Psychology Final
"Birds of a feather flock together." "Opposites attract." Which of these sayings does psychological research most strongly support?
"Birds of a feather flock together."
Charlene can stitch 40 shirts in a day, Toni can stitch 25 shirts in a day, and Harriet can stitch 60 shirts in a day. They are working together in a group, and there is a process gain in the group. How many shirts might they stitch in a day?
150
Together, our health, wealth, and life circumstance account for about ____% of our overall level of happiness.
20
People can detect sounds ranging in frequency from ________ to ________.
20 Hz - 20,000 Hz
There are nearly _________ English words that can be used to describe people.
20,000
Approximately how many genes are in a human cell?
25,000
In Asch's study on conformity, ___% of the responses overall were conforming.
37
By the age of five, children possess a vocabulary of about how many words?
5,000
Your textbook describes a study in which participants preferred tea whose name contained the first 3 letters of their own name 64% of time, and tea whose name contained the first three letters of their experimental partner's name 36% of the time. If unconscious preferences had no effect on behavior then participants should have chosen the tea whose name included the first three letters of their name what percent of the time?
50
Approximately _____% of the participants in Milgram's experiment were willing to deliver the maximum shock level to the participant.
65
Approximately ______% of the accidents on commercial airplanes reflect human error.
65
In Asch's study on conformity, what percentage of the subjects conformed at least once when they knew their answer to be false?
76%
How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?
90 minutes
Electroconvulsive therapy is which type of approach to treatment?
A biomedical approach
Which of the following best defines a culture?
A common set of social norms
Which alternative is the definition of the amniotic sac?
A fluid-filled reservoir that acts as a cushion and temperature regulator
Which of the following best defines groupthink?
A group process losses caused by strong conformity pressures in a group
Which of the following is the correct definition of prejudice?
A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members
Which of the following describes the cochlea?
A snail-shaped tube that contains the cilia
Family therapy is which type of approach to treatment?
A social-cultural approach
Which of the following describes the Five-Factor model dimension of extroversion?
A tendency to experience positive emotions
Which of the following describes the Five-Factor model dimension of conscientiousness?
A tendency to show discipline and aim for achievement
Childhood emotion regulation ability is related to which of the following in young adulthood?
A, B, and C
The longer-term physiological consequences of stress include:
A, B, and C
In a lexical decision task in which participants must judge whether a string of letters forms a word in English, participants are first shown the string BANANA. Based on what you know about categories and spreading activation, which of the following strings might participants then judge the most rapidly?
APPLE
Which of the following is a behavior associated with depression?
All of the above are behaviors associated with depression
Which of the following facts is appropriately matched with the extent to which it offers support for the learning theory approach to language acquisition?
All of these facts are appropriately tagged with respect to the theory.
Which of the following is the correct definition of the blink reflex?
An infant closes both its eyes when a light is flashed in its eyes
Which of the following might be used to treat a mood disorder?
Any of the above might be used
Dr. Swanson finds a correlation of .45 between scores on a measure of job satisfaction and scores on a measure of job performance. Which of the following might Dr. Swanson legitimately conclude on the basis of this coefficient alone?
As job satisfaction increases, so does job performance.
Fidelma is undertaking survey research. Which of the following is she probably doing?
Asking a sample of students a series of questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of negative punishment?
Astrid takes away her daughter's cell phone when she misbehaves.
Which of the following cognitive biases is correctly matched with a problem that illustrates it?
Availability heuristic—determining whether more words begin with 'r' or have 'r' as the third letter
For which of the following reasons might gender identity disorder be categorized differently in the upcoming edition of the DSM?
B and C are both reasons
Which of the following is an operational definition of "happiness"?
Both B and C are operational definitions of happiness.
What do ADHD and autism have in common?
Both disorders are diagnosed more frequently than they were in the past.
Brickman et al. (1978) examined the happiness of a group of lottery winners, as well as that of a group of individuals who had been paralyzed in accidents. What did they find?
