepizig, Germany
Where the first psychological laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt.
Samples
_______ must be drawn so that they accurately represent the population. This allows for generalization or extending results from ______ to popilations
Samples
_______ must be drawn so that they accurately represent the population. This allows for generalization or extending results from ______ to populations
Gestalt psychologists
_________ focused on perception and on how perception influences thinking and problem solving.