Both groups were about as happy as people who had neither won the lottery nor suffered paralyzing accidents.
The brain region critical for speech production is called ________'s area. It is located in the ____________ cortex.
Broca; motor
In a study of the treatment of social anxiety disorder, Herbert et al. (2005) compared the effectiveness of CBT alone to the effectiveness of CBT combined with social skills training. What did Herbert et al. find? What might their study be called?
CBT combined with social skills training was more effective than CBT alone. Herbert et al.'s work is called outcome research.
Tim loves dill pickles. Now, the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n) _________.
CS
Which of the following is NOT a criticism that has been leveled at Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Children are generally less sophisticated in their cognitive development than Piaget proposed; that is, Piaget tended to overestimate children's level of cognitive development.
Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between biological rhythms and circadian rhythms?
Circadian rhythms are examples of biological rhythms.
Some psychologists consider classical conditioning to be a form of implicit memory. Which of the following is probably the BEST reason for suggesting that classical conditioning is a type of implicit memory?
Classical conditioning occurs outside awareness.
The cycle of depression involves which of the following?
Cognitions, emotions, behaviors, and negative responses from others
Dr. Williams has developed a paper-and-pencil test to assess fear of heights. He gives the test to 50 research participants. He finds that scores on the test have a correlation of only .25 with physiological measures of fear. The low correlation suggests that the test may not have which of the following?
Construct validity
Dawn is 1 year old. Ellis is 5 years old. Fritzi is 9 years old. Girard is 15 years old. Which child is correctly matched with the stage that she is likely in?
Dawn -- sensorimotor
Dr. Estevez is a cognitive psychologist. Dr. Francis is a school psychologist. Dr. Gigliotti is a counseling psychologist. Which of these individuals is most likely a research psychologist?
Dr. Estevez is most likely a research psychologist.
In sleep research, participants' brain waves are recorded while they sleep. This research normally makes use of which of the following?
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Which of the following describes the individual difference measure of Need for cognition?
Enjoying thinking about things
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between explicit memory and episodic memory?
Episodic memory is one type of explicit memory.
Which of the following is the best definition of the misinformation effect?
Errors in memory that result from receiving new, conflicting information
Which of the following describes the individual difference measure of self-consciousness?
Examining one's own self and feelings
Which of the following defines somatization disorder?
Experiencing numerous long-lasting physical ailments that have no known physical cause
Based on your text's discussion, how effective is the use of fear in advertising, as compared to the use of more positive emotions?
Fear is at least as effective as more positive emotions in advertisements.
A jeweler is unable to fix a particular mounting in a ring because she can imagine only the conventional uses for her tools. This best demonstrates which of the following?
Functional fixedness
Gene has chronic, debilitating worry. Gene has which of the following?
Generalized anxiety disorder
Ron receives some stock tips when he's slightly 'buzzed' at an office party. Based on the notion of state-dependent memory, what might you predict regarding the likelihood that Ron will recall the tips the following week?
He will probably best remember the tips if he has had a few drinks.
Which DSM-IV-TR axis is correctly described?
III - social and cultural factors
How does the relationship between intelligence and successful educational, occupational, economic, and social outcomes compare to the relationship between other individual difference variables and such outcomes?
Intelligence is more strongly related to successful educational, occupational, economic, and social outcomes than is any other individual difference variable.
Which of the following describes the alarm stage of the General Adaptation model?
Intially perceiving a threat or a stressor
With respect to the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder, which of the following statements is most accurate?
It is less common than most anxiety disorders, affecting 1% of the population in a given year.
What is meant by the notion of a critical period for language acquisition?
It is the time in one's childhood in which language must develop if it is to be fully learned.
With respect to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which of the following statements is true?
It is very effective, at least in the short term
According to your text, why, exactly, is self-efficacy associated with effective coping?
It permits the perception of control over stressors.
"I am a prominent early American. I proposed that the newborn experiences the world as a 'blooming, buzzing confusion.' Who am I?"
James
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of positive reinforcement?
Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one.
Which of the following correctly describes Freud's genital stage of psychosexual development?
Mature sexual orientation is developed
Which of the following describes semantic memory?
Memory of facts and concepts about the world
What does Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve tell us about the way we forget material over time?
Most forgetting happens immediately after we learn material; the rate of forgetting slows down as time goes by.
Mr. Arthur's middle ear bones are fused, reflecting a birth defect. Mrs. Benitez is 70 years old and has lost nearly 50% of her cilia. Which type of hearing loss is each of these individuals probably experiencing?
Mr. Arthur is experiencing conductive hearing loss. Mrs. Benitez is experiencing sensorineural hearing loss.
Which alternative correctly pairs a sleep stage with a description of its corresponding brain activity?
N3 -- Delta Waves
Which component of language below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
None of these is correctly matched.
Which of the following is NOT among the criticisms that have been levied against emotional intelligence and the tests that claim to measure it?
People higher in emotional intelligence are no healthier than people lower in emotional intelligence.
Which of the following correctly defines a nonspecific treatment effect?
People improve over time simply by attending therapy
Which of the following best defines applied research?
Research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life
Which of the following correctly defines the defense mechanism of regression?
Retreating to an earlier, safer stage of development
Which of the following is the important finding in the research by Lepper et al. (1973) on the effects of reward?
Reward can undermine initial interest in a behavior
Which of the following statements accurately expresses the relationship with age of scores on measures of fluid intelligence, on the one hand, and scores on measures of crystallized intelligence, on the other?
Scores on fluid intelligence measures are negatively correlated with age, whereas those on measures of crystallized intelligence may actually be positively correlated with age.
Psychostimulants are often prescribed to treat ADHD. How does the effect of psychostimulants on the activity level of ADHD patients vary with the size of the dose?
Small doses of psychostimulants decrease the activity level of these patients. Large doses increase it.
Which alternative correctly pairs a brain study technique with a key advantage?
TMS - allows researchers to draw causal conclusions concerning the influence of brain structures on thought and behavior
Which of the following alternatives best expresses the distinction between the WAIS and WISC?
The WAIS is used to test adult intelligence whereas the WISC is used to test children's intelligence.
Which alternative best expresses the influence of the cognitive approach?
The approach has been highly influential, and its impact remains.
Your text describes a study by Soon et al. (2008) in which participants' brain activity was recorded during a button-pressing task. What did the researchers find regarding the relationship between the brain activity supporting the decision to press a button on the one hand, and participants' conscious intention to press a button on the other? Does this result support or refute the notion of free will?
The brain activity supporting the decision substantially preceded participants' awareness of the decision, refuting the notion of free will.
Which of the following defines intelligence?
The capacity to learn from experience, solve problems, and to adapt to new situations.
Which of the following is a description of Piaget's formal operational stage?
The child can think in abstract terms
Which of the following is a description of Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
The child perceives the environment only through the senses
Which of the following procedures are used in systematic desensitization?
The client images the feared object while trying to relax.
Which of the following procedures are used in cognitive therapy?
The client is helped to identify incorrect or distorted beliefs.
According to a behavior therapist, how might psychological disorders be treated most effectively?
The client should learn new behaviors.
With respect to the course of obsessive-compulsive disorder, which of the following statements is most accurate?
The disorder usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood; its course varies from one person to another.
Which of the following defines affect?
The experience of feeling or emotion
In an early rope-pulling experiment, Ringelmann (1913) found that groups of three men pulled at 85% of their expected capability, whereas groups of eight men pulled at 37% of their expected capability. Which of the following hypotheses is most immediately suggested by these results?
The extent of social loafing is positively related to the size of the group.
Which of the following defines anterograde amnesia?
The inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory
Which of the following describes implicit memory?
The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect
Which of the following describes the tympanic membrane?
The membrane at the end of the ear canal
Which of the following defines the psychoanalytic concept of a defense mechanism?
The methods used by the patient to avoid the painful feelings in his or her unconscious
Which of the following statements most accurately captures Descartes' view of the relationship between the mind and the body?
The mind is different from the body.
In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related?
The neutral stimulus becomes the CS.
Which of the following best defines social identity?
The part of the self-concept that is derived from one's group memberships
Regarding schizophrenia, which of the following statements is true?
The prevalence of schizophrenia is similar across cultures.
Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship, if any, between elaborative encoding and the self-reference effect?
The self-reference effect is an example of elaborative encoding.
Pennebaker and Beall (1986) assigned some students to write about the most traumatic event of their lives. What happened?
The students had higher blood pressure and more negative moods immediately after they wrote their essays, but they were less likely to fall ill during the next six months.
Which of the following is the best definition of prejudice?
The tendency to dislike people because of their group memberships.
Which of the following best defines the illusion of group productivity?
The tendency to overvalue the productivity of a group
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the amount of motor cortex devoted to the control of a particular movement and the degree of precision required by the movement?
There is a positive correlation.
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of glial cells?
They communicate messages within the nervous system.
The root of operant conditioning may be traced to ________'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.
Thorndike
Which of the following describes the ossicles?
Three bones that relay sound from the eardrum to the cochlea
Which alternative correctly pairs an intelligence theorist with the number of types of intelligence he proposed?
Thurstone - 7
Which of the following correctly defines the defense mechanism of projection?
Unacceptable impulses are attributed to others
Which of the following correctly defines the defense mechanism of sublimation?
Unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable activities
Which of the following is the best reason for why we have trouble remembering the license plate number of a car that we just passed ten minutes ago?
We probably never encoded the number in the first place.
Which of the following defines positive punishment?
Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus
Independence is to interdependence as _____ is to _____.
Western culture; East Asian culture
Which of the following psychologists is correctly matched with his contribution to psychology?
Wundt - opened one of the first laboratories in psychology
Yolanda is 24; Zachary is 44; Andrew is 74. Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her current Eriksonian stage. Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome?
Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: generativity; Andrew: ego integrity
Which of the following psychologists is associated with the study of social facilitation and social inhibition?
Zajonc
The g-factor is:
a broad factor that supports every aspect of intelligence
Thomas is experiencing nausea, a feeling of dread, and heart palpitations. He is most likely suffering from:
a panic attack
Angie is computing the correlation between the intelligence test scores and the household incomes of a large sample of American adults. What type of correlation should she find?
a positive correlation
Melinda is computing the correlation coefficient between scores on measure of eyewitness confidence and scores on a measure of eyewitness accuracy. What sort of relationship do you think she'll find?
a weak relationship if any
According to Abraham Maslow, a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having:
all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled
People aren't good at predicting how happy they will be in the future. Why is this?
all of these
You cannot fire a gun softly, or flush a toilet halfway. Like an action potential, gunfire and a toilet's flush follow the __________ law.
all-or-none
Which of the following is NOT a "basic" emotion?
amusement
A teratogen is:
an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect
Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is CORRECTLY matched with an age range?
anal -- 1-3 years
Tricyclic drugs, MAO inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are examples of which class of drugs?
antidepressants
The most distinctive characteristic of insight learning is that it:
appears suddenly
Terminal buttons are found at the ends of:
axons
Twin studies conducted by __________ indicate that the heritability of autism may be as high as _______%.
behavioral geneticists; 90%
The study of learning is closely associated with the __________ approach in psychology.
behaviorist
Which of the following sequences reflects the successive brain wave patterns sleepers display as they fall asleep and enter progressively deeper sleep stages?
beta à alpha à theta à delta
As compared to 'cramming,' studying material in shorter sessions spread over time produces _____ test performance. This is known as the _____ effect.
better; spacing
Which alternative correctly pairs a component of the bio-psycho-social model of illness with an example?
biological - excesses of the neurotransmitter dopamine may be implicated in schizophrenia
The menstrual cycle is an example of a _________ rhythm. The sleep-wake cycle is an example of a ___________ rhythm.
biological; biological and a circadian
Which of the following is NOT one of the major types of anxiety disorder?
bipolar disorder
According to your text, which type(s) of psychotropic medication(s) are especially ill-advised for pregnant clients?
both A and C
As compared to the major clinical disorders described on the DSM-IV-TR's Axis I, the Axis II personality disorders are:
both B and C
Ava is wheeling her toddler, Jamie, through the supermarket after a long and tiring day. When Jamie begins to fuss, Ava scolds her sharply and Jamie's fussing subsides. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
both B and C
Mrs. Petersen is in her 70s. She is suffering from a progressive neurological disease, resulting in a gradual loss of emotions, cognitive abilities, and physical functioning. Mrs. Petersen is suffering from:
both dementia and Alzheimer's disease
A psychologist encourages her patients to release their frustration by hitting their pillow as hard as they can. The psychologist apparently believes in
catharsis
Mr. and Mrs. Mayers encourage their growing sons to join local rugby and lacrosse leagues; they believe such sports help the boys "blow off steam." The notion that engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will curtail more serious aggression is termed _________; it is associated with the psychologist _________.
catharsis; Freud
The "new brain" is the:
cerebral cortex
The first major antipsychotic drug to be introduced was _________; it was used to treat _________.
chlorpromazine; schizophrenia
According to your text, group therapy is especially effective for individuals with:
chronic, serious illness
"What's your social?" the associate asks over the phone. "One, six, four . . ." you begin. After a brief pause, you continue, "seventy-two . . . sixteen thirty-eight." To ease the burden on the associate's short-term memory, you are giving the number in ______ rather than as individual digits.
chunks
Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to the ability to store and retrieve information over time.
cognition
Abstract ideas forming the basis of research hypotheses are termed:
conceptual variables
Psychologists refer to our awareness of ourselves and our environment as:
consciousness
Which alternative correctly pairs a threat to the validity of research with a definition?
construct validity; the measured variables do not relate to the conceptual variables
In the 1960s, even though all her friends had tried various drugs, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it was against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for not experimenting with drugs reflect ________ moral reasoning.
conventional
Mr. Brown missed his flight by five minutes. "If only I hadn't misplaced my cell phone on the way out of the house . . . .Why couldn't the cabbie have taken the expressway instead of Forest Boulevard? . . . I wish we hadn't got stuck behind that bus on 14th . . ," Mr. Brown keeps thinking. Mr. Brown is demonstrating:
counterfactual thinking
Dr. Connaught asks young, middle-aged, and older adults to describe one memory from their work lives, one memory related to a significant other, and one memory from childhood. Dr. Connaught is conducting a(n) __________ study. The topic of the memory is a(n) _________ variable.
cross-sectional; independent
Psychologists disagree on whether _________ is ever permissible in the conduct of psychological research.
deception
A four-year-old child is shown a row of seven red checkers. He is asked to place a black checker immediately above each red one. On doing so, the child agrees that there are as many red as black checkers. The experimenter then spreads out the black checkers so that the line they form is longer than that formed by the red checkers. The experimenter asks whether there are more red checkers or more black checkers in order to determine whether the child:
demonstrates conservation
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another?
dendrite à cell body à axon
Charles has been told that he has lung cancer that is beyond treatment. His doctor tells him that he will probably die within a year. Charles suddenly starts to laugh and tells the doctor that the lab must have mixed up the test results. Charles is most likely in the stage of grieving identified by Kübler-Ross as:
denial
Which of the following is the very first of Kubler-Ross' stages?
denial
June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, but not when a blender is used. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:
discrimination
The WAIS yields scores on each of the following dimensions EXCEPT:
divergent thinking
Which neurotransmitter is CORRECTLY matched with a psychological function?
dopamine; facilitates learning
The term affect is synonymous with:
emotion
The results of the Schachter-Singer experiment indicate that:
emotional experience is the cognitive interpretation of arousal
Your text states that the salience of a gun draws a witness' attention away from the face of the perpetrator, reducing the witness' ability to later identify the perpetrator. This suggests that the effect of the weapon occurred mainly during:
encoding
Each of the following neurotransmitters seems to play a role in depression EXCEPT:
endorphins
According to your text, normal and abnormal behavior are best viewed as:
ends of a continuum
Gibson and Walk's (1960) 'visual cliff' studies revealed that:
even infants as young as 6 months of age perceive depth
Your text notes that the functionalist approach helped shape the contemporary field of:
evolutionary psychology
Which stage of the General Adaptation model is correctly matched with an example?
exhaustion—coming down with a bad cold the day after you hand in a big paper.
Which of the Big Five personality dimensions also appeared in Eysenck's theory?
extraversion
Which brain study technique below is correctly matched with its description?
fMRI — traces blood flow in the brain
A graduate student is using a statistical software package to identify the relationships among many personality traits and to isolate the basic dimensions. She is performing _________ analysis.
factor
From two months after conception until birth, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n) _________.
fetus
In Freud's theory, developmental concerns that persist into adulthood and continue to influence personality are termed:
fixations
Pauses in responding are most pronounced following reinforcement in ________schedules.
fixed-interval
Hue is to brightness as ________ is to _________.
frequency; amplitude
In which lobe is the motor cortex located?
frontal
A researcher is using a strong magnet to create images of the blood flow in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. The researcher is using ____________ to examine the brain's activity.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A synapse is a(n):
gap
Dyspareunia refers to:
genital pain during intercourse
Which of the following is most common neurotransmitter?
glutamate
Empirical research suggests that, as compared to mothers, fathers:
have at least as large an impact on child development
Darnell underwent surgery to control his severe epilepsy. Now, however, Darnell cannot form new memories of his experiences, although he does remember events in the past. Most likely, the surgery destroyed a portion of the ______ in Darnell's brain.
hippocampus
When blood pH becomes overly acidic, respiration and kidney function change to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4. What does this process best exemplify?
homeostasis
Psychologists define _________ as the capacity to learn from experience, solve problems, and to adapt to new situations.
intelligence
Within the reflex circuit, it is the ______ that allows the spinal cord to control certain reflexes without the brain's help.
interneuron
Realizing one's potential to the fullest
is the highest point of Maslow's hierarchy of needs .
Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience.
learning
Which of the following brain structures, located behind the brain stem, governs memory and emotion?
limbic system
In vision, the amplitude of a light wave relates to our perception of the brightness of a stimulus. To which perceptual dimension might the amplitude of a sound wave correspond in hearing?
loudness
Suzanne attempts to fabricate the symptoms of schizophrenia so that she may receive a disability payment each month. Josie inflicts cuts and bruises on herself to elicit sympathy and attention from others. Suzanne exemplifies _________. Josie illustrates ________.
malingering; factitious disorder
Concerning its effects on liking for a task, the use of reward:
may reduce the intrinsic enjoyment of the task
The part of brain closest to the spinal cord is the _________; it is important for such functions as __________.
medulla; heart rate and respiration
Alma is in her 50s. Bert is 65. Alma is in the life stage that developmental psychologists call ___________. Bert is in the life stage that developmental psychologists call __________.
middle adulthood; late adulthood
Electrical wires are generally protected by a coating of plastic. A similar insulating function is performed in the nervous system by:
myelin
Which of the following intellectual issues would seem MOST relevant to developmental psychology?
nature vs. nurture
Gene is to environment as _____ is to _____.
nature; nurture
Based on your text's discussion, schizophrenics' scores on a measure of adaptive functioning should be:
negatively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms
Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby
neural pathways become activated more easily as learning occurs
The fundamental units of the nervous system are nerve cells, called __________.
neurons
Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of one of the firm's social ________.
norms
Your text states that children who witness violence are more likely to be aggressive. This statement suggests the contribution to aggression of _______ learning, associated with ___________.
observational; Bandura
According to your text, approximately what portion of Americans fail to get enough exercise?
one-half
In its discussion of habituation, your text notes that when infants pay attention to a stimulus, their heart rate increases. Increased heart rate may therefore serve as a(n) _________ definition of "paying attention."
operational
Your book defines obesity as having a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or above. This is a(n) __________ definition of obesity.
operational
Activation of the amygdala and activation of the prefrontal cortex have ___________ effects on aggression.
opposite
Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is CORRECTLY matched with a key task or term?
oral—weaning
Misty's BMI is 27. Marnie's is 31. Misty is considered __________. Marnie is __________.
overweight; obese
Which of the following is NOT one of the hormones that influence hunger and eating?
oxytocin
Recall the discussion of theories in your text's research methods section. The Big Five model of personality is a good theory because it is
parsimonious
Which of the following characteristics of a close relationship is correctly defined?
passion—partners display positive affect toward each other
Psychologists use the term __________ to refer to the pattern of enduring characteristics that lend stability and consistency to an individual's behavior and serve to differentiate one individual from another.
personality
According to Freud, the developing child must negotiate the Oedipal conflict during which stage of psychosexual development?
phallic
Early personality theories assumed that personality was expressed in people's physical appearance. Which alternative correctly matches an early approach with a definition?
physiognomy - personality is expressed in facial characteristics
Which of the following sequences best expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled, from the first to the last?
physiological and safety needs à love and belongingness à esteem à self-actualization
Frequency is to amplitude as ______ is to _______.
pitch; loudness
Which threat to the validity of outcome research is correctly paired with an appropriate keyword?
placebo effects - expectations
Dr. Frazier measures testosterone levels among a sample of professional athletes. Which term best describes the correlation she might find between testosterone levels and scores on measures of aggressive or antisocial behavior off the field, such as disciplinary suspensions, arrests, and so on?
positive
Verna found a positive correlation between self-reported alcohol and drug use and sick days taken in a study of white-collar workers. A graph of her results would show a(n):
positively-sloped line
A child demonstrates object permanence, egocentrism, and a failure to conserve. She is most likely in which Piagetian stage?
preoperational
Which of the following is NOT one of the three memory processes identified in your text?
priming
Belva invests a portion of her paycheck in high-risk stocks. She believes that an aggressive investment strategy will yield the highest returns in the long run. Mortie invests his money in more conservative government bonds to minimize his chances of losing money. Belva displays a __________. Mortie reflects a __________.
promotion orientation; prevention orientation
Which of the following is the best example of positive punishment?
providing a spanking
Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality dimensions?
psychoticism
Ron moved from Alabama to Georgia ten years ago. "My fifth-grade teacher made us memorize the names of all the counties in Alabama," Ron tells his friend Rory. Rory tests Ron by giving him a list of thirty counties - 15 Alabama counties, mixed in with 15 counties from other states. "Ok, pick out the Alabama counties," Rory challenges Ron. Which method does Rory's test use?
recognition
You are standing on the beach; the sea is choppy. You observe that the crests of distant waves appear not only smaller, but also higher in your field of vision than do the crests of waves nearer to the beach. Which two monocular depth cues does this example illustrate?
relative size and position
According to your text, scores on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator change over time and scores do not relate to other measures of personality . The clauses in this quotation question the MBTI's ________ and its __________ respectively.
reliability; validity
Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle. Iyesha conducts a similar study using not only spatial ability but also verbal ability tests. In addition, Iyesha tests a larger sample of women. Iyesha performed a _________.
replication
We are often prone to make judgments on the extent to which the things we observe match our expectations of what we think things should be like while ignoring the mathematical probabilities of their occurrence. This error is known as the
representativeness heuristic
According to a review by Clark and Lemay (2010), the most important characteristic of a close relationship is:
responsiveness
Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which misinformation might impair a witness' memory for the actual events in a crime?
retroactive interference
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light stimulates cells early in the visual processing of an image?
rods and cones à bipolar cells à ganglion cells
Baby Hannah automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek. This is the ________ reflex; it helps an infant to _________.
rooting; locate food
In Piaget's theory, the mental models children use to interpret and guide their experiences are called _________.
schemas
Which attachment style describes an infant who is mildly disturbed at his mother's departure in the strange situation, but who is easily soothed on her return?
secure
In Juanita's community, girls are not expected to enjoy or excel at mathematics. Juanita's algebra grades drop. By the time she is a high-school junior, she in enrolled only in consumer mathematics courses. Which concept does Juanita's example BEST illustrate?
self-fulfilling prophecy
Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called ________; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _______.
sensation; perception
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development from birth through adolescence?
sensorimotor à preoperational à concrete operational à formal operational
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, psychologist George Sperling conducted key studies of ______ memory.
sensory
Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's _______ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about _________ digits correctly.
short-term; 7
The habituation technique for studying infant perception is based on the finding that infants will:
show a decline in responsiveness to repeated stimulation
Jamal is performing statistical analyses to determine whether the effects of the treatment in his experiment might actually have reflected chance; Kendra is performing an analysis to combine the results of a number of experiments to yield an overall conclusion. Jamal is performing a ________; Kendra, a _________.
significance test; meta-analysis
Making an early contribution to the psychology of memory, Bartlett studied memory for _____. He found that _____.
stories; memory is influenced by one's existing knowledge
Which of the following is NOT among the physiological responses to stress?
suppression of the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your text as a factor that might encourage groupthink?
the presence of conflicting information
During which portion of the human sexual response cycle are males unable to develop an erection?
the refractory period
Trent, a doctoral student in psychology, is preparing his dissertation proposal. The institutional review board (IRB) at his university will approve his research if they determine that
the scientific benefit of the research outweighs the risk to the participants.
If we do well on a test, we say, "I got an A!" If we do poorly, we say, "She gave me an F." This best illustrates:
the self-serving attributions
In psychodynamic therapy, what is transference?
the transfer of strong feelings about parents or authority figures to a psychoanalyst
The number of ice cream cones that are eaten on a given day is correlated with the number of people who are wearing sweaters on a given day. Which of the following probably explains the correlations
there is a common-causing variable
Which of the following physical characteristics DOES NOT seem to be preferred universally?
thinness
As psychologists use the term, to "habituate" means:
to become accustomed
Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, what is the most helpful thing you can do for a frightened infant or child?
touch or hold her
Juan is applying magnetic pulses to the brains of his research participants to temporarily deactivate a brain region. Which of the following techniques is Juan using?
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Contemporary television and computer monitors are based on the _________ theory of color perception.
trichromatic
Recall the Eriksonian challenges that occur during development. Which is correctly matched with the appropriate ages below?
trust vs. mistrust—ages 0 to 1-½
Women are _______ as likely to experience major depression as are men.
twice
Flashbulb memories:
typically concern major, unexpected public or personal events
According to your text, "a pattern of high conscientiousness, low neuroticism, and high agreeableness predicts successful job performance." This statement supports the ________ of measures of the Big Five personality dimensions.
validity
Sometimes when we call a customer service center, we are put on hold; we do not know how long it will be before our holding behavior is reinforced by the response of an associate, and it doesn't matter what we do in the meantime. Holding is reinforced on a _______ schedule.
variable-interval
In a roller-blading mishap, Wendy fell down and injured the very back of her head. Which of her senses is most likely impaired?
vision
On your computer desktop, you can see all sorts of different files, each immediately accessible. Because you are actively working on them, and because you can open them whenever you want, these files are analogous to the information held in:
working memory
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of development from conception to birth?
zygote à embryo à fetus